نشریه زراعت دیم ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Dragon's head medicinal plant, despite adapted to Iran's dryland conditions, due to low competitive ability with weeds at the beginning of growth and reduced yield, the cultivation and development of this plant is limited. In order to survey the effect of diuron, oxyfluorfen, oxadiazon, and metribuzin as post emergence in different doses (0, 50%, 75%, and 100% of recommended dose) on weeds control in Dragon's head, an experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was done in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute in Maragheh 2020-2021. Treatments including Diuron, Oxyfluorfen, Oxadiazon, and Metribuzin at 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose, split application of oxyfluorfen (50% at crop emergence, and 50% after 30 days), weed-free (control (hand weeding)), and weed infests (control). Minimum weeds density and biomass was recorded in 100% and 75% recommended doses of Metribuzin and 100% of recommended dose of Oxyfluorfen with 1.9, 2 and 2.2 plants m-2 and 0.33, 0.45 and 0.52 g m-2 respectively at 30 days after herbicides application. At the maturity stage, the minimum weed biomass was observed in 100% dose of recommended of Metribuzin (23 gr.m-2). Maximum Dragon's head biomass and densitywas observed in weed-free (control) and 50% recommended dose of Metribuzin at 30 days after herbicides and the highest biomass and grain yield of Dragon's head was recorded for 100% recommended dose of Metribuzin (76, and 32 gr.m-2, respectively). Based on the results Metribuzin is suitable herbicide for weeds control in Dragon's head field.

The increase in the world's population, along with climate change, which reduces the efficiency of agricultural products, is a major challenge for food security. Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat and cold cause many changes in the physiological, biochemical and molecular processes of plants. By knowing the role of proteins expressed in response to stress, the mechanisms and processes of stress tolerance can be accurately and comprehensively analyzed and evaluated. Also, by discovering new stress-resistant proteins, it is possible to improve stress resistance in transgenic plants with genetic engineering and genome editing methods and increase yield performance. The study of proteomics as a powerful tool for the separation and detection of stress-responsive proteins will help us in this way.

This article is a review paper that was obtained by searching related articles on reliable sites (Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID).

Proteomics studies have led to the identification of several biological and physiological pathways responsible for tolerance to abiotic stresses in different plant species. In this regard, the identification of genes encoding the proteins involved in these processes as well as the transfer and overexpression of these candidate genes in plants is an effective strategy to improve stress resistance in economic agricultural products. In addition, the differential expression of genes in response to different stresses showed that some proteins have the same morphological and physiological manifestations in response to multiple stresses applied to them.

it was tried to identify and rank the factors affecting dry wheat losses using the analytical hierarchical process, and the amount of losses of dry wheat during the production process was measured and the economic loss caused by it was evaluated, and finally, based on the identified factors,, at the Maragheh research station in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 , the fields where wheat was cultivated in different stages of production were sampled in the form of proportional random sampling and their economic value was calculated. To determine the most important factors affecting damage, a paired comparison questionnaire was used, which was completed by experts in this field. Excel and Expert Choice software were used for data analysis. The results showed that every year, on average, 1.12% of wheat in each hectare is in the form of natural fall, 2.46% in the harvesting stage by the combine machine and 1.32% in the form of solid foreign materials, weeds and straw from the cycle. The consumption of human feed is removed and 8.95% is in the form of broken grains, which is consumed by livestock and poultry. In total, 13.84% equivalent to 233 kg/hectare of wheat is removed from the human consumption cycle as waste. Also, the results of the hierarchical analysis process This amount of waste is equivalent to the product produced on an area of about 1387 square meters. If each kilogram of this amount of waste is worth about 160,000 Rials, the resulting damage will be 37,280000 Rials per hectare.

To evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and humic-fulvic acid (HFA) on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rainfed wheat, this study conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of West Azerbaijan, Iran during the growing season in 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was conducted as a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor consisted of three levels of bio-fertilizer application (1- non-application or control, 2- inoculation with Glomus intraradices (GI), 3- combination of fungal spices inoculation with G.mosseae, G.intraradices, and G.etunicatum (GM)). The second factor included two levels of HFA application including control (non-application) and seed treatment at 5% HFA/seeds. The results showed that root colonization was significantly affected by AMF treatments and increased from 9.89% in control to 30.57% and 40.71% in GI and GM, respectively. Wheat grain yield increased by 269 and 187 kg ha-1 in the GM and GI treatments, respectively (P≤0.05). Application of AMF treatments increased grain protein content, phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations in the grain. GM treatment had higher efficiency than GI treatment in all the mentioned traits (P≤0.05). HFA seed treatment increased grain yield by 110 kg ha-1, root colonization (3.09%), and phosphorus concentration in the wheat grain (2.64 %)(P≤0.05). Therefore, wheat seed treatments with a compound inoculum of three species of AMF and HFA in dryland conditions increase the yield and protein content of the seed and enrich it with Zn and P nutrients under similar conditions to this experiment.

