فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 54 (زمستان 1402)

Metaphor is a conceptual linguistic theory that considers metaphor as an important tool for understanding creative thinking in literary works in addition to literary aesthetics. Conceptual metaphors related to the field of feelings in a language and culture are not completely similar because factors such as society and time and individual differences are also involved in this matter. Sharif Razi's Ghazliat (394 AH) and Mustafa Sadegh Al-Rafi's Book of Oragh Alvard (1355 AH) are each specific to a different period and both are creative and imitated literary texts and can be a good representative of the texts of their time. They have a single theme and love in both of these works is mystical-romantic; This research aims to investigate the differences and similarities and the function of conceptual metaphors related to the field of love in the above-mentioned texts using the analytical-confrontational method. The findings showed that the conceptual metaphor of the field of love has become more complex with the passage of time and there are other hidden layers beyond the conceptual metaphors.Also, the combining feature, which is one of the most powerful mechanisms to go beyond the everyday conceptual system, and the feature of questioning and elaboration have been used.

Critical discourse analysis is one of the new methods in discourse analysis and linguistic studies. It examines linguistic data, ideological processes, and situational, social, and intertextuality contexts affecting discourse formation. The analytical paradigm developed by Norman Fairclough is regarded as one of the most influential approaches to critical discourse analysis. In this view, discourse is analyzed in three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation. This descriptive-analytical study employing the approach of Fairclough analyzes the levels of the critical discourse of al-Tariq al-Tawil by Naguib al-Kilani to explicate the author's intended ideology and discourse. According to the research findings, using the function of words and their semantic relationships, positive verbs, and metaphorical sentences, Naguib al-Kilani has demonstrated his point of view in this novel. Moreover, he explains the effects of colonialism on Egyptians' lives by employing intertextuality and citing Islamic themes and Quranic verses. Al-Kilani uses a combative discourse to convey freedom and resistance to oppression. He seeks to inculcate his ideology and concepts by fortifying the combat spirit, such as obtaining freedom and independence and fighting against the colonialist adversary.

Moroccan author, Tariq Bekari (1988), is a talented writer who scrutinizes a significant part of the problems affecting the Moroccan and Arab-Islamic societies with his eloquent writing style. The novel “Al-Qatil Al-Ashqar” is one of his prominent works, which depicts anomalies including the prevalence of prostitution, identity crisis, and murder. The title of this work is full of cleverly-chosen signs. In this article, the authors try to analyze the signs in the title of the novel “Al-Qatil Al-Ashqar” with the semiotic method. The results show that the word “Al-Qatil” in addition to its apparent meaning refers to fatal incidents including childhood rapes, emotional damage, loss of dignity concerning shama, identity crisis, and other painful incidents that destroyed a part of Ashqar's personality. In addition, the word Al-Ashqar can symbolically refer to the stigma caused by illegitimacy, specialness, and similar concepts, which is justified by companionship with “Al-Qatil”. In this work, Bekari artistically depicts the transformation of Ashqar's character into a vampire killer and his joining ISIS. In fact, by including various linguistic signs, the author tries to reveal the identity crisis and moral corruption of ISIS leaders

Cognitive linguistics is a modern approach in language studies that addresses the relationship between human language and mind, as well as physical-social experiences. Mark Johnson and George Lakoff are pioneer theorists in this field. They assume that conceptual metaphor is distinguished from surrounding phenomena by explaining and objectifying abstract concepts to identify and share human experiences. This kind of metaphor is manifested in different types of schemas based on the concepts formed in the human mind. Because metaphysic imaginations and ethical concepts and their connection with perceptible cognitive and daily life experiences have a bold presence in language type and religious expression, examination of image schemas in Holy Quran’s metaphors reveals a system of conceptual structure and sophisticated meaning layers of Quran verses. This study has tried to investigate three types of schemas: path, containment, and force based on the description and analysis of Quran samples based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson and mental constructs available in Ali 'Imran Surah. The internal context of language and imaginary images expressed in Ali 'Imran Surah has been explained in a way that reader can touch their concepts based on their daily experiences and find clear truths by reviewing the available abstract issues in this Surah. Research findings indicate that path schema in Ali 'Imran Surah emphasizes destination as the result of the path considering the sensual concepts, while containment schema in this surah is distinguished in positive and negative scopes as container and contained,.

Achieving measurable knowledge of identity has always been one of the fundamental concerns of cognitive science. Today, with the mental and behavioral complexities of contemporary man, identity research has become a comprehensive issue in anthropology; So that it has brought different approaches under “identity and its types”. In the meantime, the psychologist named “James Marcia”, continuing Erikson's view on identity, by proposing two variables "crisis experience" and "commitment", categorizes four operational states of identity which are: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and successful. In his theory, which is known as "bases of identity", each of these stages is distinguished based on having the determining factors of “crisis” and “commitment”. An approach that, with the behavioral analysis of actions and attitudes, has provided a suitable capacity for novel researchers to achieve a psychological understanding of identity. The current research tries to use the components of this psychological approach to investigate identification and how to achieve it in the novel of Azhar Jirjees called “Sleep in the Cherry Orchard” which has subjects that are compatible with the current point of view. One of the achievements of this research, which is provided in a descriptive-analytical manner, is the two-way and inseparable relationship between place and person in the face of stagnation, backwardness or regression in Marcia's identity status; A category that the author confirms with a multi-layered narrative of the status of his protagonist in cities such as Baghdad and Oslo.

The Holy Quran is the most eloquent text available to mankind. To examine and analyze this unique text, researchers have used various methods and models so far. One of the new methods of text analysis has been proposed in the form of Halliday and Hassan's textual cohesion theory. Examining the Qur'an text from the perspective of the role-oriented systematic theory of Halliday and Hassan, based on the semantic relations that lead to the creation of cohesion , can show how with the linguistic device of substitution, an element has been able to replace a lot of meaning with a little vocabulary and avoid unnecessary repetition. It avoids a verbal form, sentences or sentences and produces a coherent and integrated text while repeating the concept and continuity of the meaning and line of thought. Sometimes several verses are tied together and connected to such an extent that it is not possible to remove or move one of them without causing a disturbance in the meaning and creating ambiguity and confusion for the audience . Substitution device in Surah Al-Nahl by creating knots and links of the Co-Classification and creating a coherent chain, respectively: Clausal substitution, nominal substitution and Verbal substitution, have the highest to the lowest frequency. Continuity and continuation of the meaning and creating a connection between the verses without repeating many pronouns in accordance with the principle of linguistic economy is a matter that happened with the careful use of the Substitution device in this surah.