نشریه زراعت دیم ایران
سال دهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

In order to evaluation of ecological and economic indicators in chickpeas and wheat intercropping by application of nitroxin biofertilizer in rain-fed conditions of Hamedan, an experiment conducted as a split-factorial based on a complete randomized block design at tree replication in the Agricultural Research and Training Center of Natural Resources of Hamadan for two consecutive cropping seasons 2017-18 and -2018-19. The main plots were sowing method in two levels include (row and mixed sowing) and sub-plots were intercropping ratios of wheat and chickpea (75: 25, 25:75, 50:50, 100:0 and 0:100) and nitroxin biofertilizer seed inoculation at two levels (inoculation and non-inoculation) as factorial. The results of two-year analysis showed that yield of wheat and chickpea significantly increased under the influence of sowing pattern, sowing ratios and inoculation with nitroxin. The maximum yield of wheat and chickpeas in the row sowing pattern, planting ratio of 50:50 and nitroxin inoculation was achieved. Comparison of intercropping evaluation indices showed that the maximum land equivalent ratio, actual yield loss, system productivity index, value of intercrops, monetary advantage index and intercropping advantage in row planting pattern, 50:50 planting ratio and nitroxin were obtained. In this experiment, the maximum competitive ratio in the planting ratio of 75% chickpeas and 25% wheat was 2.18. The maximum ratio equivalent to land , actual yield loss . system productivity index , the value of mixed crops. monetary advantage index and intercropping advantage of mixed cultivation were obtained in the ratio of planting 50% of wheat and 50% of chickpeas.

To evaluate rainfall productivity and grain yield of dryland wheat genotypes under different rotation and tillage managements, a split-split plot experiment based on RCBD with three replications was conducted in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute for 4 years (2016-20). Three crop rotations (chickpea-wheat, safflower-wheat, and vetch-wheat) were located in main plots and three different tillage methods (conventional, minimum, and zero tillage) were considered in subplots and two Baran and Azar 2 wheat genotypes were considered in sub-sub plots. Results indicated tillage and crop rotation treatments significantly affect precipitation efficiency. Maximum rainfall productivity was recorded for Baran in zero and minimum tillage systems with forage (vetch) rotation by 0.71 and 0.7 kg/m3. Rainfall productivity under zero tillage treatment during three years of the experiments increased from 0.45 up to 0.67 (approximately 32 %). The highest relative water content, stomatal conductance and harvest index were recorded from Baran in vetch rotation under zero tillage treatment. The highest grain yield was belonged to the vetch, chickpea and safflower rotations by 2231, 2105 and 1991 kg/ha, respectively. With increasing soil water content and improving rainfall productivity in the conservation agriculture system, grain yield was increased by 5% and 8 % under minimum and zero tillage treatments than that of a conventional system. Therefore, in cold rainfed climates, in order to develop in wheat conservation, it is recommended to the application of autumn forage and chickpeas rotation in zero tillage conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of glycine betaine and zinc and boron elements on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea seeds under dryland conditions, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted during growing season 2019 with three replications in Mahabad, Iran. Experimental treatments include: soil application of zinc sulfate at two levels (non-use of zinc and use 40 kg per hectare of zinc), boric acid spraying at three levels (Non-consumption, consumption of 3 kg per 1000 liters of water in two stages before and after flowering) and foliar application of glycine betaine were at three levels (Non-consumption, consumption of 1.88 g per liter in two stages before and after flowering). The results showed that boron and glycine betaine in the pre-and post-flowering stage had an increasing effect on seed weight in a pod, 100-seed weight, soluble sugar, grain nitrogen and grain protein. The highest grain yield with 1489 kg/ha was related to the non-consumption of zinc and simultaneous application of glycine betaine and boron in the post-flowering stage. The highest zinc uptake with 54.17% was related to glycine betaine consumption after flowering and no consumption of zinc and boron. In this study, the effect of boron on increasing soluble sugar to modulate dry rainfed conditions was more effective than glycine betaine. Based on the general results, with the optimal use of boron and in combination with glycine betaine, the effect of dehydration in the reproductive stage in rainfed areas can be moderated.

