فصلنامه جغرافیا و آمایش شهری - منطقه ای
پیاپی 42 (بهار 1401)

Today, the physical factors affecting the formation of social interactions and, consequently, the sense of community in neighborhoods have been ignored. This seems to be due to the sudden acceleration of the growth and development of neighborhoods, which has ultimately led to forgetting the social nature of neighborhoods. This is happening at a time when neighborhoods have previously played a special role in the interactions between urban life and citizens. Therefore, these changes have led to problems such as reduced cooperation and trustworthy social relations, and as a result, the continuation of this has hindered the social development of neighborhoods. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of objective and subjective dimensions of the neighborhood on the sense of community in the old and new neighborhoods of Tabriz. Sorkhab and Dohchi neighborhoods have been studied as an example of old texture neighborhoods and Yaghchian neighborhoods as a sample of new texture neighborhoods. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Library and field studies have been used for data collection and sample t-test, Spearman and regression statistical tests have been used for analysis.  The path model shows that the objective dimension has a greater impact on the sense of community. Also, the objective dimension, the body component, and the building area index, and the subjective dimension, the meaning component, and the security index have the greatest impact on the social sense of the mentioned neighborhoods. Therefore, planners and designers must pay attention to the components of the objective dimension (body) and the subjective dimension (meaning) to promote the sense of community in old and new neighborhoods. The innovation of this research is in comparing the components affecting the sense of community in old and new tissues using a quantitative method.

In Iran, about half of municipal waste is made up of organic matter, while indeed only 12% of the organic waste produced in the country is composted.  Therefore, the aim was to investigate the factors affecting the willingness to pay (WTP) for home composting and how much WTP for home composting. The statistical population consisted of the citizens of Isfahan city, Cochran formula estimated 367 households as a sample then they are selected by random sampling. The results showed that 143 respondents were reluctant to pay and did not want to accept it. Also, the results showed that lack of facilities and equipment, lack of knowledge, time consuming and user, and lack of adequate space were the most important deterrents. According to the results, the willingness to pay for the production of home compost was estimated at 112 thousand Tomans per year. The variables that influenced the WTP include age, household size, and type of house. Based on the results, In order to strengthen and stimulate proper environmental behaviors and help citizens interested in producing home compost recommended that a special bin donates to them by the municipality.

he territorial future of rural areas requires the design of scenarios for the development of space, in which it solves all problems in any program. Today, the most important goal of all countries is the comprehensive growth and excellence of human societies, and the existence of inequality in various aspects like economic, social, physical, etc. are signs of underdevelopment. Rural development program based on different models in Babol County has not been successful in economic prosperity and improving the lives of villagers and their empowerment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development indicators of mountain and plain villages of Babol County and in order to achieve the desired goals, both library and field research were used. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of field research. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of field research. In the beginning, after planning and identifying the problem accurately, organized studies were conducted in order to prepare literature and theoretical review as library research, and in the field research stage, the required data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and the questionnaire was systematically randomly distributed among the statistical population. The validity of the research tool was obtained using the opinion of professors and researchers and the reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha with the confidence level of 82%. The statistical population is the villages of Eastern Bandpey District of Babol (4 mountain villages and 4 plain villages) which were selected as the sample by using Cochran's formula of 210 households. In order to measure the research variables, independent tests, Mann–Whitney U test and linear regression were used in SPSS software. The results of the independent t-test demonstrate that there is a significant difference of 99% between the income of rural households in plain villages and mountain villages. So that the villagers in the plain areas have a better economic situation. Furthermore, the results of Mann-Whitey U test for comparing qualitative components illustrate that in terms of widening and asphalting of roads and streets, development of green space and tree planting along the streets, garbage collection and waste management, surface water collection, gas supply, and electricity, there is a significant difference of 99% in the studied villages and the villages in the mountainous areas are not in a good condition. In addition, the results of linear regression analysis indicate that there is an acceptable relationship between rural motivation to stay and rural development facilities and infrastructure, suitable jobs, and sufficient income. the results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that geographic location in spatial development is very effective , so that based on the modified coefficient and   coefficient of determination , it was found that development scenarios up to 76 percent are dependent on improving communication lines , accessibility and development infrastructure in rural areas.

Planning to improve the livelihoods and incomes of rural households is considered as an important and effective foundation in achieving sustainable development goals. Strategies for improving livelihoods of Bagherabad village of Sanandaj city were investigated based on natural resources approaches. The statistical population included residents of Bagherabad village and expert in rural affairs of study area that the sample size was 255 villagers and 42 experts. The questionnaire was the important tool for gathering of information and SWOT model was used to analyze the data and appropriate strategies. In order to prioritize the most important factors affecting the improvement of livelihood in the region, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model was used in this study. Natural crisis and related threats to rural livelihood, such as drought and flood, was the most important threat according to villagers and experts with relative weights of 91.11 and 80, respectively. Existence educated human resources and their training and use of them in rural development is the most important opportunity to improve the livelihood from the viewpoint of experts and residents with relative weights of 81.78 and 87.11, respectively. Existence educated human and their training and use of them in rural development is the most important opportunity to improve the livelihood from the viewpoint of experts and residents with relative weights of 81.78 and 87.11, respectively. Strategy for improving the livelihood in study area obtained defensive strategy. This strategy is planned based on training and promotion of optimal utilization practices of natural lands and water resources, new technologies of agriculture, livestock and horticulture especially in drought conditions, improvement of rural infrastructure facilities and relying on ecotourism potentials and handicraft. The results of a network of factors showed that human-educational, climatic-geographical, economic-financial factors will be the most influential factors in the development and promotion of rural livelihood in the study area, respectively. This study recommends the use of the SWOT-ANP method as a way to identify important socio-economic-ecological axes along with determining the main strategy of promoting rural areas in the form of major capitals with the most stability and adaptively.

