پژوهشنامه بیمه
سال سی و هفتم شماره 1 (بهار 1401)

To predict loss reserve using a stochastic approach and compare it with the proposed deterministic methods in the central insurance directive of the method of estimating and controlling the adequacy of loss reserves in the field of automobile third party liability insurance.

This research is an applied-development study in terms of its objectives and is considered as an analytical study. In this paper, stochastic and definite methods are used to calculate the loss reserve. To evaluate the model, a loss data set of an Iranian insurance company in the period 2011 to 2019 is considered; using this data set as well as designing a run-off triangle generation algorithm, loss reserve was analyzed based on the studied models by R software. The run-off triangle generation algorithm designed in this paper has the ability to generate a double run-off triangle (triangles of number and amount of loss) simultaneously. In this paper, in addition to using common methods of back-testing the results, a solution is proposed to select the best reserving model based on the calculation of the uncertainty of consecutive triangles.

Due to the definiteness of the proposed central insurance models, the use of stochastic approaches was emphasized in this paper. In the central insurance approach, it is not possible to calculate CDR and MSEP. These two criteria are very valuable in response to the insurance company's solvency and risk-based supervision. In this article, several loss reserve methods were used to show how the best method can be selected for loss reserve. The dynamic stochastic approach used in this paper allows insurance companies, in addition to estimating the reserve point, to determine the safe distance for it and thus save sufficient capital to fulfill their obligations.

The results of the calculations in this paper indicate that the method based on the loss ratio is biased and the results are not reliable for insurance companies. The simulation results also confirm the inadequacy of the method based on the damage ratio. The results of the study show that it is not possible to recommend a fixed and uniform method for all companies. It is the insurance company's duty to find the most appropriate method for its company and to introduce it to the supervisory body.

One of the most important problems involved insurance companies is insurance products pricing. In recent actuarial researches, fuzzy random variables have been used to consider uncertainty of economics parameters in insurance products pricing. Due to the effects of interest rate uncertainty on the insurance industry and especially life insurance, in this article, fuzzy random variables are implemented to consider interest rate uncertainty and calculate premiums for different types of life insurance products. Also, considering that the life table of Iran has been written based on the demographic information of this country and has been communicated to insurance companies to use, the results of using this table on fuzzy insurance premiums of different types of insurance policies have been compared with the life table TD88-90 previously used by insurance companies.

In this study, the fuzzy interest rates are used to define fuzzy discount functions and premiums of life insurance products is calculated.

In this paper, we have implemented fuzzy set theory to model interest rate for calculating premiums of life insurance products. Research findings were presented and analyzed for (term and whole) life insurances, endowments and life annuities using the interest rates announced in the supplement of Regulation No. 68 for Iranian life Insurance products. The premium calculations have been performed for Life table of Iran, which recently has been issued to be used by insurance companies, and life table TD88-90, which has previously been used by insurance companies.  Our findings based on Life table of Iran for a life annuity shows that all possible values of the premium for a 57-year-old person are in the interval [3.741, 4.384] and the deterministic amount of premium is 4.045. Also, the net premiums for the average risk aversion mode (β =0.75) is 4.212. Also, the effect of changes in β and insured age on premium amounts for different types of life insurance products has been studied and analyzed.  Furthermore, all calculations based on life table TD88-90 has been done and is compared with those based on Life table of Iran. Theoretically, the mortality probability of an x-year-old person according to the Life table of Iran is higher than the mortality probability of this person based on the life table TD88-90. So, the premiums calculated for this person based on the Iranian table for term insurance and endowment insurance are less and for life annuity is more than the premium calculated based on Table TD88-90. This can also be seen based on the findings of this article. On the other words, our findings based on table TD88-90 shows that all possible values of the fuzzy premium for a 57-year-old person are in the interval [3.575, 4.257] and the deterministic amount of premium is 3.896. Also, the net premiums for the average risk aversion mode (β =0.75) is 3.988. Also, these results were compared with the random method, which indicates the validity of the proposed fuzzy method.