In order to investigate the relationship between agronomic and physiological characteristics of wheat genotypes, a research was conducted with 24 genotypes based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications in the 2018-19 and 2019-20 crop seasons under dryland conditions. Photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, mesophyll conductance, days to heading, days to physiological maturity, plant height, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield were measured during the growing season. Simple correlation analysis showed significant relationship between yield and physiological traits during the two years of the experiment, Also, canonical correlation analysis between physiological traits and agronomic traits showed a significant canonical correlation in the first year (r = 0.64) and the second year (r = 0.64). Correlation of traits with their canonical variables and the opposite canonical variables during two years of experiment showed that all physiological traits have a positive and significant relationship with each other and their canonical variables. The relationship between days to heading with the agronomic and physiological traits was negative and significant over the two years of experiment, but the results showed a positive and significant relationship between grain yield with the agronomic and physiological traits during the two years of the experiment. Also, in the second year of the experiment, the relationship between plant height and the agronomic and physiological traits was assessed as positive and significant. Therefore, genotypes with a shorter growth period and a longer grain-filling period can be recommended for obtaining maximum grain yield under dryland conditions.

A mixed cropping system is an agronomic method in which different species/cultivars are sown in a unique farm in order to gain diversity in the agri-ecosystem, efficient control of pests and diseases as well increase in the yield quantity or quality. This study was conducted to determine the best cultivation pattern of vetch (Vicia dasycarpa L) mixed with triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack) under different farming systems during 2018 at Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Iran. The experimental was laid in RCDB with different levels of sole or mixed cropping the plants in three replications with two chemical and biological fertilizing systems. Treatments were at 8 levels including sole cropping of vetch and triticale and intercropping ratios of vetch: triticale 50:50(IP1), 75:25 (IP2), 25:75 (IP3), 20:100 (IP4), 40:100 (IP5) and 60:100 (IP6). The results showed that the yield of IP1 treatment was the highest compared with the other ratios under both fertilizing systems. Increasing the proportion of vetch in mixture intercrops improved forage quality and among mixed treatments, two mixing patterns including 50%v+ 50%t and 75%v + 25%t had the highest quantity and quality of the forage. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mixing of vetch with triticale at 50%v: 50%t ratio could be regarded as one of the most efficient and sustainable cropping systems. Furthermore, the study showed organic application had a high effect on the quality and quantity of forage production and has the potential to improve performance with high land-use efficiency in cold-dryland area condition of Iran.

Legumes are a second important food source for humans and a valuable supplement with high protein quality. Chickpea has the highest harvested area and yields within legumes. However, the yield of chickpea is low and there is a gap between the expected and observed yield of this crop. In order to access high yielded genotypes with suitable agronomic characteristics, genetic diversity of 40 ICRISAT originated desi chickpea genotypes and two check varieties (Kaka and Pirouz) were evaluated in complete block design with two replications in dryland agricultural research institute in Maraghe station during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Agronomic traits were recorded. Combined analysis results showed that there were significant differences between genotypes at 1% for yield, 100sw, pod number in plant and main branch numbers. For plant height at 5%. High heritability was observed for pod number in the plant (0.90) and main branch number (0.85). Cluster analysis categorized genotypes into 4 groups. Group 4 had desirable characteristics for yield, 100SW, biomass and main branch numbers. Group 2 was desirable for plant height and pod number in the plant. Principal component analysis results showed that the first four PCs explained the 71.22% of differences. The first and second PCs could be named yield and yield attributes. Results showed that ICCV 16116, ICCV 08102, ICCV 13107, ICCX-110054-F3-BP-P30-BP, ICCX-110050-F3-BP-P1-BP and ICCX-110050-F3-P28-BP were suitable to use as parents in chickpea breeding programs to access high yielded genotypes.

In this study, in order to show the crop capacity and production potential of wheat cultivars and advanced lines in farmers' fields under different tillage methods, 15 bread wheat genotypes in Joghool village of Hashtrood city during two cropping years 2018-2020 with the cooperation of provincial executives the food security project, Farmer, was evaluated under three scenarios: conventional, low tillage and direct cultivation. The results of analysis of variance of agronomic traits during two crop years (2018-20) showed that there was no significant difference between different tillage scenarios. The differences between the studied genotypes were significant for grain yield, number of fertile spikes per square meter, 1000-seed weight, biological yield and rainfall productivity index. The interaction of different tillage methods with genotype was not significant for the mentioned traits. The mean grain yield of wheat genotypes under conventional, low tillage and direct sowing methods were 1228, 1306 and 1482 kg / ha, respectively. In the conventional method, Baran and Jam cultivars with 1562 and 1404 kg/ha, in low tillage method, Jam cultivar and lines No. 12 and 13 with 1698, 1541 and 1604 kg/ha respectively, and under direct cultivation of Homa, Baran, Jam and line No. 11 with 1742, 1698, 1622 and 1681 kg/ha, they had higher grain yield respectively. In this study, the relationship between plant heights, number of fertile spikes per square meter, 1000-seed weight, rainfall productivity index and biological yield with grain yield was positive and significant.