نشریه کاوش های جغرافیایی مناطق بیابانی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Evaporation is the process of transferring moisture from the earth's surface - the water bodies to the atmosphere. Recognition and evaluation of evaporation is an important part in calculating water balance and proper management of water resources. From a climatic point of view, several factors are involved in the evaporation process, the most important of which are radiation and air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. Evaporation variability at different time scales, especially during the process of global warming trends, is one of the considerable manifestations of climate change. Investigating the decadal changes in evaporation and the associated effective parameters play an effective role in the medium-term planning and management of water resources. The main purpose of current study is to analysis the decadal changes of evaporation in relation with the effective parameters (temperature, humidity, and wind) on the parameter.

To this end, daily databases of evaporation, temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, with a spatial separation of 4 × 4 km, obtained from stations (synoptic, climatology and rain gauge) data interpolation for the period 1969-2018 were used. In order to check the changes of the studied variables, the spatial average daily distribution of each variable for the whole period and for the five decades studied was estimated and analyzed. In addition, multivariate standard regression was used to track changes in the role and importance of each of the three climatic parameters studied (humidity, wind and temperature) over the decades of evaporation. first, each of the variables is standardized in relation to their mean and standard deviation as follows:Then the following regression model was used for K the independent variable to justify the spatial variation of evaporation ( ):

In Zayandehrood catchment, with increasing altitude, decreasing temperature and consequently reducing annual evapotranspiration can be observed. As altitude decreases from northwest to southeast, climatic elements such as heat and evaporation increase and some others such as humidity and precipitation decrease. And the cold and humid climate is gradually giving way to the hot and dry climate. The lowest average temperature is observed in the northwest of the basin and mountainous areas And the temperature rises to the southeast of the range. Therefore, we see areas with lower temperature, less evaporation and vice versa Which can be deduced from the high correlation (0.9) of these two parameters. This relationship is reversed in the case of moisture. That is, the highest relative humidity is observed in the northwest of the study area; Towards the southeast, the humidity decreases. After temperature, the moisture element has the highest correlation with the evaporation meter (0.79). The relationship between wind speed and evaporation is lower but more direct than other parameters. In the western half of the study area, its amount is less and in the eastern half of the basin, its speed increases.Also, The results showed that the temperature parameter has a more important and effective pattern on the evaporation process than other parameters, but the share of this parameter has been decreasing since the first decade (1978-1969) towards thelast decade. Humidity have ranks second among atmospheric elements in terms of its effect on the evaporation process that converse to temperature plays an increasing role from the early decades to the final decade (2019-2009). The same trend is repeated for the wind and its role is increasing from the first decade (1978-1969) to the last decade (2018-2019).

In this study, an attempt was made to use multivariate regression, Analyze the relationship between these parameters and the evaporation parameter in the period 2018-1969 And determine the most important parameter affecting evaporation in the study area. Then, the changes of decades of the relationship between these three variables and evaporation were discussed. Based on the general characteristics of this basin, it was found that the temperature and wind in the end parts of the basin is higher than the northern parts. Similarly, the rate of evaporation is lower in the northern half and higher in the southern half Conversely, the amount of moisture in the northern parts of the study area is higher than the southern parts. The results also show that The most effective parameter in relation to evaporation is the temperature parameter. This relationship was significant at 95% confidence level in the whole basin. . Moisture of the second share and Wind has the last category in the evaporation process. Research findings also showed The role of temperature is declining from the first decade to the last decade and Conversely, the share of humidity and wind is increasing.

The ambient air temperature in the troposphere usually decreases with increased altitude (per 1000 meters increases the height of 5 to 6 degrees Celsius), but sometimes with increased air temperature, which is called temperature or inversion inversion. Temperature inversion occurs when a layer of hot air is above cold air adjacent to the Earth. In this case, air stability is created and instead of increasing temperature height to a few hundred meters above Earth with increased height. We will increase temperature. The importance of temperature inversion phenomenon is doubled when examining the effects of temperature inversion phenomenon. The phenomenon of temperature inversion is important because it causes fumation. This phenomenon occurs when the sun's radiation is unstable in the vicinity of the surface for a short time after sunrise, then combined with the scattered material in the nightly layer, causing the scattered material to return to the surface. . As a result, the concentration of pollutants increases sharply and the phenomenon of fiomia is created.

In this study, the daily data of the radio atmosphere above the Birjand Synoptic Station (Table 1) for 00 Greenwich (3.5 local) over the last 11 years (2010 to 2020) to 11 km high from Earth from Vioming University He got. Indicators used include thermodynamic indices such as SI, LI, KI and TT and potential temperature. Also of other data used in this study, radiosvand transmitted information including inversion height from ground to meter (ZBASE), inversion height from ground to meter (ZTOP), base temperature in base and inversion layer to degree Selicius (TBASE), the temperature difference between the base and the top of the inversion layer to the grade of silicius (DTINV) is the height difference between the base and the apex of inversion to meter (DZINV) and the pressure in the base (PBSE) and the inversion layer (PTOP) from Relationships (1 and 2) are calculated First calculated using the relationship (1) the potential of the ceiling and the floor of the inversion layer of the relationship (1)Θ: Potential temperature to Kelvin grade T: Temperature to Kelvin P: Air pressure to hectopaskal After calculating the potential temperature of the ceiling and floor of the inversion layer using the relationship (1), we have calculated the intensity of temperature inversion using relationship (2) on a monthly, seasonal and annual time scale. Relationship (2):Δθ Difference of the temperature potential and the base of inversion to the grade of Kelvin Δz thick layer of inversion to meter Z station height to hectometry

