نشریه اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری
سال سوم شماره 1 (بهار 1401)

This research presents a method in sizing a combined on-grid battery and PV system with the aim of providing the needs during the peak load of the network and then estimating the cost and determining the amount of fair subsidies from the government. PV and battery systems that are used in many home, office and commercial sectors today are often connected to the national grid and PV and battery systems are considered as backup systems. The important function of such a system, apart from supplying electricity in the event of a nationwide power outage, is to minimize the cost of electricity consumption by reducing the power consumption during the peak. On the other hand, the function of such systems is to reduce the amount of electricity consumption from the network and reduce the pressure on the network. The first step in installing these systems is to obtain the right size for PV and batteries so that the household load is consumed during the peak and thus minimizes the costs. Then, the cost of the optimal size is calculated, and according to the 4-year return on investment period, the amount of subsidy that the government has to pay for the installation of these systems is calculated. In this paper, we try to simulate the consumption load of a residential house to obtain the appropriate capacity for the PV system and batteries in order to meet the mentioned result.

Futurism as an emerging discipline has received a great deal of attention in recent decades from governments, academia, and businesses, and the achievements of futurists are now very important in the decision-making of governments, institutions, and private companies.The present study, by studying the resources of domestic and foreign libraries, examined all the factors affecting the development of Tehran and after preparing a list of these factors, in interviews with experts, the research findings were completed and based on them a questionnaire was developed and the process The poll begins. Finally, using software (MicMac) and interaction analysis method, data were analyzed and research scenarios were presented. According to the research findings, according to the results of Mick Mac, four factors of integrated urban management, economic situation, poverty and good urban governance were identified as the first four factors influencing the system. According to the score of direct and indirect influence of 51 factors, finally the first 12 factors affecting the future of Tehran metropolis development were selected to determine the final uncertainties and were scored according to the importance and predictability. And the drivers that had the most uncertainty in the future development of Tehran in order to present future scenarios of Tehran development were identified that the three variables of integrated urban management, economic status and poverty were selected as the most influential variables and uncertainty.

Consumption is a dynamic process that is inextricably linked to lifestyle and may be considered the most important aspect among the variables and components of modern citizens' lifestyles. This article investigates and categorizes the consumption patterns of Iranian urban families. Our hypothesis is that consuming is a dynamic process, which we illustrated by utilizing the systems dynamics method through Vensim software capabilities. We established the problem and presented our dynamic hypothesis inside it while using this program to execute dynamic modeling procedures. Then, after investigating the many parts of the problem, and while recognizing the effective variables and developing a subsystem diagram, we give a causal loop diagram to explain the currents in this model. In the next step, we created nine scenarios by sketching a state-flow diagram and modeling. These scenarios were generated using the sensitivity analysis approach, from which we gathered data on the consumption patterns and lifestyles of urban families in Iranian society, and finally, we presented ideas and suggestions. Except for biological consumption, which is naturally the first priority of consumption among urban families, the results of this article and the derived model show that the situation of other consumptions is nearly the same, and the curves of media consumption and cultural consumption are higher than other costs. This means that when the economy improves, such consumption will rise even more.

Managing a city requires planning for it. Decision making and planning is also a complex process; Especially when it is like a city on a larger scale. The city administration will be successful if the necessary arrangements are made for this. Doing research in this area will definitely help a lot in the planning process for managing a city, and the rules and regulations that exist in the field of urban research need more attention. In the meantime, the two municipal institutions and the Center for Studies and Planning of the city of Tehran have taken many measures to carry out projects and plans. The purpose of this study is to review the existing laws and regulations related to urban studies and research and to provide a legal basis for them. Therefore, first by examining the text of these rules and classifying and summarizing them, and then by using the method of in-depth interviews with experts and experts, the problems of the rules are identified and suggestions are made to address their shortcomings.

Budget deficit is one of the important concepts in budget preparation. failure to calculate budget deficit will lead to financial instability. Financing through volatile revenues such as borrowing or transferring capital assets is an example of a budget deficit in the municipality. The study uses the concepts of operational balance, general balance and unstable resources to calculate the budget deficit of the municipalities of Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz and Qom during years 1390-1397. The results show:- recently, Tehran Municipality has faced an operating balance deficit and has provided part of current expenditures from the transfer of financial assets and capital.- In other metropolises, the general balance sheet and the general balance sheet without the transfer of unsustainable revenues indicate the use of unsustainable resources for budgetary purposes, which in long run, with the reduction of the city's biological reserves, the financial situation of these metropolises faces serious risks. To address the budget deficit, municipalities should be planted by defining new rows, increasing the base and toll rates of the current stable revenue tier, especially renovation tolls and value-added taxes and establishing a cost-benefit system. also possible control the budget deficit of municipalities by controlling the financing of unstable revenues for covering the budget deficit.- Determining ceiling of financing through borrowing by the Ministry of Interior in the annual budget of municipalities to prevent financial bankruptcy.- Determining ceiling for the general level without assigning unstable capital assets and obliging the municipality to observe for controling the sale of the city's biological capacities.