Interest rates fluctuate over time due to changes in monetary, fiscal and foreign exchange policies, and this fluctuation can affect the determination of premiums, reserves and liabilities of insurance companies. This is especially important for life insurance products due to their long-term nature and the possibility of higher interest rate fluctuations during the policy period. Therefore, it is necessary to be considered the interest rate risk and uncertainty in life insurance products by the regulator and insurance companies. In this regard, using the fuzzy interest rate, the permitted range for the interest rate can be considered that insurance companies, taking into account their risk aversion, to determine the amount of premium in the desired period.JEL Classification: G22, C02, C63.

Considering the strategic decision-making functions, employee well-being may be included as the main goal in the organization's strategies and in the management of Health-related human resources. Health-related human resource management is one of the enablers in strategic planning and decision making, because in times of rapidly changing markets and increasing competitive pressure, human resources can facilitate the development of a workforce that is able to be flexible and adapt to the demands of be strategically a variable of the organization. Due to the strategic decision-making functions, employee well-being may be included as the main goal in the organization's strategy in order to ensure the strategic health-related human resource management. Also, due to the beneficial relationship between the positive stress Mindset of sales staff and collective Well-Being, it is expected that healthy human resource management has an indirect relationship with company performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact Health-related human resource management, positive stress mindset and collective well-being of the employees of insurance companies on their performance.

This research is an applied survey-descriptive and based on the mutual benefit perspective, which examines the conceptual model adapted from a study abroad. The population of this study included employees of different levels of insurance companies in the city of Mashhad, the total size of the population for this study was considered unknown. 450 questionnaires were distributed among the members of the statistical community and finally 384 valid questionnaires were collected as a sample using simple random sampling method. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire adapted from theoretical foundations on a Likert scale of five options. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling using Smart PLS and SPSS software.

The results of descriptive statistics showed that the variable of Health-related human resource management has an average of 4.29, positive stress 4.29, collective emotional fatigue 4.08, collective engagement 4.16 and performance variable has an average of 4.15. Path analysis results showed that all research hypotheses were confirmed and besides health related HRM on positive stress mindset and positive stress mindset. Also found to affect the performance of insurance companies in Mashhad. In addition, positive stress mindset and collective well-being mediated the relationship between health-related HRM and performance.

As a result of data analysis, it was found that health-related human resource management in insurance companies is effective in creating a psychologically healthy place and thus helps job security, commitment and more employee involvement with the job. In fact, health-related human resource management has a double emphasis on employees' efforts to prevent health threats, which can be indirectly related to collective engagement and organizational performance. As a result, paying attention to human resource management measures to ensure the mental health of insurance industry employees and support these measures to prevent burnout along with human resource planning with the cooperation of industry employees, permanent and systematic evaluation of healthy human resources and support and Top management's emphasis on the importance of a psychologically healthy work environment can positively affect learning and growth, productivity, and workplace stress.JEL Classification: M54, I19, I10, L25.

 The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new revolution that emerged in the late 21st century, whereby everyday objects such as household items, cars, and wearable's, which are equipped with sensors and RFID chips, can communicate with each other via the internet and interact to their physical surroundings. The IoT has emerged into the daily operation of many industries. Modern Technology applications such as smart grids, smart cities, smart homes, physical security, e-health, asset management, and logistics are related to the insurance business. Therefore, advances in the IoT field have attracted considerable attention from both the insurance industry and academics. Many insurance providers have attempted to present solutions based on the IoT in their main business including automobile insurance and smart sensors with a discount feature. Therefore, this study examines the influential factors in the acceptance of the IoT in the insurance industry according to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2). Given the importance of the innovation acceptance process in recent decades, many theories and models have been proposed regarding the acceptance process. Including models for decision-making and acceptance of innovation is the integrated TAM and UTAUT2. In terms of technology acceptance, this model demonstrates the intertwining of the main structures of several well-known models of variance with the intention of user behavior. Variables such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease, social influence, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, trust, Security, and perceived risk were selected to examine the factors affecting IoT acceptance intention. The role of age moderators on the relationship of each hypothesis was also investigated.   

