مجله مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 69 (آذر و دی 1400)

Startups are faced many challenges. One of the most important of these challenges is the ability to finance and launch sports startups today. The purpose of this study was to survey the financing of sports startups. The method of the present study is descriptive-survey. The statistical population included all experts in sports startups and sports finance. The sample number is 221 people  who were selected by random sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using content validity method and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test. To identify the factors, exploratory factor analysis to investigate the relationship between variables, path analysis method was used in Smart PLS structural equation modeling software. The results showed that the market capacities of startups and the environmental support network of startups have a significant impact on the financing performance of startups. Startups’ business capabilities have a significant impact on startups' financial management efficiency and startups’ financial management efficiency on startups' financing performance. However, the market capacities of startups and the environmental support network of startups do not have a significant effect on the efficiency of startup financial management.  In addition, the efficiency of startup financial management as an intermediary variable has a significant effect on startup financing performance. Considering that the market capacities of sports start-ups, including the structural capacities of the market and the culture of customers, were introduced, it is suggested that the marketing plans of start-up companies be made to build market capacity in order to provide more financial support. In addition, considering the efficiency of financial management of sports startups, including the capabilities of the financial system and financial strategy of startups, it is suggested that financial management programs as well as financial management literacy training be included in the agenda of startup companies in sports.

The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the sustainable development indicators of championship and to present a model. This was an applied study and the research methodology was a descriptive-survey. The qualitative section of the statistical population included the professors and faculty members of the university, and the quantitative section of the statistical population included the experts and specialists in the field of championship, and also the graduate students of Sport Management at Tehran public universities who were master in sustainable development and the sport of championship. The sample of research in qualitative section consisted of 12 experts who were selected by the snowball method and the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation. The sample of research in quantitative section consisted of 121 members who were selected through purposive and accessible sampling. For data collection, field method including interview and researcher-made questionnaire were used. Its validity was confirmed by 11 professors and experts in Sports Management, and its reliability was calculated in a pilot study with 30 subjects with Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.7. The statistical method of the study was performed using second-order confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Factor loadings of indicators were used to prioritize sustainable development indicators. SPSS21 and PLS softwares were used at the significant level (P > 0.05). The results of the study suggested that “Natural harmonic placement of sports heritage” with (0.881) standard coefficient has the highest environmental index priority; “Gender equality in the development and advancement of championship” and “Ensuring part of racial and ethnic equality in championship sports activities” with (0.942) standard coefficient has the highest social and cultural index priority; “Marketing in the form of sports marketing rules in championship sports” with (0.923) standard coefficient has the highest economic index priority; and “Maintain national unity and increase social capital by participating in championship events” with (0.945) standard coefficient has the highest political index priority of sustainable development in championship.

For organizations to survive in today's turbulent and changing world, they must innovate and be creative. The purpose of this study was to design a background model for sustainable creativity in the ministry of sports and youth. The qualitative method based on grounded theory (GT) was conducted. 14 experts in sport management were selected as a sample through chain sampling. Data were gathered through unstructured and deep interviews. Data were analyzed based on emergent approach of Glasier through open, selective, theoretical coding.  In addition, data were analyzed using Maxqda and Micmac software. Data analysis revealed that the main categories of model are individual factors, organizational factors, and environmental factors and effects. It is worthwhile to mention that their components are personality, psychological empowerment, individual commitment; organizational support, culture, structure, strategic communication of the organization, management and leadership; context, motivation; individual creativity, group creativity and organizational creativity. According to the findings, it is inferred that sustainable creativity in the Ministry of Sports and Youth based on individual, group and organizational dimensions is achieved through organizational support, contextual factors, culture factor, personality factor, organizational structure and motivation factor.

