نشریه پژوهش در ورزش تربیتی
پیاپی 26 (بهار 1401)

The present study aimed to systematically review the recent researches in the field of leisure time physical activity using managerial approach. This study was a secondary study that has been done in systematic review method. In doing so, firstly to determine the inclusion and exclusion criteria, an evaluation form was prepared and its face validity was then confirmed by 5 experts in the field of sport and leisure management. In the initial search for data collection, based on pre-determined key words, 831 articles were recognized between 2005 to 2018-time period. Considering the research inclusion criteria, 101 articles were analyzed. In sum, 280 textual propositions were identified. Afterwards the detected textual propositions were summarized into the 185 items. In the next step, these 185 propositions were divided into four categories: a- motivators, b- concepts or barriers, c- outcomes, d- the change-needed fields. So, it is suggested to key decision makers to have a comprehend attention on issues contributed to providing participation necessities for all segments of the population (i.e. vulnerable groups) by promoting inter-organizational collaborations.

There are changes or events in the future that are relatively unlikely to occur, but their potential impact on advancing affairs is extremely high. This research has identified the effective Wild Cards and drivers on the future of Iran’s educational sport using Delphi technique. This research is mixed research regarding method and based on the paradigm of complexity theory and has exploratory approach. Participants consisted of 14 experts in the field of futurology and educational sport who are first selected in a targeted manner and then by snowball, and reached consensus in three phases of implementing Delphi technique about 4 identified Wild Cards and 17 drivers. These drivers have categorized in 5 categories of social, technology, environmental, economic, and political. It was shown in order not to be surprised by the Wild Cards and drivers, from “reaction time” which is a gap between weak signals of the current time and the time of occurrence of the future Wild Cards, trustees of educational sport should develop an operational and comprehensive planning for future monitoring and previewing for developing educational sport. The results showed that identifying the Wild Cards and drivers that affect the future educational sport of Iran can identify, to some extent, different future with different possibilities.

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the effective factors on the virtual education of the general physical education course of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the coronavirus. The research is practical in terms of purpose, descriptive in nature and a survey that was conducted in a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative). Data collection tools in this study were library studies, interviews and questionnaires. In the qualitative part of the research, the sample was purposefully selected, and in the quantitative part, among the teachers of physical education and sports and non-physical education students who used the virtual physical education applied program, 323 people were randomly selected as the research sample according to Morgan table. Based on the results of the research, four components of information technology, human resources, motivational and content factors were identified as effective factors in organizing virtual physical education classes. In the meantime, the content component was not in a desirable situation, so the designers of this program should pay more attention to the content factors involved in the program and take corrective measures for the next versions. According to the research results, in order to take advantage of the virtual education system in universities across the country to hold general physical education units, it is necessary to create opportunities for education and conduct studies in universities for the development of information technology, create a culture and a positive attitude towards virtual education, development and use of qualified human resources for the virtual education system, change in the curriculum planning system and physical education course topics as a prerequisite for the transformation of university systems in the use of virtual education programs should be given priority.

The aim of this research was designing an Intelligent Building model of Physical Education Conservatories with a sustainable and learning school approach. The research method selected a qualitative type with a systematic heuristic approach. The statistical population consisted of two sections of human resources (professors, teadhers, managers, etc.) and information resources (books, articles, documents, media, etc.). The sampling was done in a sufficient number and with a judgmental method based on theoretical saturation (n = 18). Research tools included systematic library study and structured exploratory interviews. The validity of the instrument was evaluated and validated based on exemplary legal and scientific validity, expert opinion, and agreement between the examiners. To analyze the findings was used multi-stage conceptual coding with system analysis approach. Based on the results of 79 components screened at four levels, 10 perspectives and 23 dimensions were framed and coded. The conceptual model structure consisted of successive levels: capacity building (student-centered ecosystem), intelligence (smart school), learning (learning school), and sustainability (sustainable school). Capacity building includes two perspectives on propulsion and institutional requirements, support and ecosystem resources. Intelligence includes three perspectives on technology-based management, ICT infrastructure, and access to environmental networks. Levels of learning also included three perspectives on educational system capability, member technology literacy, and learning-learning environment. Finally, the level of sustainability includes two perspectives on environmental functions and organizational maturity in vocational schools. School intelligence is a systematic, multidimensional process that integrates educational, managerial, technological, and behavioral elements into a new, integrated learning system to achieve sustainability. The proposed model can be used in the analysis and planning of the implementation of intelligent modeling for physical education vocational schools.

In recent years, international organizations have put forth various programs in way of creating an inclusive world. One of the programs which has recently been introduced by the International Paralympic Committee and has also been implemented in Iran is the "I’mPOSSIBLE" global program. This program aims to change young people's attitude toward people with disabilities. Thus, the main objective of the current study was to identify the impact of the implementation of the "I’mPOSSIBLE" program on changing the attitude of primary school students toward inclusive sport. The present study was of an applied and semi-experimental type. The statistical sample consisted of 50 sixth grade students who were put into two groups of 25 control and experimental students. The experimental group was trained in three sessions in accordance with the "I’mPOSSIBLE" program. The measurement tools included a questionnaire designed to assess children's attitude toward inclusive sport (Block, 1995) and an adjective checklist (Siperstein, 2006) in way of evaluating the cognitive attitude that used the pre-test and post-test design to obtain data. The questionnaires were given to both groups before and after the implementation of the program. To analyze the variables, the mixed model analysis, the independent T, the follow-up extrapolation as well as the Wilcoxon tests were used. The results indicated that the program had a significant effect on changing the students' attitudes toward inclusive sport. It is suggested that the "I’mPOSSIBLE" program be included in the physical education (PE) curriculum and be implemented continuously in the primary schools in Iran. By implementing this program in schools, a large number of the existing restrictions for people with disabilities in society will be eliminated in addition to improving and promoting a positive attitude towards people with disabilities and their integration into the society.

