مجله سلامت و بهداشت
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 53، بهار 1401)

Safety control of traditional raw milk cheese such as Pot cheese is of special importance. Although enterococci can play beneficial probiotic or technological properties in cheese and their use in food is the subject of debate due to evidence of pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance.

In the present study, after isolation and morphological and biochemical identification of enterococci isolated from 50 samples of traditional Pot cheeses in West Azerbaijan province, the antibacterial properties of the isolates were determined by well diffusion method and the resistance pattern to 12 common clinical antibiotics was evaluated using disk diffusion method. The hemolytic properties of the isolates were also investigated.

The results showed the presence of enterococci in 74% of the Pot cheese samples. Among the identified species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium had the highest frequency with 44.7% and 37.2%, respectively. The highest inhibitory effects of isolates were recorded for Listeria monocytogenes (83.7%). Studies showed that over 80% of isolates were sensitive to eight common clinical antibiotics, including vancomycin. Also, all enterococcus isolates lacked hemolysis activity.

This study showed that traditional jar cheese is a rich source of Enterococcus bacteria with antimicrobial activity and high sensetive to common antibiotics such as vancomycin. If more safety aspects are studied and other probiotic properties are evaluated, these isolates can be used as a source of native probiotic bacteria in other fermented products.

The rapid spread of COVID-19 has recently become a worldwide health challenge. Coping with the highly contagious outbreak of COVID-19 requires preventive measures and self-care behaviors in the first instance. To this end, the use of techniques and methods of coping, disease prevention as well as management, lifestyle, education and use of health items and providing self-care instructions can prevent further spread of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prioritization of self-care indicators in the prevention of Covid-19 in Ardabil province, which is one of the foci of this disease.

This descriptive-field survey was conducted from the beginning of Covid-19 outbreak (March 1998 to January 1999). The sample size consisted of 120 people who were selected using the available snowball sampling method. Data analysis was performed using TOPSIS analysis software and formulation in Excel software based on weighting with entropy algorithm and prioritization with TOPSIS algorithm.

The results of this study showed the Sub-indics of increasing awareness of people about the prevalence of infection with proximity with coefficient (CLi +) of 0.8673, washing hands with soap and water or disinfecting with alcohol-based solution with proximity coefficient (CLi +) of 0.9391, electronicization of most activities Employees' work with a coefficient of closeness (CLi +) of 0.8687, observing a safe distance (1.5 meters) from people who cough and sneeze with a coefficient of closeness (CLi +) of 0.8277, avoiding any gatherings with a coefficient of closeness (CLi +) 0.9276, as the most important indicators among self-care methods in Ardabil province.

This study was a proposed method to assist health care providers in making decisions and selecting the COVID-19 self-care model in Ardabil province

The Integrated Health System (SIB) is the latest electronic health record system in Iran, officially began in Iran in March 2016, with the goal of integrating health information and providing health services. This study aimed to design a model for establishment of the electronic health record in family physician program of Guilan university of medical sciences.

The research method was mixed method. Fifteen organizational and academic experts in the fields of family physician program and information technology were interviewed through purposive sampling using qualitative content analysis with conventional approach. Having identified the important components and respective dimensions in the initial conceptual model, the primary questionnaire was developed and submitted to the experts for their approval. Then, the final Likert-scale researcher-made questionnaire was extracted. Its content validity index was calculated by the experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed through Cronbach’s alpha. The questionnaire was sent to 453 members of the healthcare team for being completed. Through analysing data by SPSS and LISREL, the final model was extracted using the specialized statistical techniques of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.

The model was presented with eight factors of attitudinal and behavioural, supervision and managerial, individual factors of users, interactions and teamwork, organizational, technical, systemic and job stability which can explain over 63 percent of the variance of the variables of electronic health record-based family physician program. The highest and lowest impacts on the proposed model came from the managerial and supervisory (0.85) and the job stability components, respectively (0.45).