The results showed that the average annual temperature inversion phenomenon at Birjand Station was about 90 cases per year, as it may not occur in different heights in some days, about 11.1 % of the radiation temperature inversion, front. A 12.4 %, and the other 76.5 % is related to temperature inversion of subsidence. Due to the air session underneath, the share of subsidence inversions is more than other types of inversion. The results showed that the highest average inversion layer in Birjand was formed in 2010 and 2015 at 9 ° C. The highest annual temperature of the inversion is related to the inversion of subsidence, which is due to the subsidence of the air subcutaneous air subcutaneous in the upper layers of the atmosphere and the high temperature on the ground. In terms of annual altitude, the highest height of the inversion layer occurred in 2019 with 4490 meters. In terms of thickness of the inversion, the inversion of the type of subsidence with 207 and the radiation with 145 meters form the thickest and the thinnest layer of inversion. Results of the average inversion layer pressure in Birjand showed that 2014 and 2015 were formed with about 870 miles and 2019 with 592 milligrams. Among the types of inversion, the most severe inversion of the front was 0.044 % and then subsidence with 0.030 %. In terms of the intensity of severe inversion with 0.7 % and poor inversions with 0.92 % were the lowest and the highest in Birjand. In fact, the inversions of the city of Birjand are poor because of their physiographical and geographical properties.

The correlation results also showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between the intensity of inversion and the inversion layer temperature at 99 %. That is, the higher the temperature of the inversion layer, the greater the inversion of inversion and vice versa. But there is a significant relationship between the inversion intensity and the height of the layer at 95 % probability level. This reverse relationship indicates that whenever the inversion layer occurred at the lower altitude, the inversion of inversion has also increased; But the relationship between the thickness and intensity of the inversion layer showed that with the increase in the thickness of the inversion layer, the inversion of inversion in Birjand also increased as the layer temperature was higher as the inversion was more severe. There is also a direct and significant relationship between the intensity and pressure of the inversion layer at 95 % so that with increased pressure, the inversion will increase. In general, the city of Birjand is under the tranquility of the tropical climate because of its specific location, which is also on the roads of 120 -day Sistan, so it will be weak if inversion occurs.

The urban network paths, as the major part of the urban body, are the main spaces of movement and interaction of people with each other, have increased the risk of exposure to pathogens through close contacts between people and levels in daily life, and highlighted its role in the spread of epidemic diseases. According to the theory of space syntax, the way spaces are linked in the city affects the citizens' movement patterns so that it leads to the production of specific social logic. Then, the theory presented a model that can analyze urban spatial structure by representing, computability, and interpreting space, identifying the pattern of citizens' movement, and determining the crowded parts in the segment scale of streets, and contribute to crisis management to achieve a more precise identification of high-risk parts in the city Using the theory of space syntax, the present study selected the city of Jiroft as a sample to display the application of the theory. The reason to select Jiroft as the sample was that is it monocentric and all human activities and movement and nodes are concentrated in the city center.

The present study was applied research in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. A part of theoretical information was collected using documents and reports as well as the bibliographic method. The research area, based on the purpose and subject, was the city of Jiroft. An axial map is used as the unit of analysis of the data table and includes the structure of a set of urban open spaces based on the longest view and access. In the next step, the axial map was entered UCL Depth Map 10 to analyze the space syntax. According to this method, the parameters of macro integration, local integration, and depth should be presented for the analysis of physical factors of the city structure.

The present study aimed to discuss the connectivity and permeability of urban tissues and their integration, i.e. the possibility of people's presence in the space, with the COVID-19 epidemic. The results showed a significant relationship between them. To this end, urban streets and spaces were extracted from the 2020 basic map of Jiroft.The integration map showed that the extension of the axial streets along Pasadarn Boulevard to the streets of Amirkabir, Vahdat, Dr. Shari'ati, and then to the streets of Shahid Shafa, Komiteye Emdad, Beat, Keshavarzi Rejaei, Taleghani, Takhti Jonubi, Janbazan, and Doulat is the most accessible and thus the most interconnected paths in this area, and the people are more likely to use these paths more than other paths due to their specific uses in the area; therefore, it plays the most important role in the spread of this epidemic disease and can be mentioned as a street with the high integration.The results also showed that the streets of Saadi, Azadi, Takhti Jonubi, and Taleghani have the most connection. These axes are the main configuration of the city and are the most-used parts of the city due to more connections with other parts, indicating high permeability in these axes with consequences such as the higher prevalence of epidemic diseases. Finally, the analysis results of depth showed that isolated spaces and axes from the city have a low integration, due to the isolation from the main axes of the neighborhood and greater depth, resulting in isolated spaces with a lower level of prevalence than other areas. therefore, it plays the most important role in the spread of this epidemic disease and can be mentioned as a street with the high integration.

The model of space syntax theory provides us with a tool to precisely analyze the city spatial structure, crowded areas, and it helps crisis management to achieve a better identification of high-risk parts. It can be said that the old tissue of Jiroft, which is located in the center of the city and the vast majority of doctors have set up their offices on this part, has narrow streets with very high traffic load due to the daily shopping centers, market, business centers, and government offices located on the other side the street. Relying on the principle of the effect of urban spaces on the prevalence of the epidemic, the present study indicated that health strategies can be implemented much intelligently in the city by identifying the crowded areas of the city, and the focus on these areas can weaken the chain of transmission of the epidemic disease among individuals and reduce the incidence of the disease.

Soil erosion is a phenomenon that is carried out by the wear and tear of soil on the surface of the earth and its transfer to another place by water or wind processes. This process has caused the emergence of many geomorphological forms and landforms in the world (Shayan and Zare, 2011). The extent of the world's reservoirs is large and these areas have active dynamics due to the instability of sands and undergo many geomorphological changes in a short period of time. There are many wind landforms of compression and erosion type in Lut desert. These geomorphological and geological phenomena are one of the most important natural attractions of the Lut plain and desert, which can be said to be rare or unique in the world. Landforms such as huge sand dunes and pyramids, which are unique in their kind in the world, have a very high ability to attract different tourists, including adventure tourists, scientific tourists, educational tourists, and other tourists (Maqsoudi et al. 2004). In this research, the Dayvis erosion cycle has been investigated in the Lut desert geoforms using differential radar interferometric techniques and the collection and deposition points have been revealed.