The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize business indicators in the National Gymnastics Academy. The present research is based on paradigm which is a kind of pragmatism research and in terms of purpose, it is an applied research. The research approach is mixed and the method of data collection in the qualitative part is in the form of in-depth and semi-structured interviews and in the quantitative part is in the form of descriptive-survey. The statistical population in the qualitative and quantitative part of the research includes entrepreneurs, sports business owners, managers of sports academies, presidents of sports federations and managers of the National Olympic Academy that 15 people were selected using the targeted sampling strategy and snowballs in the qualitative stage and also a total of 25 people were selected as the sample size in the same way in the quantitative stage. Data analysis was done using qualitative content analysis and open, axial and selective coding methods by using the 18th version of Maxqda software. The reliability coefficient of re-reading in the qualitative part of the research was calculated to be 0.90. Then it was counted in the quantitative section, the main components and categories proposed in the previous section were prioritized by using the AHP method manually. The result of qualitative research showed 9 categories. Then with a total of 349 which included 212 open codes in the field of identifying business dimensions in sports academies. Using pairwise comparison and hierarchical ranking, the value proposition dimension and customer segment were identified as the most important, while the dimensions of key partners and cost structure as the least important dimensions. Providing customer service as well as constant attention to identifying future opportunities can lead to the development and prosperity of sports service businesses. In addition to economic and financial development in the community, this development can make more people interested in sports and health, and significantly improve the business situation in sports academies.

The purpose of this study is to present the model of fan development in the Iranian Football Premier League. The research method is qualitative-quantitative mixed with exploratory approach. The statistical population included experts in the qualitative section and spectators in the Premier League stadiums in the quantitative section in the (98-99) season. The statistical sample in the qualitative section included 15 experts, professors, faculty members of sports management, coaches, referees, federation officials and people familiar with football, and 400 people in the quantitative section formed the statistical sample by available methods. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview with experts which was continued by snowball method until theoretical saturation and the results of this interview were used in the form of a questionnaire with 13 main factors in the quantitative part. In this study, for content validity from the point of view of experts and structural validity, to determine the reliability of the model from the two indicators of hybrid reliability and Cronbach's alpha and from the indicators of divergent and convergent narrative (Ave) and modeling of structural equations SPSS software version 23 and PSL2 were used. The GOF = 0.65 fitness index was reported and the final model research resulted in 13 factors of public relations, location and facilities, distribution channels, product, quality and process, law enforcement, pricing, incentives, market power, planning. Recruitment, fan management, staff and fan interaction, and promotion were approved. It is necessary to invest and pay attention to these areas.

The purpose of this study was to construct and validate a competency questionnaire for sports marketing managers with exploratory hybridization approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of sports management professors, managers and marketers of football clubs, members of the football federation marketing committee and Ph.D. students of sport management. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data in a quantity section. To collect data in a quantity section, theoretical sampling and in-depth interview with the elite by 17 people were used. In the quantitative part, 244 questionnaires were collected and analyzed by a questionnaire drawn from the qualitative section and its distribution among the research samples. The face and content validity of the questionnaire, derived from 71 questionnaires, was confirmed by the views of the professors as well as the convergent and divergent validity and the reliability of the questionnaire were approved using Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability. A total of 682 primary codes were obtained. These codes are categorized into 23 groups of codiminders and 4 groups of selected code including core competencies, intelligence, professional and selective were determined. The path coefficient between the competencies of sports marketing managers and the basic competence, intelligence, professional, and operational components were 0.404, 0.511, 0.247 and 0.524, respectively. According to the index value (0.63), GOF = in the general fit assessment, so the measurement model has a good quality. The questionnaire presented in this study can be used as a suitable tool for identifying the competencies of sports club marketing managers.

The aim of this study was to meta-analyze the factors and barriers affecting sports support. The research method was meta-analysis. The statistical population included all scientific sources reported in the field of effective factors in supporting investment in sports in the period 2006 to 2020. From the statistical population, 10 studies that met the criteria for entering the meta-analysis were selected as a research sample through the census method. A total of 68 factors were extracted from the sample research and classified into eight main categories of media, sales-customer-competition, economic, socio-cultural, managerial, advertising, structural and other factors and entered the meta-analysis process. Cohen D index was designated as the effect size index. Orwin's funnel diagram and safe test were used to investigate the presence of diffusion bias and the result of both methods showed no diffusion bias. The results of Cochran's Q test (Q = 1024.62, df = 67, p <0.001) and I squared (93.46) showed the existence of heterogeneity in the size of the research effect which was equal to 0.89 and according to Cohen's classification, it is a large effect size. In addition, due to the existing heterogeneity, the effect size was calculated based on subgroups and managerial factors (1.25) and economic factors (1.03) had the highest effect size, respectively. Sports managers should develop media coverage and appropriate advertising facilities in order to remove barriers to attracting sponsors of sports so that sponsors invest more confidently in the sports industry.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social media and the price image presented in them on the intention of customers to buy sportswear during the Corona pandemic. The research method was descriptive-correlational and in terms of purpose, it was an applied study.In addition, the statistical population included the users of sportwear. Eighty-five randomly selected individuals answered the standard four-question Price Image Questionnaire by Lambert et al., The 11-question Kim and Koo Social Media Questionnaire, and the four-item Alalwan Purchase Questionnaire. For translation validity, the forward-backward method was used. Formal and content validity was confirmed by fifteen professors in sports management. Further, the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated to be favorable. The results were analyzed using structural equation modeling using LISREL and SPSS softwares. The results showed that social media as well as price image have an effect on the intention of customers to buy sportswear during the Corona pandemic. Therefore, it is suggested that sportswear sellers increase the sales of their products by expanding their social media and also providing a reasonable and fair price image