The yield and efficiency of wheat decreases affected by drought stress. Breeding for drought tolerance is one of the key components that enhance sustainable wheat production. Association mapping with SNP markers can be used to identify loci controlling quantitative traits (QTLs). For this purpose, 249 landraces of Iranian bread wheat from throughout Iran were collected and compared under supplemental irrigation and rain-fed conditions at the Dryland Agriculture Research Station (Kermanshah, Iran). During the growing season and after harvesting, data related to phonological, morphological and physiological traits were recorded and measured. Association analysis with MLM method identified 64 and 61 QTLs numbers in supplementary irrigation and rainfed conditions, respectively. The results showed that the linkage disequilibrium among chromosomes is variable and with increasing genetic distance, the linkage disequilibrium decreasing. Some traits were controlled by common QTLs, which is a proof of the existence of pleiotropic effects of a gene, and simultaneous selection can be done for those traits. The markers identified in this study (in supplemental irrigation conditions QTL for plant height 1125680 F|0--7:A>G|, Peduncle length 1092041 F|0--8:G>A| with 153 and 164 cM, respectively on chromosome 2B and in rain-fed conditions QTL for number of seed per spike 1087201 F|0--8:G>A|, Grain yield 2256346 F|0--21:C>T| with 251 and 15 cM, respectively on chromosome 5A) are useful genomic resources and after genotyping so that we can initiate marker-assisted selection (MAS) in wheat under drought-stressed and non-stressed conditions, and for fine mapping and cloning of the underlying genes and QTL. 

Conservation agriculture is one of the successful strategies of sustainable agriculture in the context of climate change. Conservation agriculture with residues mantanance systems, could decrese soil temperature and this may affect crop growth in cold regions. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 in two controlled and field conditions in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute of Maragheh. Under controlled conditions, wheat genotypes (Baran, Saradri, Rizhav, Saji, Rascon, Gerdish) were exposed to different cold and frost temperatures (+4, -5, -10 and -15 ° C) and under field conditions, those genotypes were planted inthree different dates (late shahrivar, late mehr and late aban) in chickpea rotation under conservation tillage (no till) and conventional tillage conditions. Results of controlled conditions showed that Sardari and Baran cultivars are cold tolerant cultivars due to having the highest amount of chlorophyll and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the lowest content of malondialdehyde (MDA). In contrast, H2O2 content in Rizhav and Saji genotypes at -15 ° C was higher than other genotypes. In conservation tillage conditions, all of the genotypes had the highest antioxidant enzymes activity and the lowest content of H2O2 and MDA. However, Sardari and Baran were more effective genotypes under cold stress conditions, compared toother genotypes. According to the results, in cold drylands regions, planting date can affect phenological stages of the plants in dealing with cold stress in winter and spring, and selection of cold-tolerant genotypes can improve physiological characteristics of plants especially in conservation agriculture system under cold stress conditions.

The object of this study was the assessment of assimilate remobilization (AR) in different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under rainfed (Rf) and supplemental irrigation conditions (SupIr). For this purpose, 44 winter wheat genotypes were evaluated in a lattice design arrangement (7×7) with two replications in both conditions during the 2018-2020 cropping seasons in the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Maragheh Iran. Results indicated significant year × genotypes interaction effects among the genotypes for grain yield (GY), current photosynthesis rate (CPhR) and photosynthesis efficiency (PhE), AR and assimilate remobilization efficiency (ARE), and AR contribution (P < 0.01). In the first year, maximum GY belonged to genotype 4 (2462 kg ha-1) and genotype 33 (4234 kg ha-1) in Rf, and SupIr conditions, respectively. For CPhR, genotypes 33 (439.05 mg plant-1) and 26 (196.300 mg plant-1) indicated the maximum value in the SupIr, and Rf conditions, respectively. For PhE, genotypes 33 (42.950 mg plant-1), and 21 (17.950 gr gr-1) showed the highest value in the SupIr, and Rf conditions, respectively. Genotypes indicated significant differences in AR contribution (P < 0.01). The highest value for AR contribution (248.200 mg plant-1) was observed for genotype 8 in SupIr, and genotype 4 (201.60 mg plant-1) in Rf conditions. For ARE, genotypes 4 and 8 indicated the maximum value and for AR contribution, genotypes 12 and 8 showed the highest value under the Rf, and SupIr conditions, respectively