مجله جامعه شناسی نهادهای اجتماعی
پیاپی 18 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The aim of the present study is to identify the reasons and motivations of women in the conceptual model of extramarital relationship and the causes of the collapse of the family structure.

To this end, with the present research has applied a qualitative approach and grand theory. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 17 married women in Qazvin City who had the experience of an extramarital relationship. The interviewees were selected through targeted snowball sampling method.

Based on the findings, the causal conditions of this study were identified as sexual diversity, lack of sexual skills and knowledge, justification of extramarital relationship and absence of spouse. The central phenomenon was the metamorphosis of intimacy or mutual love emerging in the context of alternatives for the growth of social relations and change of social values, increase of leisure time and facilitation of new technologies.

Individualism, gender bias, spouse indifference, female inferiority in earning as intervening conditions, and finally the fact that that women, in these actions and reactions, engage in an extramarital affair with a desire for consumerism, body management, and hesitation in the continuation of married life and justifying this kind of relationship, caused consequences such as increased hedonism and the normalization of extramarital affairs.

The main purpose of this study is to describe mothers' deep understanding of their maternal experience.

The research method is qualitative and phenomenological. The study population includes 20-45-year-old mothers in Arak. The study data was collected using in-depth individual interviews. Samples were purposefully selected and after 24 interviews, theoretical saturation was obtained. After recording the interviews, the data were written and analyzed. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s (1978) method, which was also described by Mustacas (1994).

Data analysis shows that participating mothers, despite their differences in education and occupation, had three main categories of reflection, identification and social pressure in their maternal experience.

Rethinking the empathetic, compensatory, conscious, competitive, and planning subcategories, motherhood shows that mothers today are rethinking how their maternal lives are. Identification of the subcategories of creating leisure and trying to create or expand communication networks shows that mothers in the process of motherhood are also seeking new identity packages. Also, the social pressure with the subcategories of lack of supportive institutions, and the mother responsible for the child refers to the pressure that the mother feels in the society regarding how she plays her role

This research, relying on the theoretical theme of the spatiality of social relations, attempts to have a qualitative analysis of the subjective construction of female teachers in formal and informal spaces in Kamyaran City. The theoretical approach is taken from a critical tradition which focuses on the centrality of the society and analyzes subjectivity in the context of space.

For data collection, direct observation and in-depth interview were used. For data analysis, the method of thematic analysis was used.

The findings have been categorized under 4 main themes and 20 sub-themes. It was concluded that female teachers adopt themselves to the formal space of schools through a kind of public transcript. However, they secretly resist school’s disciplinary mechanisms by means of a hidden transcript. On the contrary, in informal spaces, female teachers use public transcript not as a means to adopt themselves to the disciplinary mechanisms but as a way of expressing their own femininity. They actually try to represent their feminine self through participating in intimate gatherings, communicating with the opposite sex and enjoying leisure time.

In other words, in informal spaces, women’s attempt to construct a hidden transcript for self-defense decreases, and their attempt to empower their feminine agency increases, something which is usually realized through activities such as face de-masking, bodily representation and seizing existent spaces.

The purpose of this article is to identify and prioritize the elements of contextual-cultural identity in the creation and stability of the identity of the Turkish ethnicity.

The present research uses a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, 22 Azeri experts living in Tehran City and other Turkish-speaking province centers in 2020 selected through snowball-sampling method to reach theoretical saturation were interviewed. In the quantitative phase, 384 residents of the centers of the Azeri provinces were selected through stratified random sampling method using Cochran's formula. Research instruments in qualitative part were checklist and semi-structured questionnaire. The instrument of the quantitative part was a researcher-made questionnaire extracted from the identified indicators of contextual-cultural identity in the creation and stability of the Turkish ethnic group. To validate the content of the interviews, two consecutive stages of surveys with experts were used. Content validity and structural validity were used to assess the validity and Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire.

