نشریه کاوش های جغرافیایی مناطق بیابانی
سال نهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Today, due to water use and facing the world with problems such as water deficit and drought, short-term and long-term consumption management and planning is essential to achieve the goals set for water resources. The lack of data lysimeter measurements to estimate water requirements of plants is one of the biggest challenges that exist in the agricultural sector. On the other hand, using new methods to more accurately estimate the actual evapotranspiration and consequently, vegetation coefficient for different plants, especially the dominant cultivation in the plains of the country, can help better planning and management of water resources. In this study, using MODIS images and SEBAL algorithm, evapotranspiration for Marvast in Yazd province in four months (February, May, August ,November) 2017 was estimated. Maximum evapotranspiration the same time with the heating season is August and the plant occurred chlorophyll maximum amount of which is 582 mm. Then, with decreasing plant density, the evapotranspiration trend was reduced, which was the minimum evapotranspiration in February. Extraction of grapevine coefficient by FAO method showed that its amount was satisfied in May (1.23) and August (1.14). Due to the high rate of evapotranspiration and heat in these two months, the plant's need for water has been greater. Vegetation rates in the fall (November 0.25) and winter (February 29/09) were lower than during the growing season due to reduced leaf cover and reduced evaporation and transpiration. Then the values of evapotranspiration and water requirement of grapes were calculated with 5 other methods and were compared with the FAO method using statistical indicators of absolute error (MAE). The results showed that the experimental model of Hargreaves-Samani and Blaney-Criddle had a better performance in estimating the evapotranspiration of reference crop. In addition, results indicates the Hargreaves-Samani is the superior method and other methods are ranked in the next orders. Trajkovic and Bereti’s method did not show proper results, especially in the warm months.

Today, the issue of quality of life in rural areas of Suburban is very important and various studies have been conducted in the field of quality of life in this area.. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of life satisfaction in rural areas of Suburban in Zahedan. The statistical population of the study includes all the villages of Cheshmeh Ziarat in the central part of Zahedan city. According to the Census of 2016, the population of this village is 34693 people, equivalent to 8821 households. There are 126 villages in Cheshme Ziarat village with over 20 households. Due to the large number of rural villages and the difficulty of surveying all of them, 10% of the 12 rural villages are randomly selected as sample villages by random draw. The population of these 12 villages is 1075 households (3960 persons). Using the Cochran formula, 283 household heads were selected as the statistical sample. The purpose of this study is applied and in terms of nature and method of descriptive-analytical work that has been done in both library study and field survey. The binomial test was used to analyze the findings. The results of binomial test showed that the villagers of the study area were not satisfied with the quality of life in their villages because the mean of all three economic, social and physical-environmental variables were 2.68, 2.89 and 2.75, respectively. They are less than average (3). Thus, the quality of life of the villagers in this area is below average. Humans have long been seeking ways to improve their living conditions so that they can improve their level of well-being and quality of life; therefore, they have always sought to provide conditions that have the least concern for their lives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of life satisfaction in rural areas of Suburban in Zahedan. The statistical population of the study includes all the villages of Cheshmeh Ziarat in the central part of Zahedan city. According to the Census of 2016, the population of this village is 34693 people, equivalent to 8821 households. There are 126 villages in Cheshme Ziarat village with over 20 households. Due to the large number of rural villages and the difficulty of surveying all of them, 10% of the 12 rural villages are randomly selected as sample villages by random draw. The population of these 12 villages is 1075 households (3960 persons). Using the Cochran formula, 283 household heads were selected as the statistical sample. The purpose of this study is applied and in terms of nature and method of descriptive-analytical work that has been done in both library study and field survey. The binomial test was used to analyze the findings. The results of binomial test showed that the villagers of the study area were not satisfied with the quality of life in their villages because the mean of all three economic, social and physical-environmental variables were 2.68, 2.89 and 2.75, respectively. They are less than average (3). Thus, the quality of life of the villagers in this area is below average. therefore, they have always sought to provide conditions that have the least concern for their lives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of life satisfaction in rural areas of Suburban in Zahedan. The statistical population of the study includes all the villages of Cheshmeh Ziarat in the central part of Zahedan city. According to the Census of 2016, the population of this village is 34693 people, equivalent to 8821 households. There are 126 villages in Cheshme Ziarat village with over 20 households. Due to the large number of rural villages and the difficulty of surveying all of them, 10% of the 12 rural villages are randomly selected as sample villages by random draw. The population of these 12 villages is 1075 households (3960 persons). Using the Cochran formula, 283 household heads were selected as the statistical sample. The purpose of this study is applied and in terms of nature and method of descriptive-analytical work that has been done in both library study and field survey. The binomial test was used to analyze the findings. The results of binomial test showed that the villagers of the study area were not satisfied with the quality of life in their villages because the mean of all three economic, social and physical-environmental variables were 2.68, 2.89 and 2.75, respectively. They are less than average (3). Thus, the quality of life of the villagers in this area is below average.

