نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، زمستان 1400)

Unemployment, poverty and rural migration are among the current challenges of rural communities. Entrepreneurship development, by create job opportunities and reduce unemployment, can pave the way for reducing poverty and migration of rural youth and achieving sustainable growth and development. In the present era, entrepreneurship, especially in rural areas and creating a suitable environment for its development is one of the tools of economic development of countries, especially developing countries. In this regard, the present research analyzes the challenges of entrepreneurship in the villages of Bahar county and offers solutions that lead to the development of rural entrepreneurship. The statistical population includes rural households living in Bahar county (122254 persons). The studied sample size were 280 persons. Stratified sampling method with proportional assignment based on population size of each rural area was used to select the samples. The required data were collected through researcher-made questionnaire. To analyze data both descriptive and inferential (confirmatory factor analysis based on partial least squares approach using SmartPLS software) methods were used. The results of this study showed that in general, the high production costs including energy and labor (0.368) was the most important challenges of rural entrepreneurship. Also, among the various solutions, economic solutions loans (0.687) include finantial facilities and low-interest and then educational solutions (0.664) such as increasing self-confidence and self-belief, and supportive solutions (0.650) include encouraging and supporting new ideas are respectively among the most effective strategies for entrepreneurship development in Bahar rural areas.

Today, student cooperatives are considered as an approach to training and improving entrepreneurial competencies among students. Because identifying the barriers and problems of student cooperatives not only helps to develop these businesses now, but can also help to establish these cooperatives as easily as possible in the future. The present study was conducted with the aim of Phenomenology of students' experiences in the field of obstacles and problems of agricultural student cooperatives in the west of Iran. This research has been done using the qualitative method of phenomenology. In order to analyze the data, the Colaizzi's seven-step method was used. Participants in this study included students working in student cooperatives in the west of Iran. Samples were identified using purposive sampling method and virtual snowball, which was obtained by performing 11 data saturation interviews. Research data were collected through semi-structured telephone interviews. Verification, validity and transferability criteria were used to confirm the research data and findings. The results showed that the intra-organizational problems of students’ cooperatives include: physical and psychological discomfort, economic and financial problems, lack of knowledge and practical information and feelings of inattention to students. In addition, according to the research findings, the external problems of students’ cooperatives include: lack of university support for cooperatives, lack of support from relatives and environmental turmoil.

The present study aims to investigate the Barriers of local communities in marketing the production of medicinal plants in the carbon sequestration project of Tilabad watershed in Golestan province. The statistical population of the study was 100 producers of medicinal plant products that were selected by census.The questionnaire as a research tool that to identify the barriers facing the producers of medicinal plants during interviews with relevant experts, facilitators and local communities based on the snowball method, based on which 31 barriers were identified. The validity of the questionnaire was determined using the opinions of experts and its reliability was determined by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient with an average of 0.799. In order to analyze the collected data, SPSS25 software was used. In the descriptive part of descriptive statistics such as frequency, frequency percentage and average, and in the inferential part, from exploratory factor analysis to classify barriers and from the one-sample t-test to achieve the most important barriers to marketing of pharmaceutical products, and from my test. Whitney was used to compare the average marketing barriers in different groups. The results showed that "lack of access to appropriate infrastructure and communication methods" and "lack of participation and benefit from experience" were the highest and lowest barriers for medicinal plant growers, respectively. The results of the Mann-Whitney test also showed that people who were members of cooperatives and rural organizations and had a history of growing medicinal plants faced fewer challenges in marketing their products than other producers

One of the most important factors affecting the quality of physically disabled people’s life is having suitable jobs. Therefore, this study aimed to provide the entrepreneurial model of physically disabled people with a creativity and self-employment approach. This research is descriptive with a sequential-exploratory mixed approach. Research data were collected using field-documentation method. In qualitative section, to identify the components, interviews were conducted with academic experts and managers of non-governmental departments being selected purposefully. The statistical sample in quantitative part included 306 members covered by the associations of the physically disabled being selected by simple-random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and mean extraction variance were used to measure reliability and validity, which were above 0.852 and 0.54 for all dimensions, respectively. Findings show that causal-conditions (readiness for change, complexity of entrepreneurial processes and environmental requirements of entrepreneurial processes) predict 53.1% of changes in phenomena (behavioral attitudes, attitudes of brokers and structural attitudes). Intervening-conditions (top managers' thinking, knowledge of different tools and managerial stability) and contextual-conditions (public sector thinking paradigm, structural issues and regulations) predict 10.7% and 67.4% of changes in strategies (process changes, valuation and entrepreneurial awareness), respectively. Phenomena predict 77.2% of changes in strategies, and strategies 73.2% of changes of consequences (self-actualization, innovation and creativity and thinking of new managers). Therefore, holding specialized workshops to improve the attitude of the country's top managers in the field of abilities of the disabled people is suggested to support their entrepreneurial actions.