 This study, in terms of its purpose, is categorized as applied research and based on methods and data collection is descriptive survey research. Required data collected for the study consists of 100 managers, employees, and agencies of insurance companies in Tehran city, the questionnaire was distributed among them through a simple random sampling method. In order to measure the validity of the tool, face and convergent validity were used through the mean of variance (AVE), which was more than 0.5. Calculating Cronbach's Alpha showed the reliability of the tool was 0.777, also calculating composite reliability indicated the result above 0.7. Also, the direction analyzes the data, descriptive and inferential statistics and the structural equation modeling were employed with SPSS 23 and Smart PLS 3.0 software programs.

 The results of the study indicate that the perceived usefulness (b = 0.313, t-value = 3.112) and perceived ease (b = 0.178, t-value = 2.611) have a significant positive effect on the IoT acceptance intention. In addition, social influence (b = 0.179, t-value = 1.894), performance expectancy (b = 0.211, t-value = 2.288), effort expectancy (b = 0.209, t-value = 2.061), facilitating conditions (b = 0.219, t-value = 2.253), trust (b = 0.205, t-value = 2.262) have a significant positive effect on the IoT acceptance intention. At the same time, Security (b = -0.182, t-value = 1.760) and perceived risk (b = -0.171, t-value = 2.030) influence and lastly have a significant negative effect on the IoT acceptance intention. The role of age adjustment was also examined based on the two age groups of 30 to 40 years and 41 to 51 years. The results of the study of the role of age moderators showed that only the relationship between facilitating conditions and behavioral intention in the age group of 30 to 40 years and 41 to 51 years are different. In other hypotheses, age had no effect as a moderating role.

 The proposed model and the results of this study can help the managers in the insurance industry in making better decisions regarding the use of the IoT so that more financial resources can be dedicated to the advancement of this new technology. Given that the insurance risk is one of the more crucial elements for the insurance undertaking, IoT solutions are evolving into a useful tool towards the more accurate calculation of risk and compliance with their regulatory quantitative requirements. Therefore, it is necessary for insurance industry managers to plan purposefully to implement this strategy, which is to acceptance of the IoT taken, in order to be able to develop the IoT in the country in insurance issues. Accordingly, the IoT is not only a great way to improve the customer experience but can also help insurers by reducing costs.JEL-Classification: G22, O14, L86.

Identify the effects and challenges of corona in the field of marine insurance and the extent of claims coverage And as well as explaining workable strategies to help address these challenges And long-term preventive policies to overcome similar crises in the future possible.

This research is organized in a descriptive-analytical manner And the method of collecting materials has been compiled in the form of a library and by studying and searching in books and legal articles, laws and related internet sites. ‌

The maritime and shipping industry plays an important role in maritime transport; Because most transportation in the world is done by sea and by ship; But for a long time now, Sea voyages have always been associated with hazards that could cause damage to goods, ships or their occupants; Therefore, shipowners were always looking for suitable solutions to compensate for the damages, which in the end, concluding an insurance contract with marine insurers found the best solution and financial support and thus succeeded in insuring the ship, goods and third parties liability by Profit Insurances and Protection and Indemnity Clubs. In late 2019, an emerging phenomenon called the corona virus emerged, which spread rapidly around the world. Following the widespread outbreak of the coronavirus, governments sought to prevent the spread of the new virus by imposing restrictive regulations such as forced closures, quarantines, travel restrictions and border closures. Therefore, as a result of these restrictions, a wide range of commercial activities in the world decreased, and as a result, reduced transportation, especially in the maritime area, which ultimately caused a lot of damage to shipowners; This is because the restrictions imposed have led to a reduction in manpower, delays in loading, clearance and delivery of goods, damage to cargoes, especially perishable goods, delays in repair, service and inspection of ships, as well as loss of ship hire and the costs of quarantine, sickness or death of seafarers, return and replacement costs, passenger liability and diversion costs must be added that these cases will lead to insurance claims and create differences between underwriters and insurers.