The growth of urbanization and the expansion of cities have caused significant changes in the surrounding land cover. Changes in land surface characteristics as a result of rapid urbanization can affect climatic conditions in seasonal and long-term periods on a local, regional and global scales. Land surface change (LST) change is directly related to land cover changes, so that land cover change causes changes in the land surface temperature. Yazd plain as the study area, has witnessed many changes in land cover during the past two decades due to immigrants, so studying its temperature changes is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in land surface temperature of the Yazd plain over an 18-year period and compare it with land cover changes in order to determine the effect of these land cover changes on land surface temperature. The distinction between the current study and previous studies is the effect of land cover change on land surface temperature in different months of the year.

In this study, Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images were used to investigate the effect of land cover changes on land surface temperature in 2001 and 2019. Land surface temperature map were estimated for Landsat 5 satellite images using single band method, and for Landsat 8 images using split-window algorithm. The land cover maps for the studied years were prepared using the supervised classification method of maximum likelihood. Changes in land cover made from 2001 to 2019 and its effect on land surface temperature were examined.

In the land cover map of the study area, six land cover types of mountainous rangelands, plain rangelands, agriculture, sand dunes, barren lands and residential areas were identified. For better separation of land cover, images related to the peak of vegetation period were used in the classification processes. After determining the degree of class segregation, the supervised classification was performed by the maximum likelihood method, and then land cover changes were detected in the area. In order to investigate the changes made in the study area, the area and changes of each land cover were also extracted. Urban areas with an increase of 12.1% area had the highest growth, and agricultural lands with 28% reduction had the highest reduction in area. At the same time, the study period with increasing migration from villages to urban areas, the phenomenon of urbanization and industrialization of the study area can be the reason for this issue. Also, the 24.5% increase in the area of sand dunes is due to recent droughts and the placing of the study area in the sedimentation site of the wind erosion process. Although little vegetation in sand dunes has stabilized them, in recent years with the loss of this cover, the area of wind erosion process has increased. Land cover changes map was extracted from the area in 18-year period. The Land surface temperature maps for four months of the year were prepared using the single channel method in 2001, and the split window algorithm in 2019. For better comparison, the relevant Land surface temperature indexes per month was classified into 10 categories at 2 °C intervals and the areas of the classes were compared with each other. In order to investigate the effect of land cover change on land surface temperature, the mean, minimum and maximum land surface temperatures in each land cover on the mentioned dates were examined. The results show that the land surface temperature in each area of the earth is influenced by surface factors and its characteristics and the temperature obtained in different land cover is different. Land surface temperatures in bare lands and sand dunes that have been converted into other land covers have dropped significantly, so that, in July and September it dropped about 2°C. Most of the temperature increase is related to the conversion of agricultural lands to bare lands, sand dunes and mountainous rangelands. Contrary to the existing hypotheses that the greatest increase in temperature is related to changing agricultural to residential land cover, in this area located in arid regions of central Iran, the conversion of agricultural lands to bare lands and sand dunes has led to higher temperatures. The change in land surface temperatures in the changed coverage in February was higher than in other months and less in September.

The results of this study showed that during 2001-2019, the area of residential lands and sand dunes increased and the area of agricultural lands, bare lands, and rangelands decreased. The results of land surface temperature assessment in changed land cover showed that the land surface temperature in bare lands and sand dunes that have been converted to other coatings has decreased significantly. Conversion of agricultural lands to bare lands and sand dunes has led to higher temperatures than other land cover type and physical development has created numerous environmental problems.

Today, agroclimatology is one of the major trends in hydrology and meteorology, which has a crucial role in fulfilling the food requirements of different communities. The production of agricultural products is strongly correlated with precipitation and agreeable weather conditions each year. Many crops are traditionally grown in areas with harsh climatic conditions, which result in low yields and the lack of optimal exploitation of climate production capacities. One basic way to develop and promote agricultural activities in the country is to cultivate lands according to the ecological conditions. A perquisite of such development is to recognize the wide range of associated factors, including climatic and land factors. Rice cultivation, as an ecological and economic phenomenon as well as a behavioral pattern originating from human-environment interaction, is at the mercy of environmental conditions, especially climate, water and soil resources, and natural factors play a pivotal role in providing favorable conditions for rice cultivation. Identifying suitable areas for growing crops and favorable climatic and topographic conditions can improve crop production. Lenjan county, situated in a semi-arid region, has severe temperature daily, seasonal and annual fluctuations, which have worked to the detriment of various activities, especially agriculture in this city. The Zayandehrud river running through the city has laid the ground for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Given the huge agricultural and horticultural potentials of this county, further analysis and planning are warranted. In this research, attempts have been made to investigate the agroclimatology of Lenjan county for rice cultivation.

