نشریه گیاه پزشکی کاربردی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 32، اسفند 1401)

The effectiveness of Azotobacter-enriched vermicompost tea and non-chemical treatments were investigated on the control of tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta. The experiment was performed in greenhouse with five treatments (vermicompost tea, azotobacter-enriched vermicompost tea, takumi pesticide, Azotobacter and control) in four replications under a completely randomized design. Three days after spraying, the numbers of larval tunnels on leaf and thirty days later, the numbers of adult moths of T. absoluta were counted. The results revealed that tomatoes treated with Azotobacter enriched vermicompost tea and Takumi had the lowest number of adult moths (9.35 and 13.75 per plant respectively). As well as, azotobacter treatment was able to reduce the adults moth by up to 50% compared to the control. The results of the number of larval tunnels showed that the mean number of larval tunnels/plant for Azotobacter enriched vermicompost tea was 19.50, which compared to other treatments, had the best effect in reducing the damage of tomato leaf miner. Vermicompost tea and Azotobacter as biological fertilizers, besides being able to increase the yield of tomatoes, have an effective role in reducing the population and damage of the tomato leaf miner pest, and they can be used in sustainable agriculture as an alternative with pesticides.

In recent years, due to the indiscriminate use of chemical methods and pathogens becoming resistant to them, the use of medicinal plants to inhibit their activity has flourished. This study was conducted during 1996-94. The aim of this study is to investigate the antifungal effect of green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) using water, ethanol and methanol solvents against eight species of plant pathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani, R. oryzae-sativa, Sclerotium rolfsii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, F. oxysporum and F. sporotrichioides were implemented. First, green tea extract was prepared. Then, using the extract mixing method, they were added in PDA culture medium at concentrations of 1000 ppm, 100 ppm and 10 ppm. Aqueous tea extract had the greatest effect on M. phaseolina fungi at concentrations of 1000 ppm and 100 ppm with 46.75% and 35.2%, respectively; S. sclerotiorum at 1000 ppm concentration by 36.11%. Methanolic extract also had the greatest effect on the above two fungi at a concentration of 1000 ppm, 45% and 35.12%, respectively. Ethanol extract showed the greatest effect on a wider range of fungi. This extract on 5 fungal isolates F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, M. phaseolina, F. solani and S. sclerotiorum respectively 43.6%, 45.16%, 48.66%, 44.5% and 41.5% inhibited the growth of fungi on the surface of the Petri dish. These results showed that the effect of green tea extract is different based on the solvent, concentration and fungal isolate.

Dried fruits and nuts are one of Iran's export products, and their contamination with mites causes significant quantitative and qualitative damage to the product in the warehouses. This study was conducted to determine mite species in dried fruits and nuts in the city of Tehran from Tehran province and in the cities of Jahrom, Shiraz, Estahban, Darab, Zaraghan, Larestan and Nyriz from Fars province during 2014. In Total, 145 samples were collected from 13 types of products including pistachio, hazelnut, almond, fig, raisin, walnut, date, watermelon seed, pumpkin seed, sunflower seed, peanut, apricot and dried berries. Mite species were found in 67% and 45.5% of all products in Tehran, and Fars provinces, respectively, number of 8 species, 7 genera and 6 families of mites were identified from these two provinces. The dominant species in Tehran were Carpoglyphus lactis (Linné) (11.79%) as a pest, and Acaropsellina sollers (Kuzin) (76.4%) as a predatory mite. However, in Fars, Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank) (8.51%) was recognized as a pest species, while Blattisocius tarsalis (Berlese) showed the highest frequency (80.8%) as a predator. The average density of mites in Tehran and Fars provinces was 11 and 10.4 individuals/kg, respectively. The detected mites are newly reported for the fauna of dried fruits and nuts in Tehran (1) and Fars (2) provinces and are as follows:(1): Rhizoglyphus robini Claparèd; Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank); Carpoglyphus lactis (Linné); Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank); Acaropsellina sollers (Kuzin); Androlaelaps casalis casalis (Berlese).(2): Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank); Acaropsellina sollers (Kuzin); Blattisocius tarsalis (Berlese); Blattisocius keegani Fox.

In the visits of the spring, summer, and autumn of 2021 and 2022 to the orchards of stone fruit trees in Golestan province, suspected symptoms of phytoplasma disease such as yellowness, deterioration, reddening, and small leaves were observed, and 28 samples of leaves from different hosts of stone fruit trees were collected. P1/P7 general primers were used for general PCR, and R16F2n/R16R2 primers were used for nested PCR. Infected samples amplified 1800 bp fragments in general PCR and 1250 bp fragment in nested PCR. Out of the 28 samples collected, 3 samples of peach trees had a band in the target area. The nested PCR product after sequencing was registered in the World Gene Bank with accession numbers OQ945143 and OP055811. At the same time, transplanting was done on the benchmark plant, Periwinkle, with the aim of gene storage and observation of phytoplasma symptoms. The comparison of the obtained sequences with the sequences available on the NCBI by the BLAST showed the most similarity to Aster yellows phytoplasmas, and the phylogenetic analysis of the target sequence with the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm in comparison with the different phytoplasma subgroups reported in Iran also showed the results confirmed the blast. Also, the comparison of patterns obtained from virtual RFLP identified the most similar reference pattern of the 16SrI group, subtype AD (GenBank accession: DQ286577), with a similarity coefficient of 0.77, which indicates that this strain may represent a new group. The results of this study confirm the presence of phytoplasma in peach trees in Golestan province for the first time and indicate the presence of a phytoplasma species close to Candidatus phytoplasma asteris in Golestan province.

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic surface active molecules that are produced by microorganisms such as the bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. Nowadays, these compounds are highly regarded in pest management due to their low toxicity, biological decomposition, optimal activity in harsh environmental conditions and environment-friendly nature. Recently, the insecticidal activity of biosurfactants obtained from different bacterial species has been reported. Therefore, considering the role of biosurfactants in the production of new insecticides and the environmental management of pests, in this paper, the use of biosurfactants in controlling agricultural pests and the direct antimicrobial activities of these compounds against plant pathogens have been investigated. Also, how the immune system of plants is stimulated by rhamnolipids and lipopeptides, which leads to plant resistance against plant pathogens, has been investigated. So that further research in this field can lead to the replacement of these biological pesticides instead of synthetic ones, and in the future, the effects of these pesticides on pests' histology and the optimization of their production can be studied.

Fusarium root wilt by Fusarium solani f. sp. phsaeoli is one of the most import soil borne diseases of bean crops world-wide. Currently the control of the disease using fungicides is present in most of the technical recommendations, despite the environmental side effects. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying healthy control solutions such as the use of plant essential oils and extracts. In this study, the inhibition effect of the essential oils of two plants was investigated in laboratory conditions on the pathogenic fungus. Iperidoine+Carbendazim fungicide, 1.5/1000 was used as a comparison criterion in experiments. The studied features were the speed growth rate of the fungus and the mycelial growth inhibition five concentrations of the studies plants. Results showed that MGI was 58.30 % for thyme in 100 ppm and 41.17 % for ajwain at 100 ppm. The fungicide showed the highest MGI rate at 78.53 % and thyme extracts at the highest concentration was not at the same Duncan group with the fungicide. According to the results, it can be concluded that thyme extract would be an alternative for the common fungicides to control Fusarium root wilt.