Coronas affect marine insurance, and insurers and underwriters will face many challenges to cover or compensate. About cargo insurance, Restrictions on the corona outbreak led to the cancellation of many sales and transportation contracts that this led to delays in loading, clearance and delivery of goods, congestion of ports, saturation of warehouses and customs and as a result, it incurs additional costs and damages, especially perishable goods, or even theft or destruction of shipments. In addition, Ship quarantine and disinfection may also cause the goods to be destroyed, damaged or reduced that this can lead to insurance claims and disputes or requests for new coverage. On the other hand, insurers have prepared themselves for a possible onslaught of insurance claims by resorting to new exception conditions and based on the fact that many of these insurance policies contain universal exceptions or not set to provide coverage for Quid 19, They try to reduce the level of compensation as much as possible. In the case of ship insurance, Due to the prevalence of corona, the reduction in the use of some types of ships, such as container ships and cruise ships, has to some extent led to a reduction in insurance claims for damage to the hull and machinery of ships; But due to restrictions, There will be another dimension of insurance claims that result from disruptions and delays in the provision of spare parts, periodic repairs, and ship inspections. in addition to, Lack of manpower in ships and ports due to illness, bans or ship delays leads to sailors' fatigue and, of course, increases human error, which is one of the main causes of maritime accidents. The reduction in premiums is another effect of the Corona epidemic, which has resulted in a decline in turnover due to the global recession, and various types of marine insurance are likely to face payment problems due to a lack of liquidity; At the same time, we are expected to see an increase in fraud due to fraudulent damages and an increase in bankruptcy. Another consequence of Corona is the increase in claims related to the loss of ship hire. If due to corona delays, the duration of repair of damage to a ship in the repair shop is increased, claiming damages related to the loss of hire will lead to a dispute between underwriters and insurers. This is because if there are delays or delays in repairing the damage or damages covered by the ship's hull and machinery insurance, then the loss of hire will be covered by the insurance. otherwise, If repairs are delayed or delayed due to the corona, insurers will attribute the delay to an epidemic and try to reduce compensation. Expenses related to quarantine, sickness and death of seafarers, return expenses, passenger liability, diversion costs and fines are covered by Protection and Indemnity Clubs, and the corona epidemic will significantly increase claims in these cases. In addition to claims, investment market fluctuations affect the financial returns of these associations, and the decline in stock markets has greatly affected the income and capital of many of these Clubs; Therefore, investment and insurance losses lead to an increase in insurance rates when most accounts are renewed, which is another challenge for shipowners. To meet the challenges, insurers need to seek the necessary expertise and experience in the field of additional risk assessment; Reassure insurers by paying compensation on time and prepare for similar crises in the future by upgrading the risk-taking system and maintaining financial wealth and even create new covers. By using robotic technology, insurers can prevent delays and disruptions in periodic inspections and repairs of ships, and with the development of digitalization and automation, prevent physical contact with individuals and speed up insurance operations.