Lenjan county is located 35 km southwest of Isfahan in the Zayandehrud valley. The meteorological stations studied here include Isfahan, Lenjan, Daran, Natanz and Najafabad. The data were obtained from the Meteorological Organization and the General Directorate of Agricultural Jihad in Isfahan and Charmahal Bakhtiari provinces. In this study, the daily and monthly meteorological data related to the parameters of temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity derived from these stations over a 15-year statistical period (1996-2012) were used. Then, the correlation between climatic elements and rice yield in selected stations was analyzed. Finally, after preparing climatic maps, altitude and slope levels were drawn using the Kriging method. Also, in the GIS, the final zoning map of areas suitable/unsuitable for rice cultivation was drawn according to relevant elements.

Parameters and indices of rice agroclimatology in the west of Isfahan province, which are of paramount importance in the growing season and different stages of growing rice, were studied and analyzed. The growth degree day of the rice for the whole growing period is 1500 degree day. Hence, in light of the values obtained from the active temperatures, it was observed that all stations were effective in terms of growth day degree and have favorable conditions concerning active growth day degree. The minimum critical temperature of rice is -1 °C, and in none of the stations, the mean temperature during the growing period was lower than 0 °C. The maximum days this temperature was below 10 °C during the statistical period was reported at Najafabad station, but this temperature was never recorded at Isfahan station. All stations experience weak frosts until the end of April, which in high-elevation lasts until the last ten days of May. Mild frost is also reported only at stations above 2000-m elevation and in April. Severe frost also recorded only at very high-elevation stations (altitude above 2250 m) and in the first half of April. The minimum water consumption of rice from cultivation to maturity is not sufficient in any of the stations studied. Hence, all stations must be irrigated throughout the growing season (from planting to maturity). The germination date was May 10 at Daran and Lenjan stations, June 5-10 at Isfahan station, and June 20 at Najafabad and Natanz stations. Tillering date was also from July 5 to 15 at Lenjan and Daran stations, from July 24 to 15 at Isfahan, and from August 10-20 at Najafabad and Natanz stations. This period lasts for 20 days at Lenjan station. The growth period of rice at Lenjan station was 22 days. The flowering date was from August 20 to September 10 at Lenjan and Daran stations, from September 1 to 15 at Isfahan station, and from September 25 to October 5 at Najafabad stations. At Lenjan station, the flowering period lasted for 30 days. The maturity of rice grains was from October 5 to 20 at Lenjan and Daran stations, from September 28 to October 15 at Isfahan, and from October 21 to November 7 at Najafabad and Natanz stations. The length of maturity period at Lenjan station is 15 days Finally, after designing climate maps, altitudes and slopes were drawn by GIS and the final map of areas suitable for rice cultivation was designed according to relevant elements. The best areas were mostly located in the central and eastern parts, which overlapped with the plains. Moreover, an area of 294 square kilometers covered stretches that were not suitable for rice growth, particularly regions in the highlands of the west and north of the map, where the rainfall is lower than in other areas. These expanses are primarily located in the highlands and the vicinity of the highlands consisting of rocky and sloping lands. Infertile expanses, covering an area of 45 square kilometers, include mountains and areas bereft of agricultural soil.

The results of this study show that in the west of Isfahan province, there is a fertile expanse in an area of 492 square kilometers, which sits on the central areas and alluvial plains. Lenjan county is located in this area, where the late frost in spring and the early autumn cause the minimum damage. The initial growth of roots and stems and the rise of clusters are fairly quick, but adequate water could not be supplied by rainfall. Fertile zones cover the bulk of the map, which is an area of about 738 square kilometers. l.

