نشریه مطالعات در دنیای رنگ
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 43، زمستان 1400)

Animal glue is one of the natural materials that is composed of proteins of mammals, fish is used in historical and culturalIn history and culture, animal glue is one of the natural materials composed of proteins from animals and fish. It has been used as sizing material and additives in various compositions, coatings in wood, fasteners in paintings, and inks. Due to the thousands of years using animal adhesives, some principles for making have been established over time. Still, after the industrial revolution and the development of polymer adhesives, the proper preparation of this adhesive is gradually (non-industrial production) being forgotten. The purpose of this study is to get acquainted with the structure of animal glue, the effective factors in optimizing animal glue, the introduction of various additives to improve animal glue, and how to identify it in historical and cultural artifacts. According to the results, the main structure of animal adhesives is collagen protein, which consists of amino acid sequences such as glycine and proline. The pH, temperature, and molecular weight should be considered in optimizing animal adhesives. Additives such as glycerin, white alum, and honey can improve the properties of animal adhesives, including adhesion strength and flexibility. Finally, mass spectrometry, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses are used to identify and distinguish the type of Animal glue.

Since the population has increased and various industries have developed in recent years, concerns and challenges related to water and the environment have been raised. A large part of water pollution is caused by effluents and sewage of various industries, including dyes, heavy metals, radionuclides, etc. MXenes are emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials, often known from the family of carbides or nitrates of intermediates with the general formula  The high surface area of these nanomaterials has increased the adsorption efficiency and removal of contaminants. Also, MXenes remove and absorb dyes and heavy metals, due to different functional groups on the surface. In some cases, with the help of ultraviolet radiation, increased efficiency and photocatalytic degradation have been observed. Some of these materials remove environmental pollutants by electrostatic absorption. Heavy metal ions can be trapped in the space between the thin layers of MXene plates. The reusability of these materials is often a perfect feature, as they can often be recovered and used for several cycles. MXenes are promising for water treatment membranes due to their hydrophilicity, high specific surface area, and excellent mechanical and electrical properties. In this study, these materials firstly introduced. Then the application in removing dyes, heavy metals, and radionuclides have been investigated.

As reported in various scientific literature, the history of cotton flame retardancy is ancient: this is easily attributable to this fiber's chemical and physical properties that made it predominant during the 20th century. On the other hand, cotton fibers are highly flammable and ignite intensely due to their particular structure. Hence, one of the most challenging issues with these fibers is their reduced flammability. For this purpose, different materials and methods have been used in various articles and studies. Therefore, the present work has been done to review the essential materials used in the flame retardancy of cotton and their mechanism of action. After examining the structure, a review on classification of the various materials and applying methods for flame retardancy of cotton were undertaken.

The present study aims to identify the colorful and gender materials used in performing inlaid illustrated manuscripts in book design art over the early Islamic centuries. The main questions of the present research are: What are the features of the inlaid illustrated manuscript and the colorful materials used in it? The research method was descriptive-analytical, and some materials and compounds were tested experimentally. The data were collected using a library and empirical approach. Current research in the science and history of ancient Islamic coloring indicates that all colors were mixed and made based on four construction methods and the temperament of the elements. Blending is a special kind of combination with special reactions that has been the main topic of coloring in the past centuries. The findings show that the essential feature of inlay gilding was using a type of dye called lychee with quadruple construction methods and the temperament of the elements. Gilding is the same as gilding. These colors are different in type and gender from today's colors. The degree of embossing in the works depended on the size and concentration of the flavors used.

Due to limited fossil energy reserves and increasing energy consumption in the world, it is no longer possible to rely on existing energy sources. Therefore, the world's developed countries are looking for alternative sources to generate electricity. For this purpose, solar energy has been considered due to its advantages. Solar cells are produced in different ways in different generations. One of the essential parameters of solar cells is efficiency, cost, and stability. Third Generation Solar Cells (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells) are replacing the first and second generations with lower production costs and more accessible production methods. The problem with these cells is that they are less efficient and more stable than previous generations of solar cells. An important part of these cells is the photodiode, whose main task is to absorb light and collect the electrons produced. One of the most critical materials used as a photodiode is TiO2. The photodiode properties of TiO2 must be optimized to increase the efficiency of solar cells. One way to optimize the behavior of TiO2 is to use doping in its structure. Various materials are added to the structure of TiO2 as a dopant. In this review article, the behavior of TiO2 doped with metals is investigated.

One way to increase the color depth of dyed textiles is to use color deepening agents. Through film formation and having a refractive index less than the fiber refractive index, these materials reduce the surface reflection at the interface between the fibers and the air. This result gives a more perception of the color depth. Various chemical compounds are introduced and are widely used commercially for this purpose. A deepening agent should have a low refractive index and not lead to a change in the fabric's handle and color change on the dyed good. However, research continues on the synthesis and identification of new materials, the method to analyze them and determine the performance of such materials. In the present study, an attempt has been made by defining color deepening agents used in the finishing of dyed textiles, the types and mechanism of action, and how to evaluate these materials.