فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 48 (تابستان 1401)

The impact of colonialism on the Third World is one of the topics that is always reflected in the works of writers and poets of the world. Postcolonial critique is one of the new and modern interdisciplinary researches and studies of the lower classes are considered among its theoretical branches. Such studies seek to activate the lower classes through rethinking in society and in various texts. One of the most important theorists of inferior studies is Gayatri Spivak. At the same time, Spivak has a feminist-postcolonial approach and her main focus is on inferior status of females or women.In fact, the purpose of the studies of the lower classes, especially Spivak, is to represent the voice and mentality of the lower classes, especially women.The novel "Rih al-Janub" is the first Algerian novel which has been written in Arabic by Abdul Hamid Ibn-Hadduqa, and the author uses the description to show the social, political and cultural reality that ruled Algeria after the revolution. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present study has studied and investigated the novel " Rih al-Janub " with postcolonial critique and especially Spivak's theories about the inferior status. In fact, Hadduqa described the feudal system that ruled Algerian villages and the rule of psychological and ideological colonization and tries to portray the inferior status of women and their gender discrimination in issues such as forced marriage, the traditional view of women and the strengthening of the patriarchal spirit in society in the form of novels for readers.

Women and their role in literature is one of the topics that is very much considered by writers. Areas of female presence include children's fiction. The study of female schemas in children's literature is of great importance because children become familiar with society and social maps and schemes and the realities around them by reading the story, and identify with the characters of the story. The story "The Golden Palace Princess" by the Egyptian writer Muhammad Atiyah al-Ibrashi as an example of children's fiction literature, it was examined with the aim of of female schemas. Therefore, the descriptive-analytical study of this story shows that women have a small presence in the text and masculine writing is clearly seen in the text and the story revolves around male characters. The female characters in the story are portrayed with negative schemas; Which can be referred to schemas such as female beauty and charm, objectification and marginalization, neglect and extreme view of women in gold. Muhammad Atiyah al-Ibrashi, by expressing old and patriarchal ideas in the form of negative schemas, intentionally or inadvertently teaches his mental schemas to his audience indirectly. And since these schemas are often negative, they have an adverse effect on the child's mind that will be irreversible.

The systematic functional grammar of Michael Halliday, an English linguist, is one of the most important pillars of functional linguistics which emphasizes the importance of function and meaning and examines texts by relying on three ideational, interpersonal and textual Meta functions. In this research,the sermon of Hazrat Zeinab(PBUH)has been analyzed according to Halliday's theory in the field of meta function of thought in order to recieve and determine the linguistic process of the sermon . The method of this research was library method and subject analysis. First, the theoretical concepts of the research were re-read, then we examined the verbs and sentences and classified them based on this theory and determined the frequency of each. The results of the research show that the material process has the highest frequency because Hazrat Zainab (PBUH) as the ambassador of Karbala and the messenger of this movement and she tries to enlighten the people and reveal the facts that occurred in Karbala and the material process has the greatest capacity for this important issue. The material process has the greatest capacity to communicate this important point.In this mental process,the most important goal of the orator is to draw the audience's attention to her intellectual and ideological error.Direct addressing and using the motivational power of commanding and forbidding actions has been aimed at influencing the audience's thought.

Discourses are made up of a set of dans and signs that have special coherence in the communication process and has deep and deep transplantation that causes the unity of the discourse elements. Semiotics examines how to form symptoms and circular moves and their presence in discourse by relying on principles and structures, and seeks to achieve deep understanding of them. French linguist Pierre (1983), consequently, considers the knowledge of all social and cultural phenomena who studies the life of signs in society, in fact, as signs of the codes, which is the ability to recognize the phenomenon that plays an important role. In understanding the text. The present study relies on the Pierre Gire semiotic method to investigate the "Qashid al-Iraqi" of Boshra al-Bostani Has set. The results of this study indicate that the resistance and sustainability of the Iraqi people against the cruelty of the main structure of the "Qashid al-Iraqi" and its central slab is the coherent social and cultural encryption. In these ideals, structures and linguistic codes have more referral and emotional approach.

The theory of sexual capital is a kind of social capital and one of the new theories in the field of contemporary sociology and social studies. This theory was proposed by Katherine Hakim in 2011. He considers sexual capital to have an important role in power relations at different levels of society. According to him, this type of capital has six components that have different functions and concepts in different cultures and environments; On the other hand, literature, including fiction and novels, play a major role in reflecting the culture of society, roles, values, ideas and beliefs, and fiction and novels in Arabic literature are no exception. Accordingly, in this research, based on Hakim's theory, an attempt has been made to study the components of sexual capital in the novel of Al-Taliani Shukri Al-Makhkhot, the famous Tunisian author. The results showed that based on the components of Catherine's sexual capital, categories of beauty (such as cultural taste, personal personality, social energy), vitality and sexual attractiveness among women, as well as categories of sexual attractiveness and social components among Men have a high frequency and are important, and the author also highlights sexuality and its components between both male and female characters in the novel.

Conceptual metaphor in a cognitive semantic approach seeks to express abstract concepts in the form of tangible concepts. The Holy Qur’an, with its metaphorical nature, has presented to humanity a very complex concepts of the unseen, such as the abstract concept of the Hereafter, in a simple and recognizable language. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, conceptualizes the systematic correspondences of the source realm on the destination realm in this conceptual metaphor based on the conceptual metaphor theory of Lakoff and Johnson with the conceptualization of the nomenclature of "The Hereafter is a journey" in the Holy Qur’an. This nomenclature is one of the most suitable metaphorical patterns to depict the "Hereafter" as the abstract sphere of destination in the tangible structure of "Journey" as the origin sphere.Mapping the source realm to the destination realm forms the main framework of the present study. The nomenclature "The Hereafter is a journey", with a systematic look and creative imitations, makes the complex and unknown concept of the vast and unknown abode of the afterlife understandable and tangible in the structure of the objective and known concept of journey. The components corresponding to the pillars of the journey to the Hereafter are divided into four parts. In this article, the authors identify these conceptual correspondences from the realm of origin to the destination and draw a mapping diagram of the provisions of the territory of origin to the destination.