In order to reveal the harvesting, transportation and sedimentation areas of the Lut desert world heritage, the radar data of Sentinel 1 satellite and the digital model at a height of 30 meters have been used for software processing. The radar technology that has been provided thanks to the rapid development of space technology (Ferretti et al., 2007) has been done with the radar interferometric method (DInSAR). In this research, we also used Landsat 8 satellite images to prepare a map of the study area, ASTER satellite digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 30 meters to prepare a hypsometric map and radar processing, vector layers of geoscience databases, and windfalls of synoptic stations located around the study area. It has wind direction and speed information; it is also prepared from the National Meteorological Organization. Information processing has also been done in SNAP and GIS software.

In order to reveal the harvesting, transportation and sedimentation areas of the Lut desert world heritage area, the differential radar interferometry method was used between 2019 and 2020 and the radar data of the Sentinel 1 satellite, which is of C-Band type and has the penetration of radar waves with a wavelength equal to the frequency of 405 5 GHz is used. According to the outputs, the phase difference between the two data in the Kluts has a negative trend and it is quite noticeable that it shows the erosibility of the Kluts, which is caused by the winds of the region.It should be noted that due to the resistance of Lut block to the internal forces of the earth, the effect of faults in the height changes in the bedrock of Lut block and the area of the Kluts is very small and the observed changes are only due to wind erosion. After the unwrapping process, the unwrapped layer is converted into a displacement layer and then georeferenced. The final map of the vertical displacement of Lute Kluts was drawn in a general and classified manner, which shows many changes during a year. But in general, the northern parts of Klut have more erosion resistance due to high wind speed and high erosion power. The yardangs in the northwest parts of Kluts can be a proof of this statement. Therefore, most of the area of Klots is eroding every year and these sediments have been accumulated in many parts of Rig Yalan. Middle Hamada can be considered as a transition range. In order to investigate the dominant processes in the creation of geomorphological complications in Lut, synoptic data were analyzed at Shahdad, Nehbandan and Nusratabad stations, and the gulbads of the region were drawn. According to the winds of the region, the erosion trend of the Klots from the northwest to the southeast shows a significant trend in wind erosion.

Since Lot is the most important natural work of the country that has been registered globally, investigating its geomorphological complications is also one of the research priorities. These surveys allow for accurate knowledge and information about the conditions and characteristics of the region. Among these, Kluts and Rig Yalan are the most important geomorphological phenomena of Lot, which were investigated in this research. Kluts and Rig Yalan are located in the hydro-eolian region and are always subject to significant geomorphological changes. According to the investigations carried out in this research, it was found that there is an erosion cycle in the area of Klut. Rig Yalan and Middle Hamada. In the area of Kluts, the highest amount of digging was observed in the northern and central parts. In the northern part of the Middle Hamada, which was referred to as the transfer zone, it shows the digging of sediments, but in the southern parts of this region, we have sediment accumulation. In different parts of Lut sand, which is known as the sedimentation area, the accumulation of sediments has been different, so that in the western and western parts, the height of the sand pyramids has decreased, but in the eastern and especially the northern parts. The east shows the increase in height and accumulation of sediments. According to the mentioned contents, the erosion cycle in this range is rotational and in the counterclockwise direction. Among the articles that have been worked in Lut and can be cited as a confirmation of this research, is the article Thermal cyclone of Lut, Yemen, in which he mentions the existence of a thermal cyclone in Lut and the air flow in this cyclone is opposite. The hands of the clock say.

Researcher studies show that most of the lands in this area, which has a population equivalent to the population of a neighborhood, are allocated to service uses, especially trans-local industrial uses that produce environmental and noise pollution and are not compatible with residential use. given. Since the mentioned land uses attract non-local population to this area, it reduces social security in urban spaces and as a result prevents the presence and continuation of indigenous residents in urban spaces and the formation of social interactions and explains the concept of neighborhood as a unit. Faces social cohesion in this area. On the other hand, the lack of an identifying public space, such as a neighborhood center that provides residents with cultural, commercial services, is also evident. The location of this area in the outskirts of the city and its proximity to the ring road, provides sufficient incentives to increase industrial land use and car repair in this area, which has caused significant barren lands in this area that if not controlled and Development guidance, there is an opportunity for the growth of such uses. The concentration of industrial and workshop uses (warehouses and repairs), especially in the western blocks and adjacent to Moftah Boulevard, which are inactive in night life, in addition to reducing night security for residents, has also reduced the vitality of the residential environment. On the other hand, the existence of trans-local uses incompatible with housing along with the lack or absence of cultural and recreational uses (parks, cultural centers and cultural centers and even mosques or reliance) that can meet the leisure needs of children, the elderly and young people, from One of the problems in this area is to improve the quality of life of its residents. In area 2 of the historical context, three main axes of activity (in Shahid Rajaei streets, Daneshjoo boulevard and Shahid Mofteh street) with an urban functional scale have created three strong physical and functional edges for the area. Although the buildings of the uses located in these activity axes have visual transparency and some of them occupy a part of the sidewalk space, but due to the unattractiveness of the uses in creating motivation for wandering and the continuation of pedestrian movement in the axis, a special type The pattern of purchasing and using the services of these uses (since the establishment of high-traffic uses for pedestrians are scattered along the axes, the reference is made in the form of short stops by vehicle), the mentioned axes lack vitality and It is a sign of the dynamism of the urban life of the inhabitants. According to the perceptions made in the second area of 1978, that is, equivalent to %67.84 of the buildings in the second area can be maintained. After that, restored buildings with 69 units and equal to % 95.2 percent and demolished buildings with 12 buildings and equivalent to %51.0 percent were in the second and third ranks. In terms of area, maintainable buildings with %44.68 in the first place and restored buildings with %17.2 and demolished buildings with %53.0 are in the next ranks. In the southern and eastern blocks of District 2, where the predominant use is residential and has parts with fine grain size and high occupancy level, the mass is dominant. But in the western and northern part of the basin, which often have industrial or workshop work, due to their low level of occupation, space is overrun. Components and important physical elements of the texture in the study area, a few elements such as the high school on the edge of Jihad Boulevard and the green space of the northeast corner of the area, are connected by a communication network within the texture, in a coherent network. In this area, the main north-south route due to its proximity to the industrial area also acts as a separator of the industrial sector in the western half and the residential sector in the eastern half of the texture and in addition to the road is important as a separating edge. In the study area of area 2, the streets surrounding the area, which are straight and arterial streets, have acted as an edge and have caused the separation of this area from other urban areas. The consecutive trees that can be seen along the path of some of these streets, including Shahid Rajaei Street, play an important role in defining these edges. Nodes in the study area have either been obtained from the accumulation of specific land uses or have been formed from the intersection of several important roads. One of these important nodes has been formed in the vicinity of Milad Noor Middle School. Among the mental signs at the level of District 2, we can mention the middle school and some of the industrial uses in it, especially in the western half of the district, as well as Laden Park, which is used from time to time. Lack of public open spaces, inadequate quality of roads, inadequate quality of buildings, existence of numerous abandoned spaces in the texture, is one of the most important physical problems in this area of the worn texture of Kerman. However, the existence of undeveloped lands and suitable land capacities in this area have provided suitable opportunities for the development of open and green spaces and the development of neighborhood services and the implementation of development stimulus projects in this area. In the framework of the ossification system of the area, a strong communication axis that traverses the length of the constituency and connects the belt axis to Daneshjoo Boulevard, connects the spatial physical elements (constituent elements of ossification) of the constituency like a rosary thread.