Links are identifying according to individuals ongoing current, invest, goods, information and technology between urban-rural areas. Villages and cities have links and communication with different ways. Urban-rural links to individuals, groups and rural families to be included the part of actual place, space and biological and operational. Urban and rural settlements should have two ways and complement relationships in economics, social, physical and services areas in order to find functional integrity and sustainable development. In this two ways link, small cities have an important role in decentralization, population housing, provision of welfare services and market of agricultural products, prevalence of non-agricultural jobs and reduce of urban problems as an interface between rural areas and urban higher levels. The point that this research is distinguishing of other investigations is that research happened in one semi-desert area and its economic was based on agriculture and industry and its life is depending to Zayanderood river that it is passing from north of this area and there is only one small city (Zibashahr) and medium city (Mobarakeh) are be locating in this studies area that relationships between settlements are considering by their effects and distance parameter and their role of these two cites. In this research, town position (Zibashar) was considering in discussion of urban-rural links. Zibashar town is connecting southern Garkan villages to Mobarakeh city that they are 16 rural residences and it is locating as connection ring in the communication route of these villages. Villages of this area to be considered in link with Mobarakeh or Zibashahr town and they were 5927 families and 18436 person according to population census in year of 1395. Urban rural linkages are emphasized by development experts in developing and articulating development policies aimed at reducing poverty and supporting the positive role of small towns in the development of surrounding rural areas. The general purpose of this study is to investigate the rural-urban linkages in South Garkan Section in Mobarakeh County and the role of creating the zibashahr city in comparison with other cities (County center). We were trying to realize the object of this research by utilizing of descriptive-analytical ways or two libraries ways (considering of documents and collecting statistics and information) and field (observe, interview and complete the questionnaire).Statistical universe research was consisting of all rural residences in southern Garken ( Mobarakeh city) that number of samples were chosen according to Kokran formula by random sampling way. At least 10 and at most 40 questionnaires were distributed proportional number of rural families and questionnaire questions were consisting of 55 criterions. The validity of the research instrument was based on , by use of survey similar ovservation and the reliability of the tool was estimated to be 77% using Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, SPSS software for analysis Descriptive and inferential studies have been used. In this research regarding to Zibashahr town position for establishing links with villages of southern Garkan, we were achieving to these results that villages near to Zibashahr town prefer to visit this town in receiving educational services, therapeutic, bank and preparation of agricultural tools, building materials, agricultural inputs that were considering economics and services formats and here of the role of this city was relatively highlighting but this link was unidirectional and it was not developing those villages in fields of educational, health, economics and social. Villages that have more distance with this town preferring to visit Mobarakeh city for creating economics and services links and receiving all services because Mobarakeh city has higher services. So, in this regard Mobarakeh city has special position. The type of road and time distance had effective role for establishing physical links in southern Garkan villages or Zibashahr and Mobarakeh cities. By using Pearson correlation test, it was realized that when villages are getting away of Zibashar town, their relation become weak or by approaching to this town their relation become strong, such a way that references were daily by approaching to this town and vice versa. Communication of distant villages is in the form of twice or three times a week to Mobarakeh city. Link of studied villages or Zibashahr town and Mobarakeh has some effects in format of information exchange and innovation and these effects were evaluated by using single sample T test or by considering 8 criterions and its positive effect and meaningful was found. Overall, results of this research have aligned with studies and Mikaniki and Sarzehi(1394) findings ,Sejasi Gheydari and et al(1396), Hossein Abadi and et al(1391),Akbarian Ronizi and et al(1392) regarding to distance agent and communication of far and near villages to nearby cities and also its effect on daily, weekly and monthly resort and with studies of Saidi and et al ,Taleshi and Heydari(1396), Mikaniki and Sarzehi(1394) regarding to being one sided of links between rural settlement with nearby cities and no formation of local net and insufficient complement two way currents between city and village.

Sandstorms are natural events that occur in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, especially in subtropical latitudes. The vastness of deserts around the world indicates that these areas have been important sources of dust storms throughout history, but in recent years, human activities have also created another source on the edge of deserts in semi-arid regions. These have been stable. The use of pebble mulch, which is a clear example of inspiration from nature in the field of paving (Hamada). In addition to gravel, one of the materials that can be effective in this way is steel slag, which seems to be usable as a coating to keep particles sensitive to erosion of sandy areas. It also seems to have the ability to create a suitable substrate for the establishment of tropical or native vegetation.In addition, slag seems to have the ability to treat eroded particles and can play an important role in the treatment of Aeolian sediments. Knowledge of the amount and type of particles treated by mulch enhances our overall understanding of its impact on controlling wind erosion and the impact of sediments on soil formation and production in covered lands.

In this study, while determining the threshold of wind erosion in work areas by non-oil sandblasting and mulching in desert areas studied in an area of 1 to 2 hectares (depending on the specific conditions of the region, facilities, natural features and other characteristics of the region) as A research pilot was used to compare their performance in terms of soil containment and stabilization, as well as the costs incurred for each method, and to introduce them to the executive departments of the country for each region according to the specific characteristics of that region.

Two separate factorial experiments in a randomized complete block design with three replications using natural almond pebbles with a density of 75% in Fesaran plain and Mobarakeh Steel Company almonds with a density of 25 and 50% density compared to the control as mulch Were used. The site of the first experiment was Site 1 with an area of about one hectare located in the desertification station of Segzi plain (Figure 1). Factor A was the uniform condition of the area with uniform mulch spraying treatment with a density of 25%, 50% and control. Factor B were two types of sediment traps (tray and polygonal). The plots had dimensions of 20-30 square meters. The shape of the plots was chosen so that the length of the plots was in the direction of the prevailing erosive wind. The distance between the two plots was considered 30 meters so that the effect of mulching on the other plot would not be left. The location of the second experiment was in the Fesaran area. In this experiment, factorial in the form of a randomized block design was used. Factor A mulching with 75% density of pebbles and control and factor B were two types of sediment traps (tray and polygonal).