The increase in the population of cities and the expansion of urbanization in the 21st century has caused not only the existing cities to become more developed and physical, but also the transformation of rural settlements into cities. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors on sustainable income sources of Arak Municipality. Research in terms of method is an interpretation of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the first stage, a qualitative method and analytical content type is used to collect information from written and electronic sources in the field of revenue sources, and in the second stage, the ratio and components of sustainable revenue sources of Arak Municipality. The Delphi technique was used. C and R validity was used to determine the validity and Cronbach's alpha method was used to calculate the reliability. In this research, in order to identify the factors for sustainable sources of income in Arak Municipality, the method of factor analysis of confirmation and exploration with SPSS and LISREL software has been used. The results showed that components (public tolls, tolls on communications and transportation, government grants, environmental tolls, increasing toll rates on land value and financial relations between municipalities and citizens) as medical components. They are a source of stable income in Arak Municipality.

The Coronavirus has affected not only public health in the last 2 years, but also has caused national and economic challenges all over the world. Informal sectors suffered mostly in this predicament and led to drastic shortage in their quality of life. Informal sectors are considered as one of the most fundamental actors in economic prosperity of the cities and urban space dynamism. Since there are few studies addressing this group, the main objective of this article is to explore and identify the most important dimensions of corona virus which hurt life and business of street vendors as a group of informal workers. A qualitative approach was chosen in order to gather the gist of changes and shortages in vendor’s life. Using content analysis method, 23 in-depth interviews were conducted in Kermanshah streets in Iran. Six major dimensions were extracted using coding mechanism: economic, health, ethical and normative, educational and managerial, psychological dimensions. The result shows that this group has suffered irreparable damage in mentioned areas during pandemic. From the economic point of view, the poor are stuck in a cycle of poverty, and the Corona crisis has taken away any chance of getting out of this cycle. Also, the psychological feeling of being ignored along with the feeling of shame and helplessness (towards the family and society) has greatly expanded the boundaries of the impact of this phenomenon. An aspect which effects the social resilience of urban communities and need further investigation.

In this regard, in this study, we used a social cost-benefit analysis to examine one of the most practical methods in reducing the emission of gaseous pollutants, namely the replacement of defective catalytic converters in light vehicles in Tehran. For this purpose, the cost of replacing the converters, willingness to pay for the residents of Tehran to reduce air pollution, and the benefits of reducing pollution have been examined in 2020. The required data was obtained through field studies and filling out questionnaires. According to the results, the total cost associated with replacing catalytic converters for a period is equal to 49834 billion Rials. The annual value of willingness to pay for the citizens of Tehran using the conditional valuation method is equivalent to 31834 billion Rials, and the annual benefit of reducing emissions is 8987 billion Rials. Considering the 20-years review period and the assumptions of the economic model, replacing catalytic converters in different scenarios has financial justification. Therefore, we suggest that urban management institutions, considering the benefits created, pursue financing and replace this part to reduce air pollution in Tehran.

Tourism is an industry that can develop the economy of any province. Therefore, this industry can be developed with an efficient planning. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of resources and motivations of tourists on the brand equity of tourism destination with regard to the role of value co-creation behavior of domestic tourists in Yazd. The present research is applied method in terms of purpose and in terms of research method is descriptive in which data were collected by using a questionnaire and survey method. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated and confirmed based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to check the validity of the questionnaire, the factor loading and AVE values were calculated, which indicated the validity of the research tool. The population of this study is domestic tourists in Yazd and available nonrandom sampling method was used and 100 acceptable samples were collected. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and collected data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 and Smart PLS software. The findings reveal customers’ resources and their motivation, by the mediating role of customer value creation behavior has a positive and significant effect on the brand equity of the tourism destination directly and indirectly.

Some global approaches have been presented in two previous decades which seek to revive and promote urban neighborhoods we has experienced in the past but has been concussed due to inattention to urban planning. This research selected one case study such as Sfarayen central texture and applied successful global experiences in order to revive the concept of neighbourhood center and return to ancient neighborhoods in central parts of The city which have some unique features. This research is regarded as combined method ( descriptive- analytic ). This method has used observation, interview besides field analyses in collecting information. Statistical population is the central texture of Sfarayen. The sampling of textures has been used probably and by non-targeted sampling after determining exact boundary of the texture. Three factors such as moving structure of the citizens in central signs of the texture, mental approach image and physical history of the neighborhoods are very important in determining texture boundary inside central texture of the city then social, economic, physical and environmental has been regarded in order to plan in central texture by using global experiences and research backgrounds and geographical information systems and fuzzy analysis has been analyzed by descriptive statistics methods . The results show that the major reasons for the failure of upward designs in solving the problems of central texture is the marginalization with focusing on quantitative measures such as population and area .