Today, tourism is one of the main factors of economic progress and growth in developed countries as well as in developing countries. New trends in tourism have gradually turned some places into tourist destinations, Among the deserts that are of interest to tourists today. Considering that most of Iran is covered by arid and desert areas, accurate and systematic recognition of dry areas and ways to utilize them, it is essential for the country's economic and social development. one of the simplest ways is to use the ecotourism and geotourism features of these lands. The development of tourism activities in these areas requires special attention because if it becomes unbridled tourism, it can damage the natural structure and even the cultural characteristics of the inhabitants of these areas. The landscape for the person who perceives it as an observer is visually identifiable with structural features, which call it an objective perspective. Therefore, this study by systematically examining the background of the subject and describing and analyzing its content with the aim of explaining the role of desert tourism and tourism development in arid areas, identifying and explaining reliable methods for tourism growth and development in these areas through desert landscape. Finally, it describes the gaps in the research topic. In addition, this study seeks to answer the following questions. What are the characteristics of the desert landscape? How can a desert landscape develop tourism in hot and dry areas?

The present study is a Systematic review that refers to a purposeful study. Therefore, in order to achieve the proposed goals, the content of previous research has been analyzed and described. For this purpose, three databases (Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SID) and ResearchGate commercial social network with appropriate keywords, Search by title and keywords from 1992 to 2022 (articles published in the last 30 years), By identifying the researchers and their initial and main studies in this field, as well as before and after their references, 69 articles were extracted and reviewed.

According to the study of hot and dry beds in the field of visual landscape and its impact on tourism development in these areas, in examining the morphological patterns of these areas, visual components such as water, shadow, topography and slope can be identified in the crest line and trough line pattern. therefore in the formation of these deserts, wind is known as one of the important causes of soil erosion in these areas. From the surface displacement of particles by wind and their accumulation creates sand dunes that have a variety of visual qualities, Also, due to sudden rains in these areas, water erosion is very severe in these areas. Various effects due to water and wind erosion are observed in desert areas, the most important of which are the Yardang deserts. Limited water resources that have created vegetation in different patterns, they are known as tourist attractions, it can also be effective in the field of scientific tourism and health through biological knowledge and identification of medicinal plants. Visual texture is seen in the study of the Earth's crust in various forms from micro to macro, horizontal, vertical, soft and hard, the soft form of sand dunes that create tranquility in these areas, the footprints created by the movement of animals and reptiles on the sand dunes, etc. can bring visual diversity in the field of tourism Color is also one of the important variables in these areas in order to create visual diversity and special charms of these areas; considering it can be effective in determining the time to visit the sand dunes of these areas as well as in designing and choosing colors for buildings and desert camps.

Due to the tourist attraction in the hot and dry areas, tourism is of great importance for the development of these spots. This study focuses on the specifications of hot and dry areas and identifies the components of the desert landscape in order to Explanation on the relationship between tourism development and these regions characteristics. The research findings and the factors that influenced this in previous studies show that, Sand dunes are one of the Important images of wind erosion in terms of land shape in addition to tourist attractions and visual diversity. Vegetation and its types in these areas are other components in the discussion of desert landscape that can be effective in the field of health and scientific tourism. Visual texture in the earth's crust of these areas has been studied, which can be created in various forms and create unique physical conditions in these areas. Color recognition is also associated with creating visual diversity in these areas. Reasonable utilization and arrangement of structure and color can be crucial factor for landscape aesthetics in landscape design and planning in the future. Finally, the shape of the earth and its morphological patterns have had the greatest impact on the development of tourism in these spots. Therefore, hot and dry areas, especially deserts and arid areas, have many natural and tourism potentials, which, if used properly, can create a great economic, social and cultural change in the country. Considering that attraction in all its forms, including natural, historical and cultural, is the main pillar of the tourism industry and indeed the main purpose of travel, knowing it is of great importance. Accordingly, the identification of tourist attractions, especially natural factors in desert areas, still needs further investigation, therefore, conducting detailed studies on the characteristics of these attractions, exploitation techniques, creating appropriate infrastructure, identifying the motivation of tourists in choosing These places and their use in advertising and marketing messages, as well as the promotion of planning and management aspects, with the aim of developing this emerging industry in these areas is very important.