The results of this study showed that mulch reduces the level of wind contact with the soil and increases the roughness and therefore can control wind erosion. Mulch 0 performs two important actions in controlling wind erosion, first it can relieve soil from stress it protects against wind and wind erosion, and the latter can trap wind-blown particles. Segzi and Fesaran plains of Isfahan have erodible sediments and also the movement of wind sand particles. These sediments have a wind erosion threshold of 4.6 meters per second, which is very prone to wind erosion. The treatments in this plan increase the roughness of the soil surface and reduce the wind speed near the ground surface, and as a result, the amount of soil loss is also reduced. As the mulch density increases, less soil erodes due to less area being exposed to the wind. Based on this, the use of pebble mulch, which is a clear example of nature inspiration in the paving areas (Hamada) with the effect of zero (control) and 75% gravel cover density on the area sensitive to wind erosion in Fesaran plain in Isfahan Done. The type of pebbles selected is almond size and the size of gravel and rubble, which was supplied from the nearest sand mines in the region. But in addition to gravel, Mobarakeh steel slags with almond sizes (in order to study and compare costs) with the view of waste with a very large production volume with the effect of zero density (control), 25%, 50% were also used in Segzi plain. In order to create winds with a certain speed at a certain time, a wind erosion measuring device, which is a kind of portable wind tunnel, was used. The lands of mulching sample with different densities are affected by different winds from different directions. The data obtained from the factorial statistical experiments were examined in a completely randomized block design. The results showed a significant difference in the effect of pebble mulch in reducing wind erosion in all studied areas and at a level of less than 1%. Comparison of the effect of molten densities of Mobarakeh steel slags showed that the largest difference between the two densities was 25% and control. The results obtained from the collected data of wooden indices (scavenger traps) in Segzi plain show an average of 1.9 years of wind from the soil surface and in Fesaran plain show an average of 1.2 kg per square meter of wind from the soil surface And the statistics obtained from the tray sediment trap had a better performance than the plastic polygon sediment trap and showed a significant difference. In these two areas, the volume of creep particles is higher and a very large amount of dust has accumulated in the sediment trap. Trap in the process of creeping or jumping by the wind

The tourism industry with a multidimensional nature, in addition to meeting the needs of tourists, causes major changes in the host community system. Therefore, the government is trying to provide the opportunity to benefit from the positive aspects of this industry by providing and valuing tourist attractions in areas with potential.Order and security are the main prerequisites for the development of tourism. In this context, ecological analysis of order and security can provide a general framework based on the capabilities and limitations available for rural tourism planning. Ecological analysis of order and security is one of the best practices and frameworks for better understanding of areas and planning for order and security in tourism; Because ecology is formed from the combination of natural and human factors, and if a plan is based on different canons, many of the problems in the field of order and security are also addressed.The purpose of this research is ecological analysis of order and security in rural tourism in Isfahan province.

The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and based on field data. The data of this study are qualitative and collected through interviews. The method of data analysis is qualitative content analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts related to tourism and rural development, which was 15 people according to the theoretical saturation stage and repetitive results. In fact, the snowball method was used to select the sample and due to the fact that the results of the interviews were close to each other and reached the repetition stage, so it was not necessary to continue interviewing more people. After collecting the interviews, coding and data analysis began. In order to analyze the data, the data were coded according to the collected findings. Then they were organized and the final results were obtained.

According to the ecological framework, which is based on natural and human factors and the relationship between the two, the study area was divided into three classes. Mountainous area, dry plain and arid-desert. The analysis of various experts on order and security in rural tourism in the mountainous region is included in 11 cases. In interviews with experts, these 11 factors in the field of order and security and its maintenance in the direction of rural development and ultimately rural tourism is considered effective, which is the reason for not using new methods in irrigation to reduce water issues as the most important factor. Experts' analysis of order and security in rural tourism in the dry plain area has been summarized in 12 cases. Accordingly, one of the most important factors that play a role as a threat to order and security in the villages of this area is the lack of proper management methods in the field of water resources. The issue of water in the villages of the province is becoming a problem, and in some cases, it has led to many security issues, and on the other hand, it has overshadowed the order and security of many villages. According to them, the lack of employment and economic activity in the villages of the desert area is one of the most important factors.Qualitative content analysis is based on the opinions of 15 experts related to rural development and tourism issues. The results were presented in two sections: natural and human factors. According to experts, the natural factors influencing the management of order and security of rural tourism can be summarized in ten key concepts. One of the most important of these concepts is water management. Also, in terms of human factors influencing the order and security of rural tourism in Isfahan province, diversification of the rural economy is one of the first key concepts inferred from interviews with experts.

