فصلنامه سیاستهای مالی و اقتصادی
سال نهم شماره 36 (زمستان 1400)

Economic infrastructure plays an important role in the economic growth of developing countries. An increase in the informal sector of the economy will lead to lower tax bases, less production of basic public infrastructure and public services, and ultimately lower economic growth. As a developing country in need of economic growth, Iran is currently embroiled in sanctions in various dimensions, including economic. Therefore, in this study, the effect of economic sanctions on the informal economy in the provinces of Iran is examined by the data panel method during the period 2005-2019.
Findings show that the effect of economic sanctions, unemployment rate and value added of the industrial sector on the informal economy in the provinces of Iran is negative and significant and the effect of inflation, value added of the agricultural sector and taxes on it has been positive and significant. Accordingly, formulate effective rules and regulatory policies in the field of taxation to reduce the adverse effects on the state of the country's economy, apply appropriate monetary policies to control inflation, reduce legal trade restrictions to prevent the development of smuggling, It is recommended to reduce the rules and regulations of government institutions to enter the business environment in the formal economy and also to help create jobs in the formal sector of the economy in order not to be affected by sanctions in order to exploit policy makers.

Recognizing the effective factors in the formation and fluctuations of the exchange rate in the long run, as well as knowing how the exchange rate influents from economic policies to align with the desired goals are among the necessities of a successful economic plan. Accordingly, this study investigates the long-term and short-term factors affecting the real exchange rate of Iran and estimates the coefficients of the relevant variables using the vector error correction model (VECM) in the framework of behavioral equilibrium exchange rate model (BEER). Monitoring the trend of deviation of the actual real exchange rate from the long-term equilibrium exchange rate during the years 1973-2017, according to the selected quantitative goals of the Sixth Economic Development Plan of Iran, the real exchange rate and the equilibrium exchange rate of the country has been estimated during. The results of this study show that due to the failure to achieve the goals in the first three years of the Sixth Plan, the nominal exchange rate gap from the equilibrium exchange rate has reached an average of about 25 percent annually. In addition, the pressure of monetary inflation, reduced production growth and increased systemic risk of the country has led to a continuous increase in the nominal exchange rate in the parallel market.

The purpose of this study is to calculate tax evasion based on the income of legal entities and to examine its stability, which has been done by estimating the Tanzi monetary demand function during 1370-1397. The demand function included the ratio of currency holdings to supply of money  as a dependent variable and the tax variables of legal entities, the ratio of wages and salaries to national income, real national per capita income, real interest rates paid on saving deposits and real oil revenues as independent variables. Then, the results used to estimate linear and nonlinear effect on tax evasion on the basis of income of legal entities by threshold regression during the period of study. The findings indicate a nonlinear model with significant coefficients, that the results are more satisfactory than the linear model and also  confirm the existence of a nonlinear relationship and fiscal instability in the income base of legal entities. The transition speed between the two regimes is equal to 3.20 according to the estimated transition parameter (git).That is the equations show that tax evasion changes will be strongly influenced by the  past tax evasion and will affect the behavior of this variable.

Credit ratings reflect the publisher's ability and willingness to fulfill its financial obligations fully and in a timely manner, leading to increased confidence in listed corporations (publishers). The main purpose of the plan is to identify and present the obstacles and limitations of the activities of credit rating agencies of Tehran Stock Exchange (in terms of capital market development).According to the purpose of the research, the questionnaire of opinions of financial experts including academic and capital market experts in the form of Fuzzy Delphi method to gain knowledge and understanding of their views, validity of the theoretical framework and identification of barriers and limitations the activities of credit rating agencies of stock exchange corporations, securities, securities of Tehran have been obtained in accordance with the conditions and environmental situation of Iran. According to the consensus of experts, the research findings show that out of 52 indicators and questions asked for barriers and restrictions on the activities of credit rating agencies in Iran, a total of 13 indicators (including eight cultural, educational,‌ one economical and four legal indicators) were rejected. And 39 indicators were approved by experts. Also, among the 10 components proposed for barriers and restrictions on the activities of credit rating agencies in Iran, a total of two rejected cultural-educational components and a cultural-educational component, three economic components and four legal components were approved by experts. The above results can be interpreted and explained by the theory of information asymmetry and the efficient market hypothesis.

Revenue distribution and efforts to improve it is one of the most important issues facing governments. Income distribution is affected by important factors. Economic justice and equitable distribution of income, along with important issues such as economic growth and development, reducing inflation and unemployment, have always been of interest to economists. Equitable distribution of income and reduction of income inequality in society and identification of factors affecting income inequality are necessary and obvious to create the right policy. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of taxation on income distribution in Tehran province. Considering the comprehensiveness of Tehran province as the capital of the country and since according to statistics in 1399, this province provides about 49% of the total tax revenues of the country. In this regard, the study of this province is of particular importance in analyzing the impact of fiscal policies (income tax) on income distribution. In this regard, to investigate the long-term relationship between variables and estimate the coefficients of long-term correction models and error correction for income inequality from 2001 to 1399, the self-regression method with distributed intervals (ARDL) has been used to determine the long-run relationship between variables. Shows and the results show that increasing income through income tax leads to reducing income inequality.

The misery index is an economic indicator that defined by economist Arthur Okun in the late of decade 1970. This index, determine of total inflation and unemployment rates and express in terms of percent. High misery index, end in economic and public troubles. Because have increased both inflation and unemployment rates. In other words, the Misery index can indicate the state of stagflation in society. Thus, this study purpose, investigated the effective factors on misery index in selected provinces of the country (Markazi, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Kordestan and Lorestan) between years 2008-2018. Was estimated the effect of gross domestic product, commerce balance and tax independent variables and economic sanctions dummy variable on misery index dependent variable in a logarithmic model, the using of Eviews software and GMM Panel method. For this purpose, the relevant data were collected from the statistics center of Iran and the economic deputies of economic and financial affairs directorate general of mentioned province and after of statistical tests, determined commerce balance, gross domestic product and economic sanctions variables have significant and positive impact and tax variable has significant and negative impact on misery index.