Energy and its consumption pattern are among the basic issues related to sustainable development in urban areas.Today, an important part of research in the field of urban studies focuses on this issue. Meanwhile, in countries such as Iran, due to the cheapness of energy consumption, this issue has received less attention from planners. In a city, an important part of the difference in the energy consumption pattern is explained by the city form and its spatial characteristics. Therefore, paying attention to spatial analysis models and methods can help to understand this issue. Spatial analysis models help the role of spatial differences in energy consumption by using tools and software related to spatial database. Therefore, the present study aims to measure the pattern of gas consumption in the domestic part of Birjand city by relying on spatial analysis methods. The study is descriptive-analytical and research variables include 1) energy consumption, 2) population, 3) building quality, 4) building age, 5) parts size, 6) building facade and 7) urban form. The studied area also includes 5353 residential plots in 5 neighborhoods of Birjand city with different physical, socio-economic characteristics. These neighborhoods include "Zafar", "Bazar", "Sarab", "Edari" and "Resalat". which are located in the north, west, south and east of Birjand city. In the first step, after collecting data related to gas consumption by residential units in each of the studied localities, a spatial database was created in ArcGis. Also, the physical characteristics of each piece were collected in this database. The research variables include gas consumption by 5353 residential plots in the target areas on one hand and physical variables related to the characteristics of each plot including size, building quality, building age, building facade and also the population living in each residential unit on the other hand. In addition to this, the compression index was also considered as an index of texture form, as another variable related to the subject. Further, by using classical statistical methods (correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and Shannon's entropy) and spatial statistical methods (such as density models, two-way Moran and spatial autocorrelation), the findings were analyzed. The results obtained at two macro levels (at the level of all neighborhoods) and local (at the level of residential plots in each neighborhood) are prepared in the form of maps, charts and tables, and finally, by putting the prepared layers together, the data is combined. with each other and the final conclusion was reached The results showed that energy consumption has an inverse relationship with the variables of building age, population and building quality, and a direct relationship with the entropy coefficient. This means that new tissues, in addition to their short lifespan and lower population density, have not been able to be effective in reducing energy consumption. On the other hand, despite the high population, organic tissues show a lower amount of energy consumption. This issue shows the necessity of paying attention to tissue renewal processes and its effect on energy consumption compared to older tissues. On the other hand, it shows that paying attention to the spatial patterns of consumption will be one of the key points in improving the energy consumption pattern. It is not possible to optimize energy consumption and modify the consumption pattern, regardless of the characteristics and spatial differences (even in urban scales). This issue is especially visible in big cities that show a high variety of living patterns and lifestyles. Therefore, setting a single pattern for them is not a good job. As in this study, spatial analysis accurately showed the spatial differences in energy consumption and the different status of physical indicators in each of the target neighborhoods in Birjand city. The general result of this study shows that an important part of the differences in the consumption pattern is explained by the spatial differences. Therefore, the modification of the consumption pattern is an issue that is achieved under the synergy of various specialties. Part of which is related to the understanding of spatial patterns. In this regard, setting up and completing the location database of subscribers and identifying consumption patterns is perhaps one of the most important basic measures, in order to move in the direction of the optimal consumption pattern. In such a way that during this preparation, an accurate picture of energy consumption in different sectors and its relationship with other issues will be clarified. In order to obtain a detailed analysis of consumption and its pattern in its shadow, and adjust appropriate frameworks for each area in line with optimal energy consumption. کلیدواژه ها [English]

During the last century, the process of urbanization accelerated; So that along with the massive migration of villagers to the cities, small rural areas were also upgraded to new cities. The process that first started in developed countries and then from the 1950s onward, it was also given a lot of attention in developing countries. In Iran, during a period of 60 years, the number of cities in the country has increased from 199 cities in 1335 to 1243 cities in 1395. The intensity of this trend has been such that after the Islamic revolution, the number of cities has increased more than 3.05 times. Considering this issue, it can be said that in the past few years, the development of small towns, by upgrading villages to cities, has been considered as one of the main policies to improve the quality of life in rural areas of Iran, and with this purpose, large number of rural centers have been upgraded to cities. Semnan province is not exempted from this rule and the increasing trend of cities in the province has always been upward during the last few decades and has reached 20 cities in 1395 census from 4 cities in 1335 census. Considering the high number of villages that have been converted into cities in Semnan province, this research has led to the answer to the question that what is the process of urban development in the premature cities class in the spatial organization of Semnan province?

The current research is of an applied type and according to the investigated components, the approach governing it is descriptive-analytical. Data collection is done in the form of library and documents and through the sources and information of the general population and housing census of 1395, the statistical yearbook of 1399, as well as the information of the Semnan governorate has been collected and analyzed. The statistical population of the research includes 7 urban points of Semnan province, which according to the last census have a population of less than five thousand people and are ranked among the premature cities of the province. In this research, an attempt is made to analyze and investigate the spatial distribution of premature cities in the province by using Moran's models, the nearest neighbor test, the standard deviation ellipse and the center of the mean, and then using the IDW tool in the GIS software to The analysis of the position of premature cities in the urban space organization of the province is discussed.

The method of distribution of premature cities based on the nearest neighbor test and Moran's index is located in the yellow part of the diagram. Therefore, based on the obtained data, the premature cities of the province did not follow a specific pattern of being clustered or scattered, but their distribution method was random. In the average center test, the central point of the premature cities is located in the middle of the two premature cities of Royan and Amiriyeh. the standard deviation is drawn from southwest to northeast according to the location of premature cities. Regarding the indicators of urban development, the physical condition of premature cities in the province is very weak in the field of apartment building, and all seven premature cities have the lowest amount of apartment building in the entire province. premature cities of the province are weak in terms of strengthening buildings and using metal and concrete frames, and they mostly have the least use of building frames in their buildings compared to other cities of the province, so that all seven premature cities of the province are in the cold part of the map. have been taken and displayed in yellow. In terms of social indicators, the premature cities of the province are weak in terms of literacy and the percentage of illiteracy is still high in them, but they have been somewhat successful in accepting immigrants and have been able to attract the immigrant population in their area of influence to some extent. premature cities have a better employment situation than other cities in the province. Because according to the map, the best situation in terms of employment is related to the two cities of Kohn-Abad and Kalateh-Roudbar, both of which, as premature cities of the province, have the lowest unemployment rate in the entire province.

