نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 74 (زمستان 1400)

The emergence of epistemological relativism in the form of social anomies and issues such as emotional and identity abnormities and crises, psychological fluctuations and disappointments are derived from the current of modernity and the governance of the positivist paradigm. Examples of these cases as vital issues of human life are seen in the “Tuesdays with Murrie” and “Masnavi Molavi”. The novel of “Tuesdays with Murrie, one of the most remarkable Western works, emphasises humanity's permanent problem in materialism and neglects the self-knowledge trap (love and affection, death, spirituality and consciousness, etc.). These subjects have been emphasised in other ways in the collection of Molavi’s works, specifically, the Masnavi Ma’navi. With an analytical-comparative method, the present study aimed to analyse the content of these two works, based on the American school, and provide desirable solutions to get out of the governing situation on human life. The results indicated that the dominant aspect of both works is proposing the crisis of human problems in the material world trap. The distinction between them is in Molavi’s emphasis on going beyond material factors and relying on the ontology of Islamic mysticism.

Location is an indelible element in any narrative text, because every action or description in the story and every development in the plot takes place in a real or imaginary place, whether you like it or not. The place element in the story is sometimes just a silent background and context for events to take place; But sometimes it also plays a role as a living and dynamic element in the formation of events. In this study, Persian urban novels of the seventies to nineties, the events of which took place in Tehran, have been studied with the approach of cultural studies. The results of this research show that the place in these novels is sometimes an objective place (such as highways, streets, passages, etc.) that show the manifestations of progress and civilization of the capital; But due to the heterogeneity with the culture and emotions of the citizens, it does not create a discourse continuum. The result of living in these places is boredom for the native citizens and cowardice, sadness and confusion for the immigrant (city) citizens. Sometimes space dominates the citizens and the descriptions of the place are influenced by the wishes, nostalgia, fears, or ideals of the character. These spaces are generally out of reach, present in the memories or wishes of the characters and create a sense of nostalgia for them.

"Dream and dream interpretation" is a common theme between literature and psychology, the most important similarity between the two is their symbolic language. In many literary works we see the narration of dreams that have been interpreted by dream interpreters and have come true. Shahnameh isn’t an exception and dream interpretation is one of the most frequent cases in this book. In this paper, the interpretation of Goodarz's dream in Shahnameh was examined from two perspectives of traditional dream interpretation and Jung's unconscious and was compared with the interpretation of a narrative. The research method of this article is comparative analysis. In the traditional dream interpretation section, dream symbols are reported based on Iranian and Islamic dream interpretation; but in the psychological analysis section, the symbols of Goodarz's dream are analyzed regarding the events of dreaming time, life events, and his personality. In the final section, the structural similarities of this dream with myths and archetypes are examined. Finally, from the perspective of traditional interpretation of the dream, the dream symbols were in accordance with their interpretation in the Shahnameh narrative, and in examining individual unconscious, it was concluded that Goodarz's unrest and concern to end Siavash's revenge battles damaged his psyche that led to such a dream. This dream can be explained from several perspectives of collective unconscious, archetypes, and alignment with ancient myths. These approaches include the hero archetype, the abandoned child, the fertility myth, and the creation myth.

Badi al-Zamannameh is an almost forgotten collection of poems by an anonymous poet that represents the writing style of the Safavid era and consists of 3287 verses. It is a romantic epic narrating the adventures of Badi al-Zaman, an Iranian prince, in marriage with Ghamarchehr, daughter of the Khagan of China. The current study aimed to investigate the folk foundations of Badi al-Zamannameh by adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology and conducting library research. The theme is represented by the two major fields: influences of the oral tradition and the works of previous generations and the basic themes of folktales. The old and popular texts of Persian literature like Shahnameh, Eskandarnameh Nghali, and Hamzehnameh influenced the language used in Badi al-Zamannameh. Moreover, characteristics like having a cyclical narration, applying folksy words and phrases, referring to customs and rituals, highlighting religious themes, making characterizations similar to folktales, illustrating miracles and surprises, using special numbers, using happy endings, and leaving the narration open indicate that it has been influenced by ancient folk literary works. Reflecting on a native culture illustrates the culture of a society and makes the collective identity known. Looking at the literary works of a nation as a clear reflection of its culture is a way to achieve this goal, which may lead the researcher to the processes of cultural transformation in society and know the audience of such works.

This article explains how genres are formed, and defines the relationship between genre and literary creativity. The subject of this article is not a historical or diachronic study of how genres are formed, but according to creation phenomenon, this study is a synchronic study of how literary authors deal with the phenomenon of genre. The modern conception of genre is based on the fact that genres are not merely tools for classifying and describing literary texts, but according to the new genre theory, genres are speech acts in repetitive situations, so they are tools for creativity; and without genres there is no any literary creation at all.  In modern genre theory it is said that all texts belong to one or more genres. Issues that are considered in this article are: first, genres are related to writers, readers, texts, and social contexts. Contrary to the claims of the Romantics and some of their modern followers, the texts all belong to one or more genres. Genres, although obliging rules, provide opportunities for selection. Another issue is the stability and flexibility of genres, which is closely related to the phenomenon of literary creativity, because generic alterations are subject to literary defamiliarizations. The concluding point of this article is that literary creators do not create genres without background, but literary genres are the result of the alterations of speech acts into literary forms. Therefore, genre is not only a tool for describing and classifying texts, but also is a tool or a device for creativity. In fact, none of the literary works can escape from the genre rules. In addition, among literary genres, some are more flexible than others, and this flexibility provides an opportunity for innovation and creativity.

Khaqani Shirvani, the bilingual scholar. .He has written poetry in Persian and Arabic. Whose arabic poems have been the basis of some studies Like the works of his order and prose during past years. Khaqani’s Arabic Poems Article is one of them which is published by Persian Literature Textology Journal of Isfahan University In the summer of the year one thousand three hundred and ninety-six. The present study criticizes the mentioned article in a nutshell Because researchers know that criticizing and comprehending this article provides researchers with background to firstly always take scientific method and Secondly the journals try to make opportunity only for the publication of scholarly works and researches. Subject newness, integrity and explaining about Khaqani’s imagism continuity method and…are among good desired features of Khaqani’s Arabic Poems Article. Even though ambiguous title Neglect in recording, different publications misuse, not using specialized sources, prolonged introduction, wrong analysis, misunderstanding arrays, superficial understanding of Khaqani’s Arabic poems, inaccurate reading of past studies about those poems, wrong translation of poems and plagiarism are among the drawbacks of this article

This research seeks to answer the question, what are the semantic foundations in Attar's mystical aesthetics. To answer this question, In style Analytical and descriptive first the basics, beauty, aesthetics and cognition were defined according to philosophical and artistic books. After that, due to the indefinability of beauty, its components were discussed. The semantic foundations of aesthetics in Islamic mysticism include three categories of semantic foundations, epistemology and ontology. In this research, aesthetic semantics has been studied in four works of Attar. The first basis is the definition of beauty in mysticism and from Attar's point of view, which includes the whole universe. Because the world of Nasut is the mirror of the world of divinity and all is a. reflection of divine light. The second basis is the criteria of beauty, and at least eight of Attar's aesthetic criteria were explained. According to it, it can be said that the main basis for recognizing beauty from Attar's point of view is paying attention to God. That is, to reach metaphysics and the source of goodness with the apparent senses of the physical world with the enlightened intellect. And with the tools of the heart and cultivation, to discover the mine of goodness. The third basis is the revelation of the beauties on the screen. The result of inner experience is the discovery of beauty, the creation of joy, hope, astonishment and the joy of understanding time in its discoverer.