Establishing an electronic health record in the family physician program with the aim of providing good quality services and lower costs, is influenced by various factors that by strengthening the positive aspects and removing barriers in the identified factors, it is possible to institutionalize and use it more practically in order to solve health problems.

 The World Health Organization has introduced health literacy as one of the most important determinants of health which in turn can affect the quantity and quality of sexual relationship and sexual and marital satisfaction of individuals. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between health literacy and marital and sexual satisfaction in women referring to health centers in Ardabil.  

This is a cross-sectional descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population was all women of reproductive age who referred to Ardabil health centers. Finally, 380 eligible women were selected using cluster sampling. To collect data, three questionnaires of the health literacy of the urban population of Iran (Helia), Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire and Hudson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to collect the data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-21 software and descriptive and analytical statistics were used to present the results.

 The mean score of health literacy was 64.34 in the range of 33 to 165, the mean score of marital satisfaction was 142.84 in the range of 47 to 235, and the mean score of sexual satisfaction was 94.71 in the range of 25 to 175. There was a significant relationship between health literacy and age, marriage age, number of deliveries, type of delivery, education and occupation. There was a significant and direct relationship between health literacy and sexual satisfaction and there was a significant inverse relationship between marital satisfaction and sexual satisfaction. That is, it decreased with the increase of another.

The results of this study showed that health literacy was low among women of reproductive age. This indicates the need to pay attention to the issue of health literacy in the women's community, especially in marital issues. Therefore, special attention and planning should be done in these subjects and the factors affecting them

Spiritual health and good ethical behavior, both are important ‎factors in preventing harm to patients in medical students. The purpose of this study is to survey the ‎relationship between spiritual health and ethical behavior among students of nursing and midwifery ‎faculty in Ardabil university of medical sciences.‎

This is a descriptive-correlational study conducted in 2019. The statistical population of ‎the study was all students of Ardabil nursing and midwifery faculties. Sample size was calculated 265 ‎persons based on Krejcie and Morgan table and stratified random sampling method was used. Data were ‎collected using standard questionnaires of spiritual health and ethical behavior. Validity and reliability of questionnaires were confirmed. Data was analyzed by SPSS15 software with Pearson correlation, independent sample t- test and ANOVA statistical tests.

Mean age of the students was 20.60±1.83. The mean score of students’ spiritual health was 70.49±7.16 from the maximum score of 120. The mean score of ethical ‎behavior was 59.52±8.28 from the maximum score of 75. Also, based on Pearson's correlation test, there was a significant positive ‎relationship between spiritual health and ethical behavior of students.‎

According to this finding that students with higher levels of spiritual health behave more morally than others, therefore academic authorities can also promote their desirable ethical ‎behaviors ‎        by attending students' spiritual health and ‎providing backgrounds for their improvement.

Weaning of children depends on several factors, recognizing each of these factors will be effective in adopting strategies to prevent abrupt cessation of breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the method of complete weaning of children and the factors affecting it in mothers with children aged 30-36 months in Kerman.

In this cross-sectional study, 802 urban and rural mothers with children aged 30 to 36 months were selected by stratified random sampling. A breastfeeding pattern questionnaire with 75 to 98% Cronbach's alpha was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using spss-21 software.

The average age of the mothers was 31.41±5.5, most of who had a university degree (45.2%) and were housewives (81.4%). In this study, complete weaning was gradual in 39% of children. The mean duration of gradual cessation of lactation was 21 days. 66.5% of mothers had obtained information in this regard. 58.2% of mothers made changes in their children's nutrition program. 46.7% of mothers considered a program (such as traveling, buying toys and going to park) for psychological support of their child.

Mothers need specialized training in the process of weaning their children to complete the gradually weaning process for mothers and children without the use of various drugs or chemicals, with minimal possible physical or psychological damage.