In terms of position, premature cities have a dual position in terms of physical, economic and social parameters among other cities of the province. In such a way that in terms of physical indicators, such cities have not yet developed much, and the creation of skeletons and apartment buildings in such cities is not very popular due to the low price of land compared to other cities, and in this respect, premature cities class is not in a good place, but in the matter of accepting immigrants and also the level of employment in these cities, they are in an average situation, and premature cities that are far from other relatively developed cities in the province and have a wider sphere of influence have been able to some extent in attracting Immigrants from their surrounding region and also creating employment in various fields should be successful to some extent due to their political-administrative role. In the end, it can be concluded that the premature cities class has an average position in the urban network of the province and considering that the majority of the premature cities class of the province have been promoted from the village to the city due to being the center of the district, with the role of Various, despite their small population, have been successful to some extent.

Loyalty of a tourist to a specific destination is a key issue in tourism management. A high level of loyalty in a destination can have positive consequences for the development of tourism in that region. One of the important topics in this field is measuring and analyzing the level of tourism loyalty in different dimensions and components. Each of these components has a series of indicators that have a significant impact on the loyalty of tourists to that destination. Tourism loyalty is discussed in different dimensions of awareness and familiarity, tourist perception, tourism personality, service quality, mental image, trust, security, satisfaction of tourists. Awareness and familiarity with the image of the destination and direct and indirect experiences arise in the minds of tourists. which makes a tourist have the necessary trust, confidence and understanding in that destination and that destination in this direction tries to improve the quality of services and also creates a beautiful and exciting personality for tourists, which ultimately It leads to the satisfaction and loyalty of tourists. The evaluation of these dimensions can help city tourism planners in its optimal management. The city of Yazd, having a variety of tourist attractions, as one of the most tourist-friendly and popular tourist places in Iran, attracts a large number of domestic and foreign tourists every year. Therefore, paying attention to the category of tourist loyalty, considering the high potential that this city has in the field of attracting tourists, will lead to a domino flow of tourists, and then generate multiple incomes, reducing the cost of attracting tourists and economic prosperity, considering that the economy of this city is dependent on It is tourism. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to evaluate the loyalty of domestic tourists in Yazd city in the form of a suitable model.

The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive of the survey type based on its nature and method. The required information is prepared based on the library and field method. The statistical population of the research to evaluate the level of loyalty is all incoming tourists in the year 1400, based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 381 people. A simple random method was used to complete the questionnaire. The collected data have been processed based on descriptive and inferential statistical methods using SPSS software and linear regression tests and one-sample t-test.

The results of the research showed that the dimensions of awareness and familiarity, mental image, trust, perceived value, service quality, security, personality and satisfaction both directly and indirectly (with the mediator role of satisfaction) have a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of tourists in Yazd city. During the surveys, the status of dimensions related to measuring the loyalty of tourists in Yazd shows that the highest average value is related to the dimension of security and satisfaction and the lowest average value is related to the dimension of awareness and familiarity of tourists and also the results obtained from the dimensions indicate It is because the tourists' awareness and familiarity with the city of Yazd has been more through social networks and word-of-mouth advertising, and their mental perceptions of the city in the field of tourism services and facilities, the culture of the people and their participation, tourism costs in relation to the city, in The field of trust towards the destination brand and products, tour leaders and travel agencies, security and comfort of staying in hotels, tours, the city environment, ensuring the order and security of law enforcement officers and entrepreneurs and tourism service providers and the pricing of services and products , in the context of the value of understanding the destination of the tourists in relation to the scientific and historical value and tourism of the city, in relation to the history and attractions, in relation to the cultural and social values, in the field of service quality in relation to the services of historical contexts and tourist places and services Provided to tourism entrepreneurs, infrastructures and services tourist and tourism packages, plans of officials and managers in historical contexts, in the field of city security according to the opinion of tourists regarding the urban economy for tourists and shopping and investment, tourist places and attractions, creating a tourism business, in The field of urban personality in the opinion of tourists, the impact of the globalization of Yazd city, the elements and elements that are appropriate to the historical and urban contexts, the type of religion and beliefs of the city people, the lively and enlightening city, and also the preservation of the ancient religious identity and the general culture of the city people.

In this research, the dimensions and level of tourism loyalty in the city were examined and analyzed, and in the final result it was found that the dimensions of loyalty are generally at a relatively acceptable level in the city of Yazd. According to the results presented in the final conclusion, plans and suggestions can be made in order to improve the level of loyalty in Yazd city as much as possible. In the end, it should be said that by formulating a vision of tourism loyalty and formulating several scenarios regarding the development of the level of loyalty in the 10-year horizon, the path of tourism in Yazd city can be transformed and Yazd has an acceptable share of the current tourism flow in the region. have the center of the country. Accordingly, attention should be paid to the conditions of the post-corona period. Loyalty level development model in current conditions should be developed compatible with the characteristics of this era.

Desertification manifests itself in its initial stages with less production in the ecosystem. In this situation, the balance of water and nutrients for the growth of plants becomes unfavorable compared to the past. In natural conditions, the ecosystem of dry areas is in a stable state in terms of water and energy conversion, but due to human intervention, this balance is subject to change. Obviously, when the vegetation is destroyed, the land becomes bare, its organic matter is destroyed and the structure of the soil is destroyed. In this situation, direct rain on the soil causes further destruction of the soil structure. The natural consequence of such conditions is the lack of rainwater storage and the drop in the level of underground water tables. Usually, severe reduction of vegetation, water and wind erosion, salinity, soil compaction, sedimentation and emptying of nutrients are considered as the main signs of desertification. According to the definition of the Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCED), desertification is the destruction of land in dry, semi-arid and dry and semi-humid areas due to human and climatic factors, which as a result reduces the productive power of the land. Water and soil are among the most valuable natural resources, and human societies, both farmers and ranchers, are active and dynamic agents of changing natural landscapes, and improper management, neglect, and excessive exploitation can lead to soil destruction, and as a result, human life is seriously threatened. be placed.