The results showed that water management, drought management, development of natural tourism attraction, strengthening of desert tourism are from the most influential natural factors and diversification into rural economies, population stabilization and reduction of migration, strengthening of facilities, improving access roads and reducing unemployment the most important human factors Influencing the order and security of rural tourism. The eastern part of the province, which is mostly plain and desert, has more restrictions on the order and security of rural tourism. The most important requirements of security and order in rural tourism can be mentioned to remove blind spots desert, the development of clean energy, division of the province to tourism areas, population stabilization, Local community participation, the management of water resources and etc.In general, considering the natural and human structures of Isfahan province and in more detail its rural settlements, the model of order and security in rural development and tourism is defined and framed accordingly. In fact, the management challenges of rural tourism order and security in the province are not only due to human issues, but are mostly rooted in natural issues and lack of proper management in this area. Geographical algebra of the environment can be the best description in this field and this issue can not be ignored in the province, especially in the east. Based on this concept and in line with it, the model of order and security in rural tourism should be defined. In fact, the management and model that is implemented in the villages of the mountainous area can not be applied in the desert area; Because, first of all, the type of crimes and security problems are different in these two areas. Secondly, its natural and human structures are very different. Based on the prevailing natural and human structures and according to different ecosystems, the pattern of order and security of rural tourism should be redefined.

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides appropriate images for studying of Sand and Dust Storms (SDS). Commonly used MODIS based dust indices, can’t monitor SDS more accurately and properly. In this study, the proposed new dust index is based on reflective and thermal infrared MODIS bands, which consists of a combination of bands 3, 7, 31, and 32. This index is applied to identify two dust events in western Asia ocured July 15 and 16, 2008. The results of applying this index compared to well-known MODIS based dust indices, such as Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) index between band 32 and band 31 (BTD32-31), and band 20 and 31 (BTD20-31), and Normalize Difference Dust Index (NDDI). The results of this study indicated that the new dust index captured the spatial extent of SDS with high accuracy. Validation of these indices with SDS extracted by MODIS true color image showed that the new dust index detected SDS extent with an overall accuracy more than 88%, which was 7%, 15% and 31% higher than the results derived from BTD20-31, NDDI and BTD32-31, respectively. Also, according to SDS detected by MODIS MCD19A2 Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) product data, the proposed index identified SDS with an overall accuracy 82%, which was 5%, 8% and 31% higher than the results derived from NDDI, BTD20-31 and BTD32-31, respectively. Our results suggest that the new dust index can effectively capture large-scale SDS and seprate dusty pixels from dust-free areas in western Asia.

An important part of the rural economic activities is related to tourism, which is one of the levers of rural development. The development of rural tourism is a new strategy for the prosperity of the rural economy. Since security is the most basic principle in formulating tourism development strategies, therefore, the main issue of the current research is the analysis of the role of security in the tourism development in desert villages in Sorkheh Township. The research is a survey that is done by descriptive-analytical method and the main data collection tool is a questionnaire that has been completed by the statistical community (170 non-native tourists). In order to investigate the affecting components in security in the development of rural tourism, T. test was used. Examination of the mean differences of the variables shows that the items of spatial, racial and landscape stability components are in a better position than other items. The correlation between security indicators in the development of rural tourism in the region is equal to 0.789, which indicates the ability to explain 79% of the changes (variance). Analysis of variance ANOVA and Fisher test showed that there is no significant difference between the villages of Sorkheh Township in terms of political and environmental indicators. Based on the WASPAS and ARAS techniques, the two villages of Biabank and Lasjerd are in the first place in terms of research indicators and development sustainability indicators. The research findings show that the security of tourists based on research indicators is higher in Biabank and Lasjerd villages and these two villages are more developed than other villages. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies to improve the security of tourists in other villages.