The present study aimed to provide a conceptual pattern of sustainable participation in student sports. The research method is qualitative content analysis and applied purpose. Research participants included people with management history at various levels of student sports, experts, and informed professors in student sports issues. To conduct interviews and obtaining information in relation to the issue of research, 17 people’s opinions were completely were examined.  For data collection, semi-structured interviews were used and analyzed using MAXQDA software. The factors identified in the form of 212 semantic phrases and 38 open codes without repeat, 8 axial codes, and 3 categories were used and for prioritizing codes and categories of Shannon entropy, and at the end, the concept model was drawn. The Kappa method was used to measure the reliability and quality control of the present study. The kappa coefficient calculated by SPSS software is 25 times 0.751, which is at the level of excellent agreement. The results showed that the components of sustainable participation in student sports included the ad element, public relations, verification, advertisement, subculture, social class, service and resources, and participation management. These components are promoted in the form of three dimensions of promotion, social and cultural infrastructure and management. Sustainable involvement of student sport requires people who work in this manner; therefore, people should be attracted to be elite in both planning and policymakers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of empowerment on self-efficacy and job performance of physical education teachers. The research method was quantitative and the target population of the study consisted of 27530 physical education teachers in the country. Using Krejcie and Morgan sampling table, 380 physical education teachers, 188 male and 192 female, were selected as the sample population. The random sampling method was one-stage cluster. To collect data from three questionnaires of empowerment of physical education teachers adapted from two questionnaires of staff empowerment of Rokni Lemoki (2013) and the questionnaire of improving job performance of staff of Awamle (2013), self-efficacy questionnaire adapted from the self-efficacy questionnaire teachers’ self-efficacy of Bandura (2006), the teachers’ job performance questionnaire was taken from the teachers' job performance questionnaire of Amin, Shah, Ayaz and Ata (2013). Data analysis was performed at both descriptive and inferential levels using SPSS21 software and LISREL8 software. The results showed that the value of standard regression coefficient between empowerment and self-efficacy of teachers is 0.56 with a significant coefficient of t = 7.02, which indicates a significant and direct effect of empowerment on self-efficacy of physical education teachers in the country. The results also showed that the standard regression coefficient between empowerment and job performance of teachers was 0.53 with a significance coefficient of t = 8.87, which also showed that empowerment had a significant and direct effect on the job performance of physical education teachers in the country. Therefore, it can be concluded that if the capabilities of physical education teachers increase, it can improve the self-efficacy and job performance of physical education teachers.

The aim of this study was the effectiveness of life skills training on emotion regulation strategies and sports self-efficacy of children / adolescent athletes. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all student-athletes in Rasht in the academic year 2009-2010, from which 30 people were selected by available sampling and randomly replaced in two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people). They answered the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnowski et al.2005) and the Sports Self-Efficacy Scale (Kerel et al. 2007). The participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions of life skills program. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that life skills training had an effect on emotion regulation strategies and sports self-efficacy of students in disadvantaged areas. They had more and less maladaptive emotion regulation. It seems that the use of life skills training increases athletic self-efficacy and adaptive emotion regulation, as well as decreases maladaptive emotion regulation in athlete students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social status and professional commitment by mediating the organizational identity among the physical educators in Rasht. The present research is a practical survey that has been performed by using the data gathered through the questionnaire from 265 physical educators (whole population). The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by experts (19 scholars). Its reliability was examined by Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability. Structural equation modeling using SPSS and PNS software was applied to analyze the data and to evaluate the fitness of the model. The results showed that social status has a positive and significant effect on professional commitment and organizational identity. Furthermore, organizational identity directly and positively affects professional commitment and accounts for its variation approximately. The effect of the social status on professional commitment was also indirectly explained through organizational commitment. There was a positive and significant relationship between social status and the experience and the status of employment. Also, the result demonstrated an inverse and significant relationship between educational status and social status. Therefore, it is suggested to educators in the city of Rasht to increase the educational status and social status of educators in the field of promoting their organizational identity, thereby enhancing the commitment of physical education teachers to the profession and ultimately increasing education organization.

Educational institutions play a key role in the individuals’ socialization, transmission, and institutionalization of cultural and social values and norms. The present study aims to the role of educational institutions in institutionalizing the culture and etiquette of attending in football stadiums.  It employed an exploratory qualitative research design and the conventional content analysis technique. Thirteen deep semi-structured interviews were conducted with sports security and spectators' violent and aggression experts. The interviews were continued up to the theoretical data saturation. The collected data were analyzed using open and axial coding. The validity of coding was confirmed by two co-experts who reviewed and controlled the accuracy of the extracted codes and re-coding the interviews. The findings showed that educational institutions such as family, media, education, and higher education as four main themes and thirteen categories including cultural acceptance (education of children, families, students, teachers, professors, and citizens), modeling, and transmission of cultural-fan models (production of cultural content, awareness, and information, dissemination, and promotion of cultural models), academic promotion of fandom culture (development of cultural studies and enrichment of textbook content) and cultural co-thinking and networking (interaction and cooperation, and paving the path for the realization of cultural goals) are involved in the formation and institutionalization of culture and etiquette in football stadiums. It seems that paying more attention of educational institutions to the training of sports audiences, trying to modeling and transfer of cultural patterns, and having these institutions’ co-thinking and cooperation can develop people's culture and etiquette in football stadiums, reduce the level of violence and aggression of spectators and other people present in the stadiums, and prevent security incidents.