The human resources are the biggest asset of any organization. Keeping this capital satisfied is one of the most important concerns of managers. Experts consider the satisfaction of social needs through job as one of the important variables affecting job satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between satisfaction of social needs through job and job satisfaction.

This cross-sectional study has been performed by descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population was all the staff (2600 people) of Al-Zahra educational and medical center in Isfahan in 2020. The sample size was 340 people selected by available sampling method. Online questionnaire was used to collect information and SPSS software was used to analyze the data. In order to describe and analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation and inferential methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used.

The mean score of job satisfaction was 60.11 and the average score of satisfaction of social needs through job was 59.85. The correlation between job satisfaction and satisfaction of social needs through job was at a significance level of 0.01 equal to 0.742. R=0.742 and R2=0.551 were calculated. The regression coefficient was equal to 0.763. Findings from the test of bivariate hypotheses showed that there was a significant and direct relationship between the satisfaction of social needs through job and job satisfaction. So that, with increasing the satisfaction of social needs through job, job satisfaction also increased. The results of regression analysis also showed that the variable of satisfaction of social needs through job was effective in explaining job satisfaction and the increase in job satisfaction was affected by the increase in satisfaction of social needs through job.

This study showed how satisfied were the staff of the study center with the current situation and suggested that in order to increase the motivation and job satisfaction of employees and consequently, the production and provision of better health services, in addition to other factors affecting job satisfaction, more attention should be paid to the social needs of employees.

 Nowadays, according to membrane-based filtration processes; the use of substances such as antiscalants that prevents the formation of deposits during the treatment process, is very important from industrial point of view. This study aimed to synthesize styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (PSMA) using the radical polymerization method and to investigate the factors and parameters affecting its use in reverse osmosis membrane for removal of TDS from the Persian Gulf water sample.

 The present study was performed in laboratory scale to investigate the efficiency of synthetic antiscalants, in batch and fundamental-applied forms, as well as on a semi-industrial scale using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane system. Then, to evaluate its performance on the electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), flow flux, and membrane fouling in the reverse osmosis system, the effect of parameters such as pH and antiscalant concentration on increasing membrane efficiency and effectiveness were investigated.

 The results showed that by adding antiscalant to the reverse osmosis system, the EC and TDS of the sample can be reduced in the range of 99.5-8.98% and 97.98-2.7%, respectively, so that in the study period, which was 1 hour, less performance reduction was observed in reverse osmosis membranes than in the absence of antiscalant. Also, the concentration of synthetic antiscalant up to 5 mg/L increased the efficiency, but had a small effect in higher amounts. Increasing the pH also had an adverse effect on efficiency of the reverse osmosis system and by increasing the pH from 7 to 9, the system efficiency decreased and higher TDS scores of 265.5 mg/L and 382.5 mg/L were observed in the treated effluent output, respectively. According to ANOVA statistical analysis and Prob> F values ​​of 0.0004, the data were confirmed to be consistent. Also, a good match between the actual results and the predicted results of the software was confirmed and a logical relationship was obtained between the predicted and experimental regression coefficients.

 According to the results and by determining the optimal values of the studied parameters with a concentration of 5 mg/L antiscalants and at a pH of 7, the use of synthetic antiscalant increased the treatment efficiency using a reverse osmosis system. This material, by increasing the life of the membrane and preventing the formation of deposits on the reverse osmosis membrane, increased the time of use of this system and higher treatment efficiency was achieved in the reverse osmosis system in the presence of this anti-fouling.

The urban rail transport network is always at risk due to its special conditions. Many cases indicate the existence of threatening and risk factors for human societies in urban rail transportation systems. Therefore, in this study, with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the risks of urban rail transportation networks in order to increase resilience is on the agenda.

The research method was descriptive-analytical and applied. The statistical population of this article included Tehran metro employees at Imam Khomeini station. In this article, the sample size has been selected systematically and purposefully, which included 24 employees and managers of Imam Khomeini station in Tehran. To classify the hazards of Tehran's urban rail transportation system, first the hazards were identified and the cause and consequences were determined and then the hazards were prioritized using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method.