To achieve the goals of the research; Modis sensor images were obtained from the NASA database during the years 2000-2020. In order to calculate the land surface temperature (LST) from the MOD11A1 product, to extract the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), from the MOD13Q1 product, to extract the Net Primary Production (NPP) index, from the MOD17A2H product with a spatial resolution of 500 meters in a time frame of 8 The MOD43A1 product of the Terra satellite was used to extract the albedo index. After preparing the MODIS sensor images, the indices of land surface temperature, normalized difference of vegetation cover, net primary production and albedo were estimated from the images and their correlation was checked.

Based on the results, LST is shown in three classes: low, medium and high. So, low to south moderate in the northwest and west and higher temperatures in the east of the study prevail. And based on the results, NDVI is classified into four areas with very poor, poor, moderate and dense coverage. Thus, the very weak layer is located in the north and northeast side, the weak layer is located in the northwest to south side, and the medium and dense layer is located in the northwest to southwest side. with increasing temperature; The normalized difference index of vegetation decreases and there is an inverse relationship between LST index and NDVI. with increasing temperature; Primary net production decreases and there is an inverse relationship between LST index and NPP. Based on the obtained results, it can be acknowledged that there is an inverse relationship between LST index and Albedo.

Based on the results obtained from the fourth chapter; The LST index during 2000-2020 was divided into three classes of low temperature, medium temperature and high temperature. So that; The largest area of the studied area had an average temperature, which was observed in the south and southwest. In the eastern and northeastern regions, the temperature was higher than in other regions, which corresponds to Namak Lake and Qom. Also, areas with low temperature were covered only in small parts from the northwest to the southwest of the region, which corresponds to the uneven heights of Karks. The NDVI index during 2000-2020 was divided into four classes: very weak, weak, medium and dense. So that; The largest area of the studied area had weak to weak silt cover, which was observed in the northwest to east range, which corresponds to Namak Lake and Qom. Also, it covered areas with medium to dense coverage only in small parts from the northwest to the southwest of the region, which corresponds to the uneven heights of Karks. Based on the results of NPP index changes during 2000-2020, the highest amount of primary net production was observed in the northwest to southeast of the studied area. This shows that the amount of primary net production is higher in this range. Also, the minimum amount of primary net production in the range from northwest to south corresponds to the heights of Vulture to Tanam, which indicates low production. Based on the results of changes in the Albedo index during the years 2000-2020, the highest amount of albedo was observed in the northeast to the east, so that these areas correspond to the salt lake and areas with weak vegetation, low net primary production and high temperature, because albedo and surface temperature The earth is affected by the amount of vegetation and relatively small changes in the characteristics of the vegetation cause changes in the albedo and temperature of the earth's surface. Between the normalized difference index data of vegetation and land surface temperature, net primary production and land surface temperature and albedo and land surface temperature, there was a significant relationship at the one percent level so that the correlation between vegetation and temperature, net primary production and temperature and albedo and the temperature was reversed and equal to 0.80, -0.84 and -0.85 respectively. The results of the study made it possible to create a desertification program by presenting a practical program for the Syr Regressive Road Dam and took an effective step towards sustainable development.

The climate of Kerman province is suitable for pistachio cultivation, so the pistachio cultivars of Kerman province are of high quality. Weather conditions play a decisive role in the planting and growth of fruit trees. Climate change will make the agricultural sector vulnerable to changes in temperature and precipitation parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the future climatic conditions of fruit tree cultivation areas under the influence of climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of climate change on the climate indicators of pistachio tree agriculture in Kerman province. For this purpose the indicators of temperature, precipitation, and evaporation in the coming decades have been investigated concerning climate change.

The trend of changes in temperature, precipitation, and evaporation indices during the observation period of each station was determined using Kendall's statistical test. Based on the CanESM6 climate model, under two scenarios ssp2-4.5 and ssp5-8.5, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and precipitation data have been produced in the coming years. One of the general circulation models (GCM) CanESM5 model was used to predict climate parameters. Downscaling of canESM5 model data was done using SDSM software. The error rate of production data was checked with Base data using validation criteria. First, the process of production data changes in different stages of pistachio phenology was calculated.

First, based on the observational data of the period of 1992-2021, the status of the climatic indicators of the pistachio tree and trend of each of them were investigated using the available tests. Based on the temperature of 7.5 degrees Celsius, the five stages of the phenology of the Ohadi cultivar were determined, flowering to full flowering, bone shell hardening, and the beginning of rapid brain growth, the end of brain growth, and the harvest time based on the summary of the day-growth degree. With the downscaling of CanESM5 model output data under SSP5-8.5 and SSP2-4.5 scenarios, daily temperature and precipitation data for Rafsanjan station were simulated for three periods 2075-20100, 2050-2074, and 2025-2049. The results show that in the base period, the temperature indices of the growing season (average daily temperature, average maximum) and average minimum in March and April have a positive significant trend. The flowering (average temperature and average minimum temperature indices) in the future period of 205-2049 under the ssp2-4.5 scenario in the growing season (average daily temperature indices, average maximum, and average minimum temperature) in April have a significant positive trend. The simulation showed that the average daily temperature index in the pistachio growing season under the SSP2-4.5 scenario during 2025-2074 increases compared to the base period (23.5 degrees Celsius) and reaches 24.6 degrees Celsius

