نشریه زبان و زبان شناسی
پیاپی 31 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

Extensive clinical and experimental observations have shown that damage to the right hemisphere and areas outside the traditional areas of the language in the brain, along with dementia and Alzheimer's disease, can affect the communicational abilities of individuals. Researchers, in the past, had noticed such problems in patients, but due to the lack of appropriate tools, they were not able to accurately assess and describe these disorders. In 2004, Joanette et al. developed a comprehensive tool, the Protocole Montréal d’évaluation de la communication (Protocole MEC), in French to assess such skills. The present study has introduced and standardized the subtests of pragmatics (subtests of metaphor interpretation and speech act interpretation) of the Persian version of this protocol. A total of 150 participants in the age groups of 25-44 years and 45-64 years, and two educational groups of under 12 years and over 12 years of formal education participated in this study. These groupings were based on the relevant studies in other languages. The alert points for these two subtests were determined with the 10-percentile criterion in accordance with the original French version. The results indicated that, in line with research conducted in the Western languages such as English and French, the education variable had a greater effect on the performance of subjects than the age variable in Persian language.

Present study tries to investigate the phonological representation of vocatives in Persian in the framework of Auto-segmental Metrical Phonology. Despite the fact that the alignment of pitch accents with lexically stressed syllables is a language specific property in Persian, previous studies have claimed that the changing the stressed syllables in nouns from last to first syllable is the only reason to turn the nouns to vocative case. Contrary to the literature, this study rejects the occurrence of pitch accent on first syllable. The intonation pattern of ^H +X* H-(L%&H%) is suggested for vocatives in Persian in which pitch accent (*) is aligned with last lexically stressed syllable in nouns and X stands for different types of picth accents which is H* in broad focus and L+H* in narrow focus. ^H represents an early peak prior to the pitch accent and high phrase tone H- represents the incompleteness of the utterance by the speaker. Normally, vocative nouns are not ended to boundary tones; therefore, the boundary tones (L% &H%) are in parenthesis to be used, if a vocative noun is an intonational unit in itself. Acoustic analyses and perceptual tests support the findings of this study.

In classical Arabic, nearly all of the nouns received relevant case suffixes in every grammatical function (including argument, complement, and adverbial). This article investigates the fate of this rich case-marking system in two contemporary varieties of Arabic, i.e. those of Khuzestan (Iran) and Lebanon. The data were provided through controlled interviews, and in cases by means of exchanging audio files, with six speakers of the varieties (three speakers from each one). Two questionnaires (including 101 questions, altogether) and 14 photos for description were used as the main instruments of data gathering, which lead to a corpus of approximately 800 sentences. The analysis of the corpus data shows no morpheme expressing case distinctions (as opposed to any other morpheme) in the two varieties. Two main mechanisms have been at work in the process of case disappearance: phonetic erosion, and case syncretism. The output of these two mechanisms for singular nouns, irregular (‘broken’) plural, and feminine plural has been the removal of all three short-vowel case markers (nominative, accusative, and genitive); and the output of the second mechanism for masculine regular (‘sound’) plurals has been the functional generalization of oblique case to nominative, and the disappearance of case distinction. On the other hand, the corpus data show that compared to classical Arabic, in both varieties, word order has become more fixed, and the agreement system has become stronger. But based on this investigation, these two grammatical phenomena cannot be claimed to be necessarily the consequences of the decay of case system.

An alternation is defined as a pair of sentences with roughly different structures and the same meanings. In recent decades, the ability of some verbs in the alternating expression of their arguments has been considered for various reasons. One of these reasons is the possibility of semantic classifying of verbs based on their syntactic behavior. Levin made a relatively comprehensive classification of English verbs by examining 79 argument alternations on 3024 English verbs. Hence, in this study we examined one types of transitive alternations introduced by levin’ work. This alternation is classified as "Unexpressed Object Alternation", and is divided into eight categories: Unspecified Object Alternation, Understood Body-Part Object, Understood Reflexive Object Alternation, Understood Reciprocal Object, Pro-Arb Object Alternation, Characteristic Property Alternations, Way Object Alternation, Instructional Imperative. By examining each of these alternations on 3070 Persian verbs, we determined the class of participated verbs in this alternation. Among these alternations, Persian verb donot participate in only one alternation named Way Object Alternation.

Among the multi-clausal constructions in Persian, in this research the relative clause has been studied within the framework of Cognitive Grammar. Relative clause in Persian is a compositional structure consisting of three component structure (noun phrase – the connector 'ke' – relative clause). On the basis of CG principles this construction is a linguistic unit in which the semantic pole relates to the phonological pole symbolically. Regarding the relative clause, this paper considered two main questions: 1) how it is conceptualized, and 2) the types of dependency and the way, it is accounted. Having introduced the theoretical meta-language of CG which relates to these questions, the author tried to answer the questions. The results indicate that the main role of the conceptualization of relative clauses is on the shoulder of two constructs: correspondence and profiling. The dependent nature of relatives is characterized by profiling and the direction of elaboration. The relation between main clause and subordinate clause is "head-modifier" whereas the one between the noun phrase and the relative clause is "head-complement".

Persian-English bilingual linguistics thesaurus has not been developed yet. The linguistics Thesaurus is used in organizing and indexing scientific document information, standardizing vocabulary, searching and retrieving information in linguistic databases, and research related to linguistics and computational linguistics. The most important challenge in producing and compiling a Persian-English bilingual linguistics thesaurus is designing a concept map of linguistics. Finding suitable equivalents in Persian for English terms as well as the existence of different views and schools in the field of this science is one of the difficulties of this research. The presence of Persian language linguists in different fields of linguistics and the existence of numerous English and Persian sources in the field of linguistics, as well as knowledge and experience of designing concept maps and compiling a thesaurus based on it at Irandac Research Institute, was a great opportunity to designed and compiled a conceptual map of linguistics in a general level . This map was designed using specialized English and Persian terms in the field of linguistics and according to the divisions of linguistics, so that in other projects, a Persian-English bilingual linguistics thesaurus could be developed based on it.