One of the most important goals of forming states is to provide welfare and development for the society and the development process always involves the action of the state. Therefore, the nature of states, political and ideological philosophy and its structure play a key role in the development process, including rural development. Since the formation of the centralized state in Iran and after 1316, planning has started in its current form, and after 60 years, 12 programs have been prepared in the country, 11 of which have been implemented. During the years before the revolution, 6 programs were prepared and 5 programs were implemented. After the revolution, 6 programs were prepared and 5 programs were implemented, and the sixth program is being completed. In Iran, most of the stages of rural development have been done within the framework of five-year plans, and investment is the most important tool of the state to achieve rural development. Rural management approach until 1970, in most countries of the world, was influenced by the dominance of top-down development management policies and approaches, which followed the emergence of environmental challenges and socio-economic inequalities, the field of attention and change in bottom-up development approach. It has been provided since the 1980s in order to balance rural settlements. Therefore, in recent decades, empowerment has been proposed as a mechanism for rural development in Iran. But were the realities that took place in the country's rurals homogeneous with the demands and goals of the programs? In other words, considering the high volume of credits that are spent every year in rural settlements, the question can be raised that what does investing in rural settlements have to do with empowering the villagers? Has the agent of change been able to bring about the necessary changes and transformations in order to empower the villagers? In this study, by recognizing state investments in rural and its role in empowering villagers, how they affect the rurals of Kashan was analyzed. The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population was 15255 rural households in Kashan district and the sample size was 316 people. In this research, using the classification method and using a three-dimensional matrix, indicators such as state investment (effective index), geographical location of the rural and population were considered as effective indicators for determining the sample rurals and Finally, 12 rurals were selected. In this article, SPSS software was used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, so that using KMO test, the validity of the rural household head questionnaire to measure the level of rural empowerment is equal to 0.867 and the validity of the rural household head questionnaire to measure investment The state is calculated to be 0.826. Also, based on the results of the structural validity test, Cronbach's alpha coefficient obtained from the rural household heads questionnaire to measure the level of rural empowerment is equal to 0.974 and the rural household heads questionnaire to measure state investment is equal to 0.846. In this way, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed. To explain the relationships between independent and dependent variables, TOPSIS technique and regression analysis and coefficient of determination (R2) were used and for other spatial analysis, SPSS and GIS software were used. The results show that according to the ranking of rurals, 75% of the studied rurals had poor and moderate empowerment. Also, 67% of the studied rurals were evaluated with poor and medium investment. Findings from field studies indicate a strong, positive and direct relationship between the two variables of investment and rural empowerment (P = 0.000). In other words, based on the coefficient of determination, 13.5% of the variance of rural empowerment is explained by state investment. As a result, through regression analysis, it can be acknowledged that with increasing state investment in the studied rurals, the rate of rural empowerment also increases. Therefore, rural empowerment is studied as a new approach in the development of rural areas, with a systematic, integrated and combined view, so that self-determination, competence, impact, significance and trust emerge and organize as the driving force of empowerment in rural communities. In this way, the right to development and honorable life in rural areas can be realized objectively. In fact, due to their structural and functional nature, rurals are related to all factors of human life and the challenges ahead cannot be solved with a one-dimensional view. In the combined view, all factors are effective in empowering the villagers and the absence of one of the factors challenges the process of empowering rural communities. According to what has been said, the results of the article provide some strategic points: Lack of careful study and evaluation of developments in rural areas after the arrival of investments and on the other hand different perceptions of the concepts of capacity building and empowerment in practice has caused problems in rural society Stay tuned. Finally, in order to achieve the empowerment of local communities through the role of state in the developmentalist perspective, there are significant proposals that should be pursued through the state, realistic and targeted facilitation models. Thus, in sustainable rural development programs, participatory and facilitator planning, realistic, bottom-up and decentralized, conducting regional and local planning studies, deepening indigenous knowledge-based in rural issues, promoting individual responsibility at the design levels and Program implementation must be considered.

One of the most important goals of low-income countries and international financial institutions today is to reduce poverty. Planners and policymakers are always looking to reduce poverty. The success of poverty alleviation programs depends as much on the accurate identification of the phenomenon of poverty and its causes as it depends on the policies and how the programs are implemented. Amartya Sen proposed the poverty approach as opposed to the income poverty approach. In this view, poverty is defined as deprivation of individual and social capabilities, and poverty is basically a lack of capability, and it is obvious that the solution must also be sought in the development of human capabilities. Given that capability poverty plays a significant role in shaping the ultimate concept of poverty, awareness of the spatial distribution pattern of its zones is the first step in planning and implementing deprivation policies in urban areas. In Iran, too, urbanization has been accompanied by a rapid and rapid process, which has made the phenomenon of poverty and social inequality and severe class differences a feature of the life of third world cities on urban life, and combating it is one of the macro policies of the planning system the country is considered in both short-term plans and long-term strategies. The city of Nourabad Mamasani, like other cities in the country, due to increasing urbanization, has formed poverty zones in some neighborhoods of the city, which has created negative consequences such as insecurity, social crimes, begging and .... To mitigate the problem of poverty, first, complete information on the spatial distribution of its zones in the city of Noorabad Mamasani should be provided to officials and urban planners so that they can use effective mechanisms in this regard. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer these questions; What is the pattern of distributed poverty zones in the city of Nourabad Mamasani In what parts of the city of Nourabad Mamasani are the areas of capability poverty concentrated? What percentage of the population of Nourabad Mamasani is in poor poverty areas? The purpose of this research is the zoning of indicators of capability poverty in the level of statistical blocks of Nourabad Mamasani City.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature and method of research is used descriptive-analytical methods. The statistical population of this research is the statistical blocks of Nourabad Mamasani in 2011. The data related to the theoretical foundations of the research have been prepared by libraries and documents and the raw data of the research have been extracted from the statistical blocks of Nourabad Mamasani city which have been prepared based on the 2011 census of the Statistics Center of Iran. It should be noted that due to the lack of information about a large number of indicators of ability poverty in the statistical blocks of 2016, in this study, the statistical blocks of 2011 have been used. First, 9 capability poverty indicators were scaled by the fuzzy method in the Excel software environment and then by combining the 9 desired indicators, the integrated capability poverty index was obtained. The combined index of capability poverty has been analyzed spatially with the method of central feature, mean center, directional distribution, standard distance, spatial autocorrelation Moran and hot spots in the Arc GIS software environment. And then by converting the hot spots map to the raster layer, the integration of the integrated poverty index is done.