The results of the study showed that there are 22 hazards in Tehran's urban transportation system. The results of applying AHP in prioritizing the identified hazards indicated that the risk of floods, leaks and water accumulation, earthquakes, sabotage and terrorist activities, were among the hazards with important priorities in the rail transport network of Tehran, respectively. Also, heat in electric stations, sewage system of station and the presence of unpleasant chemical gases were among the items that had the least risks in the study area.

The results showed that Tehran urban transportation system in the study station had potential hazards. Therefore, based on the identified risks, measures such as monitoring the behavior of tunnel and railway lines and data mining information, using firefighting equipment, completing the rapid alert system (in interaction with the Urban Crisis Organization) and developing emergency resilience instructions could be performed.

Recently, fitness (bodyweight workout), kickboxing and TRX training have become very popular. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a period of fitness-kickboxing and fitness-TRX training on some anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight women.

Forty overweight women were randomly divided into three groups. The control group included fitness training and the experimental group included fitness training with kickboxing and fitness training with TRX. Subjects performed the training for two months (3 sessions per week). Then anthropometric indices with body composition analyzer and blood samples (to measure blood lipid profile) were measured on two occasions (before the beginning of the course and 48 hours after the end of the course). For analyzing data, paired sample t-test and one-way analysis variance with the significant level of p<0.05 were used.

There was a significant difference between body weight (p=0.001), BFM (p=0.009), BMI (p=0.0001), %BF (p=0.037), WHR (p=0.024) and also total cholesterol (p=0.011) in fitness group, a significant difference between BFM (p=0.012), %BF (p=0.003) and WHR  (p=0.002) and also total cholesterol (p=0.009), HDL (p=0.016) and LDL (p=0.0001) in fitness-kickboxing group and a significant difference between body weight (p=0.0001), BFM (p=0.001), BMI (p=0.0001), %BF (p=0.001), WHR (p=0.0001) and also total cholesterol (p=0.001) and LDL (p=0.004) in fitness-TRX in the pre-and post-test (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between %BF (p=0.003) and also HDL (p= 0.021) and LDL (p=0.0001) in three groups after a period of training.

All three trainings somehow influenced anthropometric indexes and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight women. With the comparison of the three groups, it can be concluded that fitness training is more effective on decreasing %BF and LDL, fitness-kickboxing on decreasing %BF and increasing HDL as well as fitness-TRX training on reducing LDL.

Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses and constitute a subfamily of Coronaviridae ranging from the common cold virus to viruses causing more acute diseases such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Symptom), MERSE (Middle East Respiratory Symptom) and COVID-19 inflicting human respiratory system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of changes in the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 disease during the epidemic period in patients admitted to hospitals in Ardabil province.

In this cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study, all patients with suspected symptoms of COVID-19 who were referred to hospitals in Ardabil province were studied. The information was extracted from the hospital data registration system of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences and was analyzed in two time periods between 20th February to 10th July 2020. Chi-square and Fisher tests in SPSS 16 software were used to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 symptoms and time periods.

The total number of hospitalizations during the study was 5541, which after PCR test was positive for 2506 patients (45.22%). Patients were examined at two different time intervals. The first time period from the beginning of the disease in Ardabil province to 4/20/2020 and the second time period from 5/1/2020 to 10/7/2020 were studied. According to the results of this study, the prevalence of stomachache and bruising had almost doubled between the first and second time (p<0.05). However, the prevalence of general weakness, confusion or irritability, runny nose, chest pain and conjunctival redness were significantly reduced during this period (p<0.05).

This study showed that at the beginning of the epidemic, respiratory symptoms had reported in most patients. Over time, some other symptoms, such as gastrointestinal, olfactory, and taste symptoms, had increased, but respiratory symptoms in COVID-19 were still severe and directly affected hospitalization and mortality.