Today, Soil erosion is considered as one of the important issues of watershed management at the national and global levels. Estimating risk of soil reduction and its spatial distribution is one of the key factors for successful assessment of soil erosion. Rain erosivity index is the most important factor affecting soil erosion and is a function of the physical properties of rain. The aim of this study is to evaluate and model rainfall erosivity indices using geostatistical techniques. In the present study, rain erosivity in Golestan province has been modeled and estimated through Fournier, modified Fournier, IAS and Ciccacci models and based on the 20-years statistical period (1999 to 2019) of the Meteorological Organization stations. After calculating the Rain erosivity factor for the desired stations, using inverse distance method (IDW), universal polynomial interpolation (GPI), radial basis function (RBF) and Kriging interpolation, map  of rain erosivity indices of the province were drawn and to select the best interpolation method, the statistical indices of root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean basis error (MBE) were used. The results showed that the modified Fourier method is the best index (based on RMSE, MAE and MBE less in all four interpolation methods) and the radial basis function method is the best method among the methods used to estimate of rain erosivity. The results also showed that the rate of rain erosivity in the central areas of the province, especially the Gorganrood watershed and also eastern north and north of province with average minimum and maximum annual rainfall (216.1 and 776.9) and several points in the southwest of the province with average minimum and maximum annual rainfall (2/205 and 751) have more than the amount of rain erosion coefficient that such changes are affected by the pattern of rainfall distribution, intensity and topographic characteristics. The study of rain erosivity power of Golestan province shows that the pattern of rain erosivity distribution is significantly affected by the average rainfall of the region. So that the amounts of erosivity and average rainfall in this province are consistent and show almost the same pattern of behavior.

The purpose of this study was to design a proportional model of social order in the city of Kashan based on citizen participation. The research method used in this study is a descriptive survey and a field survey. The statistical population includes all the citizens of Kashan, according to the Census of 2016, number 304487. The sample size was 384 people based on Cochran formula and available by random method. The research instrument consisted of two social order questionnaires with 4 questions and citizen participation (with five sub-variables: goals, support, management, structure and evaluation), with 20 questions and the Social Order has 15 items. The data were analyzed by structural equation analysis using AMOS software. The results showed that in general, citizen participation has had an impact on social order in the city of Kashan with a structural model and a proportional model of 5 factors of participation and this model is such that participation management has the most impact on social order with a coefficient of 0.73. The structure of participation had the least effect on social order with an impact factor of 0.41.

Rural tourism is one of the most important types of tourism that plays an important role in socio-economic development of rural communities and can be effective in economic independence, creation of new job opportunities and improvement of social conditions of rural women. One of the interesting and new measures of rural tourism development is the creation of eco-tourism resorts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of tourism and development of eco-tourism resorts in economic and social empowerment of rural women. This is an applied and developmental research with a descriptive-analytic approach with a deductive approach. Required information was collected through library, documentary and field studies (interview tools, questionnaires and direct observation). The statistical population of the study consisted of 110 rural women (permanent and non-permanent) employed in Khorasan Razavi resettlement centers that were established between 94 and 96 years, including 21 residences in 13 villages and 3 cities of the province. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and one sample T-test and Friedman test were used to test the research hypotheses. The development of eco-lodges in the study area with an overall average of 2.5 has had a small effect on the economic empowerment of rural women. But the social effects were obtained with an average of 2.8 higher, which indicates more effects on women's social empowerment. With the Farid Man rank test, it was found that the highest rank of economic empowerment belongs to the index of "increasing job opportunities" and the highest rank of social empowerment belongs to the increase of "sense of spatial belonging". Also, Pearson test showed a positive correlation between economic and social empowerment of rural women.

The thermal characteristics of an area are not affected lonely by climatic conditions and its seasonal changes; other factors such as urban geometry, vegetation and aquatic elements can be effective in improving thermal comfort. Improving thermal comfort is one of the important goals in designing urban open spaces. The heat island is an effective factor in the thermal comfort of the urban sub-climate and the vegetation is also effective in controlling the heat island. One of the effective solutions in controlling the heat island of open spaces is to be aware of the different characteristics of different vegetation that control the impact of this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact and importance of vegetation and their height in the topography of the site, as one of the most widely used and effective tools in designing the quality of thermal comfort in designing part of the urban open space of Nazhvan Park in the west of the city. Isfahan and provide an optimal model of vegetation height in topography. Data collection method, field, analytical and quantitative, with comparative analysis method of proposed design options using simulation in ENVI-met software (4.4.4) in nine different vegetation patterns With a fixed plant type in ten different points of the site on June 15, 2017, and the criteria for measuring thermal comfort at the site are: air temperature, relative humidity, air flow and average radiant temperature and the index used in This study is PMV, which is one of the most comprehensive methods for estimating thermal comfort. The results indicate that a large number of trees, on the one hand, and higher trees on the other, as well as changes in topographic height, are very effective in changing and improving thermal comfort.