The findings of the qualitative section revealed that based on the “thematic analysis” obtained from the interviews with experts, from 144 contents, 74 categorized codes, 12 sub-themes and finally four main themes were recognized, inclusding:1. Geography, 2. Language, 3. Individual Attitude, and 4. Personality Characteristics; their indexes were recognized as contextual-cultural identity elements in the creation and stability of Turkish ethnicity. Moreover, the results of the quantitative section, according to the exploratory factor analysis, showed five factors affecting the creation and stability of the individual-contextual cultural identity element of Turkish ethnicity, including 1. Personality characteristics, 2. Language, 3. Gender differences, 4. Individual attitudes, and 5. Geography. The results of one-sample t-test proved that the contextual-cultural identity, to a large extent, affects the creation and stability of the identity of the Turkish ethnicity. In this category, geography and language had the most important and gender differences had the least important role.

Hence, geography and language are the most important elements of contextual-cultural identity in the creation and stability of the identity of the Turkish ethnicity.

Nowadays, experts challenge the negative attitude toward immigration and take a more positive stance towards it. In their opinion, migration can bring benefits to both countries of origin and destination. One of the advantages mentioned is their economic interactions with the country of origin, leading to economic and cultural development in the country of origin. Regarding the lack of comprehensive research in this field, the present study aims at identifying the types of economic interactions of immigrants residing in Germany with Iran and their reasons for it.

The statistical population of the present study includes all legal immigrants aged above 18 residing in Germany with more than 2 years of residence in this country. Since there was no prior framework for investigating this issue, a qualitative method and a semi-structured interview were used. Based on theoretical sampling, 30 immigrants were interviewed.

The findings of the present study indicate that transferring goods and funds from Germany falls into five main categories, namely, sending gifts, investments, charitable actions, sending rare goods and purchasing incorporated services,

This five main categories are subject to cultural integration, economic integration, attitude to Iran and Germany and the number of years Immigrants reside in Germany.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the impact of couples’ decision making process on delayed childbearing and also to understand the context involved in their decisions.

In this research conducted in Mashhad, using snowball sampling, eight couples (who are not willing to have child even a few years after their marriage) were selected. Data was collected using narrative interviews (individually and in pairs) and analyzed through qualitative narrative analysis method.

The thematic narrative analysis revealed five themes, including child expenses, discouraging social networks, neutral social networks, and welfare preferences. The results obtained from the structural narrative analysis suggested that couples confronted crises, issues, concerns and trends in their lives which enormously affected their childbearing decision; therefore, they decided to postpone it. For some couples, having a child in the specific situation they were in (specific period of their lives) prevented them from reaching their goals and added to their problems. 

Besides, couples’ economic situation, social network, relationship with each other, as well as their personal purposes and motivation had a significant role in decision-making process about postponing childbearing.

Taking the perspective of indigenous people involved in the phenomenon, the present research seeks to understand what contexts in a person's environment lead him to addiction, what factors, conditions and interactions exist in this context and what are the consequences of addiction.

This study uses a qualitative research approach. The participants include 17 men selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed through qualitative content analysis of Strauss-Corbin's approach.

"Normalization and breaking the taboo of drug use", "family and environmental problems and disputes", "family passivity and weakness in supervision", "lack of supportive and controlling role of society", "ambiguity of future goals and prospects", "consumption attractions", as well as "individual and personality challenges" are the 7 central codes mentioned.

The core category of this research is "refraction of the constructive interactive model of individual-family-society" which includes other categories. The grounded theory of research is expressed in the form of a paradigm model including six dimensions of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, phenomena, interactions and consequences.

The present survey research is a sociological study of the relationship between different types of capitals and the rate of women’s tendency to divorce.

The statistical population consists of married women aged 15-54 in Hamedan. The sample size was calculated using Cochran formula on 300 individuals and stratified sampling method was used to select the samples. The theoretical data was collected from books and articles and the practical data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Face validity and Cronbach's alpha were used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The independent variables of the study included six variables of social capital, economic capital, embodied cultural capital, objective cultural capital, institutional cultural capital and women's erotic capital. In addition, the dependent variable of the research was the rate of women’s tendency to divorce.

