نشریه گفتمان طراحی شهری
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1399)

The quality of urban spaces and the presence of residents are some of the primary issues of current urbanism, as the dominance of vehicles has diminished the commuting opportunity for different social groups and the liveliness of urban spaces. This is especially true for urban spaces where once acted as children’s playground and now have turned into vehicle routes, pushing their former function to the sides. In the dense landscape of district 10, with its insufficient open urban spaces, this issue is even more pronounced, doubling the need for creating urban spaces accommodating children. Tactical urbanism is a general term describing such urban interventions regarding different qualities (e.g. the scale of the project, provisional measures for reusing the unused potentials of cities, providing privileges and support, unofficial actions within legal bounds, or attention to and revitalizing abandoned spaces) and has been further extended in specific academic fields such as traffic engineering

In addition to diagnostic measures in the early stages of the widespread disease of COVID-19, prevention of the presence of individuals in high-risk environments, along with the proper distribution of population and services, is also effective in controlling the spread of the disease. The epidemic model, is based on population and movement. The aim is to introduce hazardous maps at the outbreak of corona disease and to explain the framework for their preparation and application based on issues related to resident behaviors. This research has been done by the method of logical reasoning and by analytical study of the existing samples, the components that are effective in preparing these maps and updating them. To this end, after the typology of the maps, the results evaluation criteria were validated from the perspective of the outputs. According to the research results, the dynamics of human movement data are key to estimating spatial interactions in these maps; Because of the social distance, staying home, and closing down jobs, fundamental changes occur in individual and group movements. Using different sources of information can be provided, the platform for participation of different groups of users using mapping maps is provided with an active and inactive demographic approach and increased efficiency. The development of such maps is a collaboration between the fields of epidemiology, health, environmental psychology, and public planning and design, especially urban design, to ensure that integrated studies based on the dynamics of location-based behaviors greatly enhance the validity of the maps.

Cultural activities can play a key role in communication between people in a city and help the identification of the space and people through the social memories’ creation. Nowadays, performing rites in Iran as an access to identification and displaying of our culture and tradition, lost their past values and it is necessary to pay attention to them and their magnificent role in the improvement of the urban spaces. In this research, the area around the grand bazaar in Tehran in the center of the city where thousands of people go for everyday shopping and has traditional places like Golestan palace which attracts many tourists every year, has been selected as a study case. Bazaar has always been the significant cultural-social pivot in the center of the cities and every year many social activities such as religious rites like Ta’zieh and Moharam mourning are held in this place. In this research, with the use of analytical-defined method and historical documents in order to reach more information about concepts and after the study of different cases in other parts of the world, the analysis of this case study has been done and in the end, the essential measures have been suggested for the improvement of this place for holding the social rites which emphasize that it is possible to provide the bilateral communication between public urban spaces and these events.

Smart City Master Plan Smart cities, at the first stage had been defined as cities that adopt ICT in all aspect of urban spaces. However, during the last three decade,  the approach of urban initiatives turned into employing ICT as one of the main infrastructure of cities. Reviewing the literature around the phenomena of smart cities along with smart city projects experiences indicate the new generation of smart cities. Novel paradigms and concepts are emerging through the development of technology that directly affect urban initiatives. Therefore, the definition of smart cities have a dynamic character though to its integration with technology.
Accordingly, with the evolution of smart cities, urban planning, urban design and urban government had been affected ultimately, which result a new approach into smart cities and urban initiatives as adopting collaborative cities and intelligence cities.  Therefore, this research aim to review definitions of smart cities during the last years within academic literature along with urban projects experiences to explore the definition of new generation of smart cities. To do so, smart cities definition had been explore through academia and experiments and the new concepts emerged in the urban literature been clarified in order to shed the light on how urban design and planning have to reform in Iran to meet the new centuries requirements.

There have been numerous studies conducted in urban studies dealing with the issue of pedestrians’ collective life. However, there is a dramatic scarcity of the research on bicycling, most of which have focused on the subjects of traffic engineering, urban planning, policies and health. Few studies have taken the subjects of social sciences and urban anthropology. In addition, the majority of research on cycling have produced a largely quantitative methodological tool kit. The studies which are based on quantitative and positivistic approaches, have exclusively dealt with the contextual-spatial responses of the cyclists, including the design of the routes, the physical features, and so forth. The study of the lived experience of the cyclists in cities has been, therefore, essentially neglected. The present study, as a qualitative research, relies on auto-ethnography, to investigate the lived experience of the author, in the city of Tehran (as a car-dominated city). The current research paper illustrates the lived experience of cycling in Tehran under six primary topics (Represented Space versus Spatial Representations, Personalized City versus External Urban Network; Roaming on the Saddle; I Pedal, Therefore I Am; Triangle Phenomenon; Power Space and Spatial Resistances). The research concepts are elicited from my auto-ethnographical essays by implementing four existential life worlds: lived space (spatiality), lived body (corporeality), lived time (temporality), and lived relations (relationally).

Smart materials and shells affect on represent the space and identity of a society with their special activity and like any technology and element, it has its own effects and consequences and it can be said that based on the visual attractions and philosophy of the age of communication and visualization the culture of societies founded. The aim of this research is explaination of these effects on urban smart surfaces from psychological and intellectual and cultural anomalies aspects and helping designers to use it logically and in accordance with the culture and smart buildings of the community. The present research has a positive-content aspect and from another aspect, has a normative-content structure. Also, the research method includes descriptive and analytical research along with qualitative strategy, because it addresses contemporary social and cultural conditions. Data collection is based on library studies and documentation. The physical and material effects of smart shells that make urban facades based on perceptual visual cultures in perceptual aspects are criticized: truth and reality, time and space, experience and event, equality and justice, knowledge and information in a society and consider equal the meaning of firmness with persistence, generosity with lavishness, tolerance with indifference, adherence to affection and beauty with pretense and and in sensual aspects: Unity, distance and distance from the world, distorting other senses, undermining the message and meaning of the sender of the message, separation, isolation, apparent attachment, limiting taste, inhumanity of architecture and urbanization would be the results of increasing use of them.

Nowadays, countries are required to develop the architectural plans by using vernacular and climatic architectures so that they can provide comfort to residents in addition to protect them from adverse climate factors such as wind, cold, and extreme heat. Vernacular architecture in both Nepal and Iran is seen as a precious model of climate adaptive design. The cold and mountainous climate of these two countries has created special conditions for residents. The purpose of current paper is to record the climatic design patterns of the two countries and to compare them in order to present new approaches derived from the vernacular architecture. From this point of view, this article provides a great help to researchers and designers in this field. Moreover, the present research is derived from library, documentary and statistical sources in an analytical and research method and finally, the conclusion is comparative to the promotional approach and to the practical goals. The results were obtained after collecting, recording, and adjusting the climate design patterns of the two countries. Finally, Nepal's vernacular architectural solutions, which were in line with vernacular and climatic architecture, were presented to guide the vernacular architecture of Iran for the benefit of residents. It is hoped that by using these solutions, we can take a step forward in protecting the environment and saving energy.