نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 36 (زمستان 1400)

After the conquest of Mecca and the defeat against the Prophet (PBUH), the Quraysh tribes changed their political approach in order to regain power.This change in the way they function within the Islamic society, especially in the period from the conquest of Mecca to the Saqifa, can be discussed.This article is responsible for examining the political situation of the Quraysh and the events that took place at this point in history.Despite the fact that the discussion of the events after the death of the Prophet (pbuh) is influenced by many backgrounds, including even the period before the resurrection, this period of history when the Quraysh were forced to accompany and surrender to the Prophet (pbuh) is a turning point in the history of Islam whose events had a direct impact on the fate of the Islamic Ummah.A careful analysis of this part of the early history of Islam reveals the hidden angles of the Quraysh's extensive and group efforts to regain power this time under the guise of Islam.The method of this research, which is done after using the library resources, will be descriptive-analytical.

Emigration is a religious value. The Prophet (PBUH) first ordered the Muslims to migrate from Mecca to Ethiopia and then to Medina. Some Muslims were forced to leave their families and go to Medina. They formed a new marriage and life for themselves in Medina. Hazrat Hamza was a Muslim with a background in Mecca who converted to Islam to support the Prophet. He who had two wives, left his wife named Salma in Mecca and emigrated to Medina himself. He got married there. His daughter Amamah also stayed in Mecca. According to various reports, several names have been mentioned for the daughter of Hazrat Hamza, who was taken from Mecca to Medina. According to research, he had a daughter named Amamah who was in Mecca and the Prophet (PBUH) took her to Medina in the seventh year, Umratul Ghaza. The article describes and analyzes the story of Amamah Hamza's daughter and examines and criticizes other names mentioned as Hamza's daughters. Hamzeh's daughter has been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical method and has reviewed various reports.

Hazrat Hamza, the great uncle of the Prophet (PBUH) has a prominent place in the history of Islam. He had outstanding personality traits that made him famous even before Islam. What is important is that his name and titles are corresponded to the personality traits of that noble and are crystallized in his behavior and actions after his conversion to Islam. The name "Hamza" and the titles of "Asadullah", "Asad Rasoolellah" and "Sayyid al-Shuhada" are among the items that refer to the axis of his personality, ie courage, bravery, gallantry and valiance, and in addition to his fame, These features have been proven in practice. Of course, many titles have been quoted for him but the subject of this article will be the answer to the question of what is the meaning of his name and the origin of the titles of Asadullah, Asad Rasoolellah and Sayyid al-Shuhada for Hazrat Hamza and on what basis are these titles assigned to him? In this article, by descriptive-analytical method and by library method, after lexical and historical study, it will become clear that the mentioned names and titles which derived from the characteristic of courage and its occurrence in different periods has been applied to him.

Gilgit-Baltistan is located in northeastern Pakistan. And geographically, it is located between China, India and Pakistan. Therefore, it has a special strategic position. Seventy-five percent of the state's population is Shiite. Shiism was introduced, established and spread by Iranian missionaries and scholars in the late eighth century. Shiites are present in all cities of this state, except Diamar city, and Shiites in this state have been spread by local scholars and missionaries, as well as local poets and rulers. Beit (AS) in the state of Golgotha ​​and Baltistan in this state is studied and analyzed. To achieve this, a descriptive-analytical method has been used. Religious scholars entered this province in different periods, including Iran and Kashmir, and played an important role in spreading the teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). Also, local religious scholars who were mainly graduates of the seminaries of Najaf and Qom. They have played an important role in spreading the teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). Mosques, schools and seminaries, and Husseiniyahs and symbols represent a corner of the services of great scholars.

The translation movement in Andalusia began after the conquest of Toledo (478 AH) and the acquaintance of Christians with the scientific heritage of the Muslims. The Jews were considered one of the most important figures in the translation movement due to their presence in Islamic societies and their mastery of the Arabic language, based on their knowledge. The present study, in a descriptive-analytical method, in addition to examining the contexts and the presence of Jews in Andalusia, has examined their role in the translation movement. The research findings show that following the strictures of the al-Muwaḥḥidūn, the presence of Jews in Andalusia increased and in addition to translation, they passed on their experiences in politics to Christians. Jewish translators excelled in various sciences, translating various works in medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and physics from Arabic into Spanish, Hebrew, and Latin. Some translators sought to make a living, while others sought to attract the attention of the rulers to the Jewish community.

Hamza (AS) was the son of Abdul Muttalib, the uncle of the Prophet (PBUH) and one of the brave and courageous commanders of Islam who was martyred in the battle of Uhud and was honored with the titles of Asadullah and Sayyid al-Shuhada. With the conversion of Hazrat Hamza (AS) to Islam, Islam gained power and the Prophet (PBUH) found great support against the enemies of Islam. Familiarity with all aspects of the life of prominent figures of Islam is very important, but unfortunately some aspects of the lives of these great people have been neglected and there is not much information in recent sources and contemporary research. In this article, by referring to the ancient sources of genealogy and biography and by descriptive-analytical method, we have studied the biography of Hazrat Hamza's wives. Studies show that in the sources, three ladies are mentioned as the wives of Hazrat Hamza; Salma bint Umays, Kholeh bint Qais and a lady from Ansar and Aws tribe. Salma bint Umays and Khuleh bint Qais are considered as companion women and are among those who have narrated from the Prophet (PBUH).