The results of Pearson correlation coefficients showed that there is a significant negative relationship between the six independent variables of research and the rate of women's tendency to divorce.

The results of stepwise multivariate regression test showed that three variables of erotic capital, social capital and embodied cultural capital predicted and estimated 0.51% of the variance of the dependent variable (married women’s tendency to divorce).

Throughout the history, people have used different ways of earning income through entertainment activities. With a growing number of users, online gambling and prediction sites are among the most prevalent modes of such activities in the twenty-first century. In Iran, a lot of young people (aged 15-30) spend a considerable amount of time and energy on such sites. This phenomenological study investigates the experience of gambling sites users, seeking to provide a clear understanding of why and how Iranian users engage in such activities and justify earning income through these sites.

This qualitative study employs a phenomenological approach. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 users of gambling and prediction sites.

Several themes were extracted from the interviews, including changing Halal income, escaping from daily routine, having an intense sense of dependence, financial independence and choosing effective techniques. These themes explain how gambling websites users experience gambling and show their conceptual standpoint towards these websites.

What was remarkable in the participants’ statements was their understanding of Halal income, i.e., although like other members of the society they tried to find sources of income, they were not much faithful to conventional definitions of legitimate income. As such, they contended that in today’s world, methods of monetization had changed and any job that would require effort and concentration could qualify as a legitimate one. In fact, users of gambling sites had changed their perceptions of Halal income

According to Jacobs, space and society have a clear and close relationship, i.e., it is difficult to understand space without its social content. This research tries to address the phenomenon and problem of car parking space as a spatial-social issue from Jacob's point of view and extend this approach and attention to the field of urban studies.

By utilizing an exploratory sequential mixed methods, in the first stage (qualitative part), content analysis, and in the second stage (quantitative part), survey method were performed. In the qualitative section, the researcher focused on reputable news sites where the event was described by the public or reporters. In the quantitative part, using sampling proportional to volume and simple random, 302 people were selected as the study sample. The research population included all citizens of Tehran with is the age of 15 years and higher. To analyze the data, TOPSIS and SPSS23 software were used.

The findings showed that most citizens of Tehran have a lack of parking space during the week resulting in arguments and verbal conflict with pedestrians, incessant and continuous horns, arguing and shouting, beatings, obscenities and insults, getting out of cars and gossiping, and not respecting the others’ rights and the peaceful resolution of disputes. Evaluations indicate that the lack of parking space in the metropolis of Tehran causes low ethics. Hence, the eastern and northern regions of Tehran are in the first and second ranks in terms of the distribution of the studied indicators (observance of ethics), respectively, and the southern regions of Tehran are in the last place.

The metropolis of Tehran is facing many problems in this area, which if not properly solved, will impose a lot of social costs on both system operators (officials) and system users (citizens).

Social changes have shaped various processes in the relationship between couples and paved the way for the emergence and spread of different types of pre- and post-marital sex. But these relationships are manifested not in the air but on the ground and in certain contexts. The present article has been done with the aim of understanding and describing the contexts and backgrounds of the formation of extramarital relationships in the city of Rasht.

The methodological approach of the present study was qualitative and in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 women and men involved in extramarital affairs to collect data. Finally, the data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis technique.

The findings showed that extramarital affairs occur as an interaction between the individual and society in both individual and social contexts. Some social contexts are rooted in traditional values such as patriarchy and some are rooted in the decline of traditional values. Individual values, personality traits, and feelings of insecurity in relationships in the context of media intervention have led to the development of multiple emotional relationships and extramarital experiences.

In such circumstances, environmental attractions and the decline of values on the one hand in combination with the new conceptualization of love on the other hand can explain and interpret the mechanism of extramarital relationships.

Since the beginning of the new era, the intellectual movement has been established as the most important producer of ideas and stimulus for the foundation of cultural and political institutions in societies. Depending on their context and time, the members of this movement made writing a means and an opportunity for a serious and sustained response to the crises and other rifts of human society.

The article is written according to the theoretical model of "life policy" and its method is comparative.