‌‌In order to counter the harmful consequences of events and events, there are a variety of ways in which the transformation of government concept and the creation of "good government" have led citizens to expect support from them in the event of a disaster, in order to compensate for the accident. accordingly, in order to protect the accidents caused by vehicles and with the purpose of speeding up compensation, in certain cases, the fund provides physical damages, responsibility to pay physical damages. Indeed , one of the most important goals of civil liability is the full compensation . in the event of a harmful event , the damages incurred by the incurred damages will be fully compensated , besides the existence of liability insurance and social protection that has caused civil liability as a mechanism for the distribution of losses . Additional insurance projects are expected to be included in the same category. The innovations of this law are that in case of suspension , the cancellation of the license license , stoppage or issuance of an insurance company decree , this right has been granted to the insurer to act after paying damages to the insurer , who is entitled to act in a lawsuit , " The Court is required to act on the issuance of damages and damages to the fund . "( Note one of Article 22 of the new Compulsory Insurance Law authorized in1395). From the point of view of the note Discussion the Investigating the nature and scope of the order to transfer the insurer's property to the Bodily Injury Insurance Fund in case of compensation by the Fund to the insurer’s Deputy.

The method used in this study is the descriptive-analytical method using library tools.

Interpretation of the phrase in Note one of Article 22 of the new Compulsory Insurance Law authorized in1395, requires attention to the principles and rules of law and other regulations on bankruptcy and the rules governing insurance companies and mere focus and attention on the compulsory third party injury insurance law due to vehicle accidents approved in1395 and the relevant regulations do not provide a correct interpretation. from the addition of rules and regulations, it seems that the fund's responsibility to compensate the damages is limited to the texts and cannot be followed by the spirit of laws, regulations or principles and legal theories. However , covering the driver 's treatment cost and the term " damaged " term in article 22 of the new Compulsory Insurance Law authorized in1395, it helps in assuming the suspension or cancellation of the insurance company 's license to pay damages to Lost victims , the judgment of the Central Insurance or the Supreme Council of Insurance , or by the competent court , the fund for the driver 's bodily damages . Accordingly , First, the application of Article 35 is not concerned with the loss of the driver's treatment fees due to the condition of Article 22. Second, the fund is solely responsible for compensating the bodily damages that the driver for the accident has made insurance insurance, but due to suspension, cancellation, stoppage or bankruptcy of the insurer, it is not possible to pay the costs of treatment or loss of money in accidents leading to death or death losses. Thirdly, the driver blamed the accident on purpose. ‌

in accordance with regulations in the Compulsory Insurance Law, In some cases ,The Bodily Damages Supply fund are required to pay physical damages to the damage caused by vehicle accidents. by interpreting the word " disadvantage " , referred to in article 22 of the new Compulsory Insurance Law authorized in1395, all persons affected by the suspension or cancellation of the license of the insurance company or the issuance of a moratorium on bankruptcy or bankruptcy. third parties and the driver behind the accident have the right to visit the fund for damages . Note one of Article 22 of the new Compulsory Insurance Law authorized in1395, It stipulates that:" The court is required to act on issuing the decree transferring the property and property of the insurer to the extent of the payments and damages incurred by the fund". There is disagreement about the nature of the fund 's right to transfer property and insurers 'assets to him . It seems that , in accordance with this clause , after seizing insurers' property according to the general terms , it is merely a privilege for the fund to enter into procedures related to the " sale of confiscated properties " in the implementation stage and recovery of damage at a faster rate . In other sense, the fund's demand is only ordinary demands, which after the seizure of the insurer's property according to the general terms, is only due to the removal of paperwork related to the sale of confiscated properties relative to the restitution of the fund. Also , with regard to the texts mentioned in Articles 53 and 60 of the establishment of the Central Insurance Authority of Iran and relate Insurance company and Article 58 of the Department of purification of bankruptcy , the assumption of the stoppage and bankruptcy of the insurance institution is subject to the inclusion of the clause of a matter of 22 exit points . It is suggested That In subsequent amendments to the provision of compulsory insurance law, to match this provision with other statutes, the provision of a reduction in the supervision of the executive court in the case of the suspension and cancellation of the insurance company 's license to the third party insurance and insurance policy. Also, according to legal terms, dues are also included among the property pillars of the individual, the statement of the word property in the expression contained in the clause of a matter of 22 is sufficient and the word of assets should be excluded from this clause.