نشریه روستا و توسعه پایدار فضا
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 8، زمستان 1400)

Rural entrepreneurship is a new solution in development theories for empowerment and capacity building in rural areas in order to achieve sustainable development. And as a new strategy in the development of rural areas, due to the nature of high employment, it can create productive and permanent employment for the villagers and temporary employment for the seasonally unemployed. According to imprtance of subject, The aim of this study was to evaluate the capabilities and capacities of entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Khorsh Rostam district of Khalkhal city. This research is applied in terms of purpose And is based on a descriptive-analytical nature And in terms of how information is collected is a survey. The statistical population of this study was 3808 households living in the villages of Khorsh Rostam district of Khalkhal city. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran's formula to 313 people And were selected from the study population by multi-stage stratified method. Data were collected using the Entrepreneurship Development Capabilities Questionnaire including four components: individual, economic, social and infrastructure. The validity of the questionnaire was reviewed and approved by a panel of experts and professors. To determine the reliability, 30 questionnaires were distributed in the region and its reliability was estimated to be 0.85 using Cronbach's alpha. The results of one-sample t-test showed that the individual and infrastructure components in the studied villages had a relatively good situation in entrepreneurship development, but the economic and social components did not have a good situation in these villages. Also, the results of correlation coefficient showed that the highest correlation was between individual characteristics of education level and income with entrepreneurial capacities

Weekly markets have long been popular in many villages and is one of the main characteristics of many villages. The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial analysis of weekly markets based on the sustainability of rural areas of Somehsara County. Necessary information and data were collected from library and field sources, The research tool is a questionnaire and its validity was confirmed by experts. FARAS, WASPAS and FVIKOR models were also used to analyze the data. The results showed the ranking of economic and social criteria using the fuzzy ARS model, In the economic dimension, the components of income with a weight of 0.497, increase of business with a weight of 0.465, employment with a weight of 0.461, increase of investment with a weight of 0.446, respectively in the social dimension, respectively. Components of increasing family relationship with a weight of 0.476, reducing migration with a weight of 0.468, social status with a weight of 0.454, promotion of indigenous culture with a weight of 0.431, have the highest and lowest ranks. have given. The results of weekly market rankings with emphasis on the dimensions of sustainability using the Wasps model showed, In the economic dimension, weekly markets (Gorab Zarmikh, Hindkhaleh, (Sheikh Mahalla) Kasma, Taher Gorab (Abater), Hindkhaleh (Tolm Shahr), Ziaber, Taher Gorab), respectively, and in the social dimension, respectively, weekly markets (Gorab Zarmikh) , Hindkhaleh (Sheikh Mahalla), Kasma, Hindkhaleh (Tolm Shahr), Taher Gorab (Abater), Taher Gorab), have the highest and lowest ranks. Finally, in order to spatially analyze the villages of Somehsara city with emphasis on the dimensions of stability, the fuzzy Vicor model was used. The results showed that Kasma villages with a weight of 0.254 had the highest rank and Taher Gorab village with a weight of 0.050 had the lowest rank.

Today, rural settlements face many economic, social, and environmental-ecological challenges. Hence, social capital is a positive feature in rural settlements that facilitating cooperation in a geographical area can help understand the hidden diversity of viability. Accordingly, the present study was conducted in a quantitative, descriptive-analytical method and based on a questionnaire in 30 villages and 400 sample households. Cochran's formula for determining the sample size and structural equation modeling and Amos graphic software revealed the relationship between social capital and improving the dimensions of sustainable rural viability in the central part of Jiroft city. Findings indicate a consistent and positive effect between social capital and sustainable rural livelihood. In addition, among the social capital indices, the social cohesion index with the lowest average of 2.81 and the social organization with the value of 3.40 has the highest average. It has a better situation than other dimensions. And among the dimensions of economic viability with a rate of 3.17 in this regard, by improving and promoting the dimensions of awareness, cohesion, trust, network, and social relations, the participation of villagers in economic, social, and environmental programs has increased, and improved Sustainability becomes rural.

The goal of rural tourism is to develop the local economy and improve the living standards of local communities. Tourism development can have an impact on the host community. Knowing them and how to evaluate the effects is very important in order to deal with them, both positively and negatively. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of tourism in different dimensions on the host community in Tamin village. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method of descriptive-analytical work, which has been done in two ways: library study and field survey. The statistical population of the study consists of local people of Tamin village, which according to the statistics of 2016, its population was 762 people. Cochran's formula was used to select the sample size, by which 256 people were selected as the sample size. To analyze the research findings, one-sample t-test and multivariate regression analysis were used. The results of one-sample t-test showed that the economic index with an average of 3.109, social index 3.178, environmental index 3.053 and physical index with an average of 3.178 is higher than the average and tourism improves the situation of these dimensions It is secured in the village. Also, the results of multivariate regression showed that tourism had the greatest impact on the economic and physical dimensions with beta values of 0.362 and 0.302, respectively; And the lowest effect with beta coefficient of 0.157 was on the social dimension and environmental dimension with beta coefficient of 0.234.

Entrepreneurship in agriculture means using creativity and innovation in activities related to agriculture and a key strategy in solving the challenges of the agricultural sector in rural areas. The present study examines the level of development of agricultural entrepreneurship among micro-entrepreneurs and the role of individual factors affecting it. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of purpose is applied research. In this study, 55 villages that have micro-entrepreneurs in Mashhad were identified and all micro-entrepreneurs (90 entrepreneurs) were examined. Therefore, both at the village level and at the level of the analysis unit, counting was done. Entrepreneurship development among micro-agricultural entrepreneurs was quantified with the help of 4 dimensions of modernization, pioneering, risk-taking and modernity and 18 indicators with the help of a questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha of 0.83 indicates the optimal reliability of the research tool. The results showed that the average of the modernization dimension with 3.26, the pioneering dimension with 3.24, the risk-taking dimension with 3.48, and the modernization dimension with 3.19 are significantly higher than the average theoretical average. Also, the average structure of entrepreneurship development among agricultural entrepreneurs is 3.29 higher than the theoretical average; Therefore, the rate of entrepreneurship development among micro-entrepreneurs in rural areas of Mashhad has been evaluated at an average level. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the history of agricultural activity, satisfaction with entrepreneurial business and income with the structure of development of agricultural entrepreneurial activities. Also, no significant difference was observed between the average development of agricultural entrepreneurial activities based on indigenous / non-indigenous, gender, marriage, having / not having specialized education, participation / non-participation in training courses.

Planning organizations and the country's construction plan in Iran have considered the large rural areas to be transformed into cities. With the turning of the village into the city, different effects on the different dimensions of the life of the inhabitants of the rural area are created. Ziarat and Lujali towns of Shirvan County are two country's areas which have started turning from the villages into cities. This study aims to examine the effect of the transformation of the village into town on the economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions of Ziarat and Lujali. The methodology of this study is descriptive analytical in terms of type, empirical in terms of data collection and functional in terms of purpose. The population sample size of the study includes 1479 families living in Ziarat and Lujali towns of Shirvan County. The sample size was 195 families which were determined by Cochran formula. According to the population and the average of the families' members, a questionnaire was distributed in two towns. Then, by the use of simple random sampling method, the samples were selected. The data were entered into SPSS software, then, through binominal test, the research variables were assessed based in terms of descriptive statistics. The results demonstrated that the transformation of village into town affects the economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions significantly.