the results of the simulation showed that the average daily temperature index in the pistachio growing season in Rafsanjan station under the scenario of SSP2-4.5 were 0.97°C from 2025 to 2074 in the spring season and the months of April and May and the autumn season and the month of October with a positive trend. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, the average daily temperature in the two future periods of 2075-2100 and 2050-2074 has a positive increasing trend; and in the final period, the average daily temperature of the growing season will increase by 3.13°C compared to the base period, and the average daily temperature will reach 26.63°C from 23.5°C. The average minimum temperature under the scenario of SSP2-4.5 in the period 2025 - 2049 in April and October has an increasing trend. In addition, the average minimum temperature in March in the period of 2075-2100 has an increasing trend; the average minimum temperature under the above scenario is 0.75°C. The average minimum temperature in March in 2100 - 2075 shows an increase in average temperature under the above scenario. Under the pessimistic scenario SSP5-8.5 during the period 2075 - 2100 and 2050 - 2074, the average minimum temperature has an increasing trend of about 1.76°C. The maximum temperature in the flowering stage under the scenario of SSP2-4.5 in the base period and the future period under 2050 - 2074 and the 2025 - 2049 period will not have a trend. Under the above scenario, the above index has a positive trend in the period of 2075-2100, and on average; it increases by 0.29°C compared to the base period. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, the average maximum daily temperature has a positive trend and increases by 1.06°C.The mean daily temperature index in the pistachio-growing season. In Rafsanjan station, the average days with a temperature between 35 and 40 degrees Celsius in the base period are about 39 days. During 2025-2100, under the ssp2-4.5 scenario, the number of days with a temperature of 35 to 40 degrees Celsius shows a decreasing trend. On the other hand, the number of days with temperatures higher than 40 degrees Celsius under the same scenario reveals an increasing trend. From the number of 9 days in the base period, it will reach about 31.5 days between 2025 and 2100. This content also applies to the ssp5-8.5 scenario. And the number of days with temperatures higher than 40 degrees Celsius will reach about 50 days at the end of the future period of 2025-2100, and the trend is significantly positive.

Defining and measuring drought is a difficult concept. Perhaps the most general definition of drought refers to "a specific period of abnormal rainfall in a specific area", in other words, a drought occurs when a significant water shortage is widespread in time and space. But there has long been disagreement over the details. Disputes about the concept of drought and the uncertainty of measuring its characteristics can be an obstacle to research and planning related to drought. This shows that the qualitative and quantitative analysis of drought is a challenging issue. Although several studies have been conducted in connection with the evaluation of drought indices around the world, the somewhat forgotten point in past studies is that drought indices sometimes do not provide the same results in estimating and quantifying the severity of drought. Using the estimates obtained from multiple indicators as input for other similar studies, evaluating and managing the vulnerability and risk caused by this hazard, which is of great interest, and using its results in planning and even allocating budget and insurance coverage, doubles the importance of the issue. Therefore, the present research, focusing on meteorological drought indicators as a basic drought monitoring indicator that requires limited variables (rainfall, and in some cases temperature) but is effective in other types of drought, tries to provide a general presentation (introduction, calculation details, required data) of the main meteorological drought indicators, to address the difference in estimation and quantification of the drought index.

To evaluate the severity of drought for the period of 1979-2021, precipitation and temperature were used as their main variables on a daily and monthly scale according to the input of the indicators. The studied indicators were carried out in the selected year 2016-2017 when different regions of Iran were affected by drought and wet. It should be noted that the beginning of the annual period is considered from September. After developing the database, the drought indicators studied in the research were used to calculate the severity of the drought on an annual scale. Meteorological drought indices were classified into two categories of drought indices. In the last step, the drought hazard index was calculated, which expresses the severity of the drought event and is used as the first step to calculate the vulnerability and drought hazard index.

The 12-month SPI drought intensity values are lower than the results of RAI, DI, and ZSI indices, which is a significant point that is considered one of the disadvantages of this index. The estimation results of the ZSI index are almost equal to the RAI index, and the results of the CZI index are almost the same as the 12-month SPI index. The results of the EDI index showed that although this index can show the severity to some extent, it underestimates the severity of the annual drought events. In addition, this index has not exactly corresponded to the actual conditions caused by the drought. But this index is used to identify the length of the period and the start and end of the drought. which is a great advantage for this index. The spatial distribution of the RDI index estimate shows that half of Iran’s area had normal conditions in the year under review. In terms of space pattern, it is similar to the CZI index. The estimation of the SPEI index, similar to SPI and EDI indices, has not estimated the end of extreme conditions (very severe drought and wets).Among the indicators, the coverage percentage of drought severity in the ZSI, CZI, and RAI indices are almost closer to each other. While the intensity of the EDI index is different from other indices. According to the amount of internal standard deviation, it seems that RAI, DI, and ZSI indices had a more appropriate estimation of drought conditions.In addition to the mentioned cases, the comparison between the intensities of the investigated indicators also showed that the differences in normal conditions, droughts, and wets weak are greater and as the intensity increases, this difference decreases. The results of the drought hazard index resulting from the drought indices have had significant differences from each other.

According to the obtained results, it can be said that although the results of the three indices RAI, DI, and ZSI are closer to each other, the drought indices used (RAI, DI, SPI, PNPI, ZSI, CZI, EDI, RDI, SPEI) in the selected year, the drought intensities have been estimated differently. The difference in drought intensities was more in normal conditions, wet, and weak droughts. The standard deviation of the ranges of negative intensities of the index (drought) is more than that of drought conditions. Calculating the severity of drought hazard (DHI) using the intensity results obtained from the indicators showed a significant and sometimes extreme difference in this estimate. Estimation of drought intensity is used in other important studies such as calculating vulnerability, loss, and risk caused by drought. These differences and as a result the difference in results can affect environmental planning and management and economic considerations such as budget allocation and insurance coverage. Therefore, it is very important to check the accuracy of drought intensities estimation using indicators. Although there have been studies aimed at achieving a suitable index, an index that is approved and accepted in the diverse geographical-climatic area of the Country has not been introduced, which shows the need for a more comprehensive study in this field.