The purpose of this study was a hierarchical analysis process in ranking the components of intra-organizational entrepreneurship based on open innovation at Payame Noor University. The present research is of applied-developmental type and in terms of data collection method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) exploratory-confirmatory. First, exploratory interviews were conducted with several experts based on their expertise in the research topic. In the next stage, semi-structured interviews with experts were conducted based on the snowball method. In this study, based on theoretical saturation, 22 interviews were conducted. Initially, to ‌‌find themes, qualitative data from reviewing theoretical foundations and interviews with experts were coded and categorized. Finally, using a screening questionnaire and reuse from the experts' point of view, as well as using a hierarchical process method and performing pairwise comparisons using Expert Choice11 software, 7 main themes (dimensions) and 20 sub-themes (branches), as components of intra-organizational entrepreneurship based on open innovation, were identified. Based on the results, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, ranking the dimensions and components of entrepreneurship within the organization based on open innovation was determined. According to the results, the organizational dimension has more priority than the human dimension. Prioritization of components by dimensions for organizational dimension components were process components (0.287), organizational structure components (0.226), and content components (0.113), respectively. The components of the human dimension included motivational factors (0.152), leadership (0.103), and culture (0.072), respectively.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the "Innovation and Entrepreneurship Workshop" textbook in terms of attention to the components of entrepreneurship. The research method was content analysis. The study population included, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Workshop textbooks eleventh grade Secondary secondary school in school year 2020 Considering the nature and logic of the research, the entire text of the book was examined as an example. Measurement tool, self-made content analysis checklist Consisting of 13 Index was, the validity of the use of professional judgment (validity and content) determined using retest reliability 0.89 respectively. results using descriptive statistics were used in the process of Shannon entropy analysis. Based on research, "Innovation and Entrepreneurship Workshop", textbooks eleventh grade Secondary secondary school 270 times concepts of entrepreneurship, focused The index distribution of its importance. In this book, the component of "creativity and innovation" with 90 frequencies (37%) has received more attention and the component of "responsibility" with 5 frequencies (2%) has received the least attention. In terms of coefficient of importance index, the component of "success" with a coefficient of importance of 0.138 had the highest coefficient of importance and the component of "risk-taking" with a coefficient of significance of 0.027, had the lowest coefficient of importance.

Given the decline in governmental funding for agricultural research, the main concern of agricultural research management and executive system is how to meet the budget requirement from non-governmental sources. The research centers and stations have considerable potentials to help to fund so that the self-reliance on non-governmental funds can be increased by the optimal and purposeful economic use of these potentials. The present research aimed to answer the question as to whether the research centers in Qazvin have used their resources and facilities in the province in planning for and prioritizing income-generating activities and for attracting required resources and investment from the private sector. The research adopted a descriptive survey in which cost-benefit analysis and project financial indicators were conducted for the projects of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center (ANRRC) of Qazvin. This is one of the most efficient techniques for financial and economic decision-making. Based on the results, nine projects with good economic justifications are recommended, such as establishing a Ganoderma cultivation site and rearing the Shaal sheep race. About 48.1% of the economic potential of Qazvin ANRRC was found to have been actualized, and it will be feasible to use its potential capacities in the context of income-generating projects and settling the existing impediments. Target-setting for the development of economic activities and formulating a comprehensive economic exploitation program are other capacities of this center.

Today, the factors that affect the new product development process are very important. One of these factors is social capital, which enables the organization to quickly access, with appropriate timing, a diverse set of information to develop new products. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social capital on new product development with the mediating role of knowledge management. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method, descriptive-analytical and correlational. The statistical population of the study was 197 managers of all knowledge-based companies in Mazandaran province. The sample size was determined to be 132 according to Krejcie and Morgan table and a simple random method was used for sampling. Data analysis was performed by structural equation method with Smart pls2 software. The results showed that social capital has a positive and significant effect on knowledge management. Knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on new product development. Social capital has a positive and significant effect on new product development. The findings also confirmed the mediating role of knowledge management in the relationship between social capital and new product development. Managers of knowledge-based companies consider it important to improve the performance of new product development in order to survive in a competitive environment, so the use of social capital and knowledge management is essential to improve new product development and stay in the market.