Present study aims to compare the basic vocabularies in the Persian language-teaching book, written by Ahmad Saffar Moghaddam (2008), and the Persian language-teaching book, written by Ahmad Zahraei et al. (2013) with emphasis and comparing with the Basic Vocabularies of Iranian learners’ book by Shahin Nematzadeh et al. (2011). In the present study, the vocabularies in the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching book by Saffar Moghaddam (2008) and the vocabularies in the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching book by Ahmad Zahraei et al. (2013) were studied. The research method was descriptive-analytic and for collecting data, the vocabularies of the studied books were extracted and stored in Excel software, then sorted alphabetically. In the next step, repetitive words were removed from all volumes. The study of the words was done in the following way. If the extracted word existed in the basic vocabularies book of Nematzadeh et al., it received code (1), otherwise it received code (0). Then the vocabularies were sorted according to the relevant codes and the number of words in each series of books was counted and adapted to the basic vocabularies. The results of the study showed that the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching, written by Ahmad Saffar Moghaddam with 237 basic vocabularies, cover only 47.69% of the basic vocabularies of Ne’matzadeh et al. (2011), while the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching, written by Ahmad Zahraei et al. (2013) with 422 basic vocabularies, cover 84.9% of the basic vocabulary of Ne’matzadeh et al. (2011). It can be concluded that the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching book Ahmad Zahraei et al. (2013) are more suitable for teaching vocabularies to Persian learners than the first, second and third volumes of Persian Language Teaching book by Saffar Moghaddam (2008).

Speaking in its modest form is inevitably to pronounce and articulate law; it is replete with prohibition and tyranny; it even sometimes leads to murder and human beings experience this so many times. The present article is intended to study verbal violence of the characters in Pellekan, a play by Akbar Radi, based on Malkin’s five strategies of verbal violence. It tries to reach answers to A) with what verbal violence strategy is the main character faced in the first Act when he is in an inferior position?, B) which verbal violence strategy does he use talking to the other characters when he is in the superior position? And C) due to which verbal violence strategy is his downfall? Based on the findings it is clarified that the main character is faced with verbal assault and attack in the inferior position and makes use of verbal offence when he is in superior position; most strikingly is that he’s downfall is due to verbal offence he gets not from the strangers but from his only offspring, Sa’eed. What differentiates this research from the others is its use of verbal violence strategies to investigate the strategies used by the same character when he is in inferior position compared with the time he is in superior position.

Insults and insulting cannot be separated from human culture and language. Part of the vocabulary of any language are insults that the speakers of those languages use those in specific conditions and contexts. These insults considered as a form of verbal violence through which its users violate others and show their dominance. Considering that these insults often have offensive meanings and they receive less attention or ignored in official and scientific research. Like the language, these insults have different aspects and could be studied from linguistic, social, cultural and etc. dimension. One of the linguistic aspects of these insults is the way they are constructed and the study of the basic words used in the construction of insults, but that basic words are not considered insults on their own. From this aspect, insults could be divided into different categories and classes. In this article, we will look at insults with basic words that belong to the tools category. For this purpose, we have classified the tools into different categories according to their type of use and shape, and we have studied the semantic relationship between those (basic) tools name and the insult that related to it.

Toponymy is one of the branches of historical linguistics, which is more than 200 years old; It is usually associated with the studies of orientalists and archaeologists, and over time this science has evolved and found a scientific structure. Birjand city in South Khorasan is one of the regions of the country that due to its distance from population centers and main transportation routes, unlike the northern regions of Khorasan, has been less attacked by nomadic tribes. Hence, the habitats of this region have undergone less transformation. Hence, in a significant number of dialects, they have preserved the morphological structure of the Pahlavi language. The purpose of this study is to study the semantics of the words "Khan" and "Moon" and their derivatives in the dialects of Birjand city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research tool is library and field study. This study concludes that the Pahlavi word "Khan", which is used in Kurdish as "Kani" and in Taleshi "Khoni" means spring, in South Khorasan means artificial spring, well or aqueduct; What is its Persian equivalent after Islam? Also, the word moon in the Pahlavi language means ten, which is seen with other derivatives in the pronouns of Birjand function

Based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual metaphors (1999), time is metaphorically conceptualized through moving in space. Because time is a mental ability which individuals perceive through tangible and understandable experiences, such as location and motion events. The objectives of the present study were to investigate and compare the role of visual status and the effect of gender in the metaphorical understanding of the time concept in the subjects. Using the deictic pointing test, 203 directional metaphorical gestures to refer to the three past, present, and future tenses of the pointing gestures of 29 subjects who were fluent in both Ilami Kurdish and Persian, in three groups of sighted, blindfolded, and congenital blind children, ages 6-9 years, were collected and analyzed. Of these, a total of 191 motions were considered correct. The findings showed that the state of vision affects the metaphorical understanding of time as space. the blind subjects, unlike the sighted ones who often depicted the present tense by pointing downwards, employed a varied directional pattern to refer to the present. In addition, the sighted pointed to the front to depict the future tense, while the blind used both the front and the right directions to depict this time. Also, the same speed of male and female subjects in doing spatial and temporal deictic pointing subtests demonstrated the insignificance of gender in the subject performance speed (p > 0.05).