نشریه گیاه پزشکی کاربردی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، اسفند 1398)

In order to identify the plant parasitic nematodes in Alborz Province, some soil and root tissues of plants samples were collected from different crops in of Mehrshahr, Nazarabad, Taleghan, Hashtgerd and Karaj through 2017-8. After transferring the samples to the laboratory, soil and root washing operations, nematode extraction, transferring and fixing in pure glycerin were performed. Permanent microscopic slides and incisions were made from different parts of the body of some species. After microscopic observations, the necessary measurements and drawing of the required images, the extracted species were identified using different keys. During the survey and morphological studies, eight nematode species belonging to four genera were identified as follows: Cephalenchus leptus, Filenchus afghanicus, Filenchus discrepans, Filenchus misellus, Filenchus thornei, Discotylenchus discertus, Paratylenchus Lepidus, Paratylenchus straeleni Among the identified nematodes, the species Discotylenchus discertus is reported for the first time in Alborz province and for the second time in Ian.

Tobacco Fusarium wilts of pathogen fungi are important phytopathogens distributed worldwide and can cause yield losses in tobacco growing countries. The management of fungal soilborne pathogens are accomplished through the use of pesticides, resistant varieties, biological control, and use of plant extracts is done. The use of plant extracts for management of this disease is preferable because pesticides are expensive and may pollute the environment. This design investigated the inhibitory effects of some medicinal plant extracts on growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae the cause of tobacco collar rot and selection of a suitable concentration is performed in the laboratory in Tirtash Research and Education Center in 2018. The plants (Garlic and Cinnamon) were extracted with methanol and liquid smoke used in this study was obtained from the pyrolysis of tobacco waste. Tobacco waste was pyrolyzed in furnace in the absence of oxygen and smoke was converted to liquid smoke with cold water. This study were carried out in factorial with three factors including: crude extracts (Garlic, Cinnamon and Tobacco waste) and 6 concentration (0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm) based on Completely Randomized Design with 3 replications. The minimum inhibitory concentration of each extracts was determined by agar diffusion method. Results indicated that crude extracts of Garlic, Cinnamon and Tobacco waste (liquid smoke) have remarkable antifungal activity. With increasing concentrations of plant extracts, inhibitory effect on mycelium growth of fungal F. o f. sp. nicotianae increased. The minimum inhibitory concentration of liquid smoke of tobacco waste and methanol extracts of Garlic and Cinnamon on tobacco Fusarium wilt of against fungiwere equal to 2000, 4000 and 4000 ppm, respectively. The liquid smoke of tobacco waste at concentrations greater than 2000 ppm has fungicide and methanol extracts of Garlic and Cinnamon at concentrations greater than 4000 ppm has fungistate.

Charcoal rot on melon Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the most important soil borne diseases of melons. The disease has an economical importance throughout the world. So, infested samples from eight sampling points of Varamin Country (south-east of Tehran Province) and Garmsar and Eyvanekey Countries (Semnan Province) were collected, purified and admitted for pathogenicity on melon variety Samsouri. Then, pathogenicity of the sampled strains were compared using susceptible variety of melon, Samsouri. Totally, twelve strains of M. phaseolina were collected from the area with variable pathogenicity; although significant difference was observed among them. Strains MP-SH-34 and MP-SH-37 from Shah Sefid in Eyvanekey country had the highest pathogenicity ability and on the other hand, strain from Davarabad in Garmsar area showed the lowest pathogenicity; so, the strongest and infecting strain was MP-SH-34. According to the results, different strains of M. phaseolina is spread in melon farms of Tehran and Semnan Provinces which is needed to be managed.

The alien species tobacco flea Epitrix hirtipennis Melsheimer is reported for the first time for Iranian Chrysomelidae fauna. The first specimen was observed in an eggplant farm from Sargol village in Varamin County (Tehran Province) through mid June; population monitoring continued till the last week of July, parallel to crop harvesting which the population density raised to 3-4 fleas/leaf; continuously, the flea adults were observed on the second crop rotation at the end of July. The species is native to Nearctic ecozone and since 1983, has been reported from Palearctic region such as Italy, Portuguese, Greece, Bulgaria, Russia and Syria. Some of the other species of Epitrix has been previously reported from different parts of Iran and E. hirtipennis is reported for the first time for Iranian fauna.

Mosses are a group of simple, small and xerophyte plants that have been shown to have anti-cancer, anti-microbial and anti-fungal effects. In this study, the inhibitory effects of ethanolic and aquatic extracts of a moss species named Cinclidotus fontinaloides on the growth of two phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium solani and Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal agents of root and stem rot in crops, especially wheat, were studied by using disk diffusion method on PDA medium and mixing with culture medium to determine the MIC and compared with the effect of industrial fungicides benomyl, difenoconazole and tetraconazole. Data were analyzed by using SAS software v. 9.2 and the means were compared by using Duncan's test (P <0.05). The results confirmed the inhibitory effect of different extracts on the fungi, but ethanolic extracts showed higher growth inhibitory effects on F. solani; further more aquatic extract had the same effects on tested fungi. To investigate the effect of moss extracts on the growth of these fungi in vivo, Chamran cultivar seeds were mixed with moss extracts planted in pots containing a ratio of 1:10 mixture of soil and soil contaminated with fungi and kept in a greenhouse at 25 ° C and natural light for 35 days. After the prescribed period, the rate of root and stem rot of wheat plants was examined. The results show a reduction in the rate of rot in treated pots compared to control pots.

Black rot, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., is one of the important pre and postharvest diseases on Thomson Navel orange fruits in East of Mazandaran. During two years 2010-2011, the experiment was done in two citrus orchards with previous record of the infected fruit drop, a 12-years old orchard of Thomson Navel trees on sour orange and an 8-years old orchard of Thomson Navel trees on citrange, with 10 kilometers distance between them in north of Sari. Diameter mean of 50 fruits were measured in each orchard at 10 days intervals from 20 May to 20 September. Stylar end of the fruits was rinsed with Lacto-Tween solution and collected. Total and germinated spores mean on the fruit stylar end was calculated for each orchard. Regression analysis was determined between meteorological and collected data by SAS statistical software. Year effect had a distinctive trait on the results and number of germinated spores was related to temperature and rainfall in first and second years, respectively. Maximum spores accumulation and germination is predictable when the ten days precipitation average reach to more than three millimetre and the temperature mean more than 22 degrees centigrade, based on the results and the maximum infected fruit drop record in summer. This is optimum time for control of the disease.