In the present article, considering the malignant crises affecting the living world today, the nature and work of intellectuals with a focus on the critical sociology of two prominent thinkers is discussed. In answer to this questionnaire, it is shown that although the two theorists have distinct and conflicting epistemological aspects, their theoretical apparatus is closely related to the conditions of society in contemporary danger. The purpose of this study is to critically examine the exposure of contemporary critical sociology in the era of post societies  "post-corona".

The main purpose of the present study is to compare the intellectual work of Michel Foucault to Jürgen Habermas in the situation of "post-…" societies and to find the effective and useful aspects of Foucault's theories and Habermas's views in the face of crises and dangers of humans’ political and social life in our “present” time.

The present study seeks to achieve a realistic view of the phenomenon of self-censorship in government institutions in Iran and identify the factors affecting it.

In the framework of an interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach, based on the objective method of grounded theory and using a semi-structured interview tool, this study examines the relationships and generalities of government institutions in Yazd. Accordingly, 23 individuals with 5 years of experience in information dissemination in government institutions were selected gradually and homogeneously using a purposeful sampling method with maximum diversity as well as snowball and theoretical sampling.

The findings of this study indicate that out of a total of 208 concepts constructed from statements derived from interview texts, 24 sub-categories and 8 main categories were obtained. The core phenomenon obtained from the categories of this research indicated a "legitimizing exchange" in the process of self-censorship in government institutions of Yazd.

The final results of this study indicate a combination of individual and structural dimensions in the phenomenon of self-censorship in government institutions. Individuals seem to think in terms of individual and group interests and under the pressure of structural requirements, and by moving in the direction of obedience and approval at the individual, organizational or extra-organizational levels, they finally agree to a legitimizing exchange.

The advent of modern knowledge cities is the consequence of formation of knowledge-centered society and knowledge-based economy. The appearance of these centers, on the one hand, results from convergence of theories of knowledge-based development, knowledge management and urban studies. On the other hand, knowledge city is the result of the reconciliation between economic welfare and social values; a place where intellectual capital, social capital, human capital, as well as financial and physical capitals are strongly connected and influence each other; an efficient place in attracting, retaining and growing brains. The formation of knowledge cities is mainly started from components with geographical origins and directly related to the subject of land-use planning. Knowledge cities are in need of strategic plans, development plans and future studies more than other human societies. Hence, they require multiple-dimension attention to regional planning. This has been neglected in Iran.The main purpose of this study is to clarify what are the main considerations for the proper development of these centers, given the pillars and characteristics of knowledge cities and academic cities.

This qualitative comparative study is in the category of applied research in terms of purpose.

The findings show that Iran academic cities just have the first characteristic among the three characteristics (academic development, social and cultural development, communicative characteristics) of knowledge cites in practice.

The development of knowledge cities and academic cities in Iran has been the proliferation of scientific units and university centers, not the promotion and development of science norms.Even the establishment and development of these centers has not been in line with the ancient scientific tradition of Iran. Rather, the unbalanced overflow has been an unbridled social demand that has formed on its own without regard to the principles of spatial planning.The author offers eight suggestions for improving this situation at the end of the article.

The present article emphasizes the contexts of successful inter-religious marriages between heterogeneous couples.

using a qualitative methodology and grounded theory, Deep and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 heterogeneous couples in Sistan and Baluchestan Province selected through theoretical sampling method. Data were analyzed in three stages of coding based on Glaser and Strauss’s grounded theory.

In open coding, 70 concepts were found, and in axial coding, 13 sub-categories and 5 main categories were extracted. The main phenomenon of "cultural tolerance and successful interfaith marriage" are formed in the causal context of "non-prejudiced-religious romantic marriage" and along with the context of "religious diversity and the recognition of religious differences in the family". The intervening conditions of "family culture" leads to strategies such as the "democratic family" that ultimately results in "life satisfaction in an interfaith marriage."

Therefore, the method of choosing a spouse and interpersonal relationship between couples, putting aside prejudices and religious bias in life, considering the common cultural pattern in society and the culture of democratic familyism play an important role in forming a successful interf-religious marriage between couples.