The studies of this study on capability poverty in Nourabad Mamasani city show that the central complication and the central mean of the integrated capability poverty index are located in neighborhood 8 and next to each other. Directional or elliptical distribution The standard deviation of the combined capability poverty index also has a southeast-northwest direction distribution. The standard distance also shows that the spatial distribution pattern of the integrated poverty index is centered around the central average of the city. Based on Moran's spatial autocorrelation method, it has been determined that the distribution of the values ​​of the integrated poverty index has a cluster pattern. According to the results of the hot spots method, in the northern parts of Nourabad Mamasani city, more hot spots are seen that have higher values ​​of the combined poverty index and have formed hot space clusters. In the southern parts of the city of Nourabad Mamasani, more cold spots can be seen, which have lower values ​​of the combined poverty index and have formed cold spatial clusters.

According to the integrated capability poverty index zoning, 50.2% of the population of Nourabad Mamasani is poor and very poor and 29.8% of the population is prosperous and very prosperous and 20% of the population is in the middle zones. Therefore, it can be said that affluent and very affluent areas are more concentrated in the southern parts of the city, while poor and very poor areas are concentrated in the northern half of the city; This indicates the existence of a huge class difference in the Nourabad Mamasani city.

Geography is the link between humans and the environment, and the balance between the two will lead to the stability of the environment. Tourism operates within the framework of a special spatial model, which is one of these spatial models of sustainable tourism. The development of the tourism industry, especially in less developed countries, is an effective factor in combating poverty and increases the incomes of different groups, reduces unemployment and economic prosperity, and thus improves the quality of life of people and increases social welfare. Tourism is not only considered as a potential tool to solve some problems in rural areas, but also as an integral element of rural development strategy. The village, the first permanent human settlement, the place of activities Agriculture and the work environment, effort, production and other efforts of human productivity of the land.Rural development is a multidimensional phenomenon that today requires policy to focus on the development of innovative ideas and projects It is a business initiative in rural areasRural tourism is one of the types of tourism that is associated with many other patterns of tourism, but its characteristic feature is the establishment in rural areas and its expansion has led to the introduction of modern methods of agriculture in rural areas and a very important source for skilled labor , Especially poor rural women and immigrants in the field of tourism and agriculture. Meanwhile, agri tourism, as a type of rural tourism, with significant effects on local motivation and economy, opportunities for diversification of activities, ultimately leads to increased public awareness. In terms of the importance of agriculture in improving life and also plays an important role in the sustainable development of agriculture in rural and urban areas.Therefore, agricultural tourism (agrotourism or agrotourism) has often been proposed as a sustainable development option to revive the rural economy and diversify income sources . By examining the potential of agricultural and tourism activities By combining these two elements under the title of agricultural tourism, it can be presented in line with the theory of sustainable tourism and a new strategy for the development of rural areas, which can be a factor for sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas,be in different villages.. At present, tourism is one of the largest and most diverse industries in the world and its rapid growth has led to many social, economic and environmental changes. Rural tourism is an effective tool that leads to increased productivity and efficiency of human resources, prevention Their migration in order to create new job opportunities, the interaction of cultures and rural development. Agri tourism as a subset of rural tourism is a strategy for rural development and reduces the problems of rural communities such as unemployment, low agricultural productivity, migration. Increasingly, cities and suburbs, especially in arid and semi-desert areas such as villages in Yazd province The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship affected by agricultural tourism in the index villages and the purpose of tourism in Yazd province Which can be a factor for sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. From the perspective of agriculture, agricultural tourism means expanding farm operations, using agricultural products in new and innovative ways, improving the flow of farm income and The development of new consumer markets is known. As a result, awareness of local agricultural products and the importance of preserving agricultural land through agri tourism increases.. , Local experts, villagers and managers of tourism industry using Cochran sampling method from among the residents of 30 key villages of Yazd province, the main research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by university professors in the field of tourism and its reliability was based on alpha coefficient.Cornbach 783 /. Was obtained. Data analysis was performed using Smart PLS2.0 and Spss22 software and the research results were presented using a one-sample t-test and structural equation modeling. Economic, social and cultural development indicate that the findings show that variables such as village, tourist, farmer or garden are among the primary drivers (pillars) of agricultural tourism and despite these four pillars of agricultural tourism has become meaningful And the research results indicate that variables such as structures, government support, tourists' motivation,cultural and their education with the focus on agricultural tourism are factors in rural development with effective results (economic and social and cultural growth and , development and development of work culture and entrepreneurship).