پژوهشنامه تمدن ایرانی
پیاپی 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Pahlavi Andarz texts are an important part of the Iranian literature in Middle stage that reflect the wisdom literature and ethical approach of the Iranian society in the Sassanid era. The Pahlavi Andarz has had a significant impact on post-Islamic literature and poetry. These works are mainly prose, but among them there are several short texts that have the poetical composition, and their themes have also been beautifully repeated by the great Persian poets. Their meter is based on middle Iranian versification and in some of them is also observed a primitive form of rhyme. In this article, three versified Andarzrs: “Poem in praise of wisdom”, “Andarzi Wehzād FarroxPērōz”, and an Andarz with the theme of transience of the world are introduced, and also mentioned some of their linguistic, literary, and content aspects. The praise of the wisdom, the concept of right measure (paymān), encouraging to learn the profession and transience of the world are the cases mentioned in these Andarz texts that reflect the common Sassanian thoughts and show their relation to the Ayīn-Nāmes of that era.

The Timurid were non-Iranian and Sunni people whose reign was based on moderateness founded on Islamic thought. Coins were considered as valuable tools to display the rulers’ power and thoughts. The significance of the present study is to investigate the religious politics of the Timurid period by the approach to the coins of that era. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: How had different forms of Shiite beliefs been reflected on the coinage of the Timurid period? Based on what factors did the Timurid rulers use the ritual of Shiism on coins? The results indicate that five types of Shiite rituals had been featured on the coin of the Timurid era using written and visual elements. Reverence for Imams by the Timurid rulers, paying attention to the Shiites to gain legitimacy, the attitude of Hanafi to the Ahlul Bayt and the Imams, and the presence of the Holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS) in the main realm of Timurid encouraged them to interact with the followers of Shiite religion in the society under their sovereignty. The data were gathered through library style and direct observation of works and the research method was analytical-comp

During the history of Iran, especially the Sassanid period, a number of religious, political and social elites who intended to reform the structure of society became the victims of the socially disadvantaged background of the same situation in which they were determined to reform. Among these elites Mani can be mentioned. What characteristics of Mani is among the elites and why and how to support and excuse him by the Sassanian kings or in other words, the analysis of the connection and separation between them within the framework of Vilfredo Pareto's elite theory is the goal this research is based on. The research method is descriptive- analytic. This research shows based on the cultural, religious and political complexity of his time, Mani established a ritual that was partly ecstasy with other religions. This ritual initially was paid attention by Shapur I who sought to rule Iran and Aniran, because it included the religions of all the Imperial kingdoms and brought about unity in the realm of the Imperial kingdom. Later, Bahram I the elders and courtiers did not only stand Mani because of the fear of becoming the successor of the king, but because of envy of his knowledge, ability, hallmark and popularity murdered him and prosecuted his followers.

To study the historical period between the years 1300 to 1320 or years of Pahlavi dynasty of Iran indicate that the army and the military establishments have experienced major changes. Based on Pahlavi government policies, militarism with providing security caused the country’s progress in different dimensions such as military, economic and international relationships. As a result, an important part of what is called the first Pahlavi era’s formation was in military. How Iran’s new army in the first Pahlavi period with emphasis on the triple forces is formed? And in a comparative study with the troops of Qajar era, is there any flourishing? At the end the current study concludes that the process of modernization of the armed forces is considered as apex in comparison to Qajar era and this period of time led to changes in the structure, to the establishment of the whole troops, to the formation of multiple troops and of the triple forces of ground, air and sea, specific clothing, separation of degrees, financial management organization, training human resources inside and outside of the country, equipping to new warfare in Iran’s army.

Susa and Babylonia were two important capitals of the governments prior to the Achaemenid,that also had role as administrative and winter capitals in the Achaemenid period.Each of these two important satraps were obliged to give tribute and many gifts to the Achaemenid court. They had a good business background before the Achaemenid period. They were received a better position in commercial affairs in the period, with the entering to the Achaemenid Empire area that was larger than all previous governments.The satraps continued their commercial activities in a wider area, and with the actions that were doing by the Achaemenian kings, especially Darius I,commerce more progress than the previous periods, and consequently, the business also has taken steps quickly progress among the Elamite and Babylonian, and they took advantage of the opportunity. Many documents evidence remains for expansion of the commercial relations between the Elamite and Babylonian in the Achaemenid period. This research try to explain how does Elam and Babylonia trade relations with investigate of  remaining documents of Achaemenid period in a descriptive-analytical way. According to verified documents, the business relations between Elam and Babylon from Cyrus to Bardia have been more related to the slave (Kurtaš) trade, but Darius I's legal and commercial documents reflect the fact that during this period was found no news of slave trade and most of the business relations of Elam and Babylon related to the trade of grains, fruits, garments, and the use of mutual services. After Darius the first, the number of documents declined sharply, and this indicating that it was likely that after the death of Darius the first and until the end of the Achaemenid Empire, the thriving business of Elam and Babylon would be diminished, and even was restored the slave trade, and this maybe has been a sign of reduction of Achaemenid authority and trade security

Among the women taking part in the political evoloutions of southern Iran was "TarkanKhatun" the widow of "Sa’debn e Abu bakr" of the solghoridatabaks of Fars. She ruled Fars between 1259-1262 , the same time of establishment of Ilkhanid government. She opened peaceful relations with Holegue, the Ilkhan, during which married one of her own daughter to one of Holegue’s sons. During six years after Tarkan’s death in 1262 the atabak local government lost most of its authority, and Fars was annexed to the Ilkhanid’s state administration system. This study seeks to answer the question "what relation was between the Tarkan’s actions and the mongol’s increasingly presence in southern Iran?" Available evidence recommends that Tarkan’s policy in connecting with Ilkhans through marrying her own daughter to the Holegue’s son at first helped to survive stability and safety in Fars and to protect Fars against mongol’s advancement; but over the longer time results to deeper internal struggles, removing Atabaks Government and increasing mongol,s power in the south. The study was done through historical method and the data was collected through library technique.