پژوهشنامه تاریخ، سیاست و رسانه
پیاپی 17 (بهار 1401)

The history book of the second year of high school provides a reading of the history of Iran in the Mongol and Ilkhanid periods, which is more than an identity-based representation based on a problem-oriented re-reading and a link between that experience. -Historical histories with some issues of the present time, which has been written only with a descriptive and of course concise approach. What is clear is that the period of the Mongol rule in Iran is one of the most important periods in the history of Iran in terms of the continuity of the idea of Iranian identity and culture and the gradual transition of Iran from this period. Emphasis is on this importance from some identity-cultural perspectives, of course, in the realm of the institution of education; An institution that is the most important and powerful institution in creating culture and strengthening the foundations of identity in society.

Different definitions and functions have been expressed for the village and the city as two important settlements in Iranian and Islamic culture. The village, for example, is a geographical area made up of individuals who often form a small social city relative to the city. Also, in addition to being more dependent on agriculture in terms of production and economy, over time, interactions in it have led to the discovery of collective and local memory, emotions, beliefs, customs and traditions that are the most important feature of their continuity. Permanent, massive, and relatively large individuals are considered to be socially heterogeneous and, from an economic point of view, are often associated with the production of goods and products as well as trade and commerce. Finally, cultural and intellectual diversity, the possibility of accepting new attitudes, cultural trade and variability of the characteristics of the city and urbanization are considered. At the general level, understanding the functions of urban and rural areas, and especially the dominance of each of them, is of special importance in historical studies due to its effects on various political and intellectual dimensions, etc. Meanwhile, the intertwining of Qajar Iran's relations with the West, in which the city and modern urbanization were considered as the basic foundations of all-round developments, comparative study of the functions of the village to understand the type of Iranian society facing issues such as modernization, attitudes. New political, economic, etc. as a research problem. Therefore, the present article tries to clarify aspects of the issue with a critical look and a descriptive-analytical approach.

Islam is the second official religion of Russia after Orthodoxy, and the Muslims of this country, who are an integral part of the history and politics of this vast land, have benefited from many ups and downs in different periods, and the history of this spectrum is intertwined. Territory, borders and environment are not only of special importance in the domestic politics and the central government of Russia, but also have profound effects on Russia's foreign relations and policy, both in the region and in relation to other Islamic countries. What is important is the attitude and type of interactions of the Russian people with Russian Muslims and the role of the Russian central government in maintaining and controlling Russian Muslims and Russia's presence in other Islamic countries in the region to prevent and eliminate Takfiri and Salafi groups. Islamophobia has become popular among the Russian people, or it is a factor in eliminating Islamophobia and expanding interactions between the Russian people and Russian Muslims with other Islamic countries after Putin took office. The purpose of this article is to examine the emergence and formation of Islamophobia among the Russian people and the efforts of the central government to eliminate this fear and expand interactions between the Russian people and the Muslims of this country. In other words, this article answers this question. What factors have played a role in the emergence and creation of Islamophobia among the Russian people.

Corruption, throughout human history, has occupied the minds of all and today is plaguing governments and nations, and is one of the ills that most nations; They face it. This destructive factor causes a waste of resources, reduced productivity and various pests in various systems and structures, including government organizations, as well as slowing down the development process in countries. The most important and fundamental issue in any system is justice and the fight against corruption and ultimately monitoring, and in any system, their existence to achieve the main goals and move in the main direction and achieve maximum efficiency and effectiveness, as well as reform. Existing deviations and flaws are necessary. One of the main functions of justice and its oversight is to oversee the actions of the government and the state. Oversight of the actions of the government and the state is one of the great effects of the rule of the will of nations over their own destiny. Observance of justice is one of the most important factors affecting the survival of the organization and maintaining its health in the long run. Because observing justice in the organization increases the feeling of dependence, loyalty and trust of people in the organization and increases the human and social capital of the organization. Justice and justice-seeking is one of the most fundamental axes of the constitutional decree and the declaration of the second step of the revolution. The present study tries to address the undeniable principle of justice and justice-seeking decree of the Constitution and the Constitution by looking at the statement of the second step of the revolution; And state the need to include the subject of justice and justice.

This article deals with the social contexts of the formation of scientific materialism in the historical and cultural context of Western countries. First we start with the definition of materialism and science and then we try to answer the questions how science is produced? How is this knowledge of science formed? And how did secular science come to be in the West? The importance of this study is to address the issue that science is formed and developed in the context of societal culture. And these sciences are the result of knowing the people of that society and that the science of systematic knowledge of the people of any society. Therefore, it should be examined how cognition is obtained? In this article, the aim is to express the fields of formation of science in Western societies based on their culture.

The concept of power has been defined in different disciplines and sciences. What is mentioned in this article is a special term in political science. Scholars have divided power into hard power with military tools and soft power with propaganda and media tools. This means that the exercise of hard power is based on reward and threat, but soft power is of persuasion and induction. The components and elements of soft power include elements such as, cultural-belief, social-human, psychological, political and scientific that Imam Khomeini (as) in his political-divine will on these elements and indicators, including the school of Islam, they have emphasized the Shiite religion, active and public diplomacy and social capital.