The objective of this study is to present an applied model on the factors influencing the success of the most important national soccer player in the world (Ali Daei) with a contextual approach. The statistical population consisted of soccer and university professors. Purposeful sampling and snowball sampling were done and finally the researcher reached theoretical saturation with 11 interviews. Validation of findings was done through the use of knowledgeable and well-written sources, transferability of research results, maximum and non-repetitive data extraction. Open, axial and selective coding was done by software of MAXQDA18. Results showed that 140 conceptual codes were extracted with 7 subcategories and 2 main categories in the form of 6 dimensions including causal factors (5), contextual factors (3), strategies (8), confounding conditions (5), consequences (6). The integration of categories based on the relationships between them centers around the success of the top scorer in national football, forming the paradigm model. Strategies such as intrapersonal factors have implications for promoting social status, reputation, popularity, and success.

The outbreak of COVID-19 crisis faced all sectors of sport industry; especially owners of sports brands with a major marketing challenge. Therefore, the purpose of this study was developing a mixed marketing ethical model for online sports stores in the Corona based on consumer-brand approach. After identifying the online sales links of sports products stores, 400 customers were selected purposely sampling as the statistical sample of the research based on the minimum statistical sample required in the Path analysis. After optimal reliability by Cronbach alpha (α ≥ 0.7), goodness of fit of the research model was performed using PLS-3 software. The results of factor analysis of the data showed that product ethical promotion (no additional cost for ordering) and ethical pricing (actual and fair pricing) had the greatest impact on the brand-consumer relationship. In addition, the perceptual quality of the product had a direct effect on the pattern of customer buying behavior. Therefore, to fill the gaps caused by the intangible nature of online shopping, online sales agents are recommended to insert the correct and real information of products, as well as forecasting the service units in social media networks to provide advice and other services such as compensation and retrieval in case of non-compliance of the sent product with the advertised product.

The purpose of this study was to identify the consequences of Covid-19 on Iranian sports. This research was done in a qualitative method and a thematic analysis approach. Further, the research was applied and exploratory. The population consisted of all experts in the field of sports management with scientific background (professors of sports management) and executive background (experts, managers and entrepreneurs in sports). We interviewed 12 subjects by a purposive sampling method. We used face to face and telephone interview in order to collect information. The validity and reliability were assessed by credibility, transferability, dependability, and test–retest. The interviews were analyzed by thematic analysis approach. The results showed that the consequences of Covid-19 on Iranian sports included 72 sub-categories, which were placed in 17 main categories. Finally, 9 concepts were identified: Economic, Tourism, Human Resource, Infrastructure, Media, Health, Communication, Event, and Post-corona. Given the study gaps in this area, the results of this study can be used as a basis for future studies. Moreover, all relevant organizations and managers can get acquainted with the present and future consequences and choose solutions to deal with the consequences.

The issue of sports success has always been of interest to athletes, coaches, people or sports fans and researchers in the field of sports. Consequently, championship sports as a social phenomenon and one of the scientific and specialized systems have many values. Along with increasing attention to championship sports, sports science has also come to the aid of athletes to pave the way for them to improve performance and success. Due to the nature of the subject and the lack of in-depth study in the field of sports success in the country, a qualitative approach was selected as the research method of the present study. This research was conducted by thematic analysis method (themes), purposive sampling method and semi-structured interviews. Data were also analyzed using open and axial coding method. Findings showed that sports success factors include 17 sub-categories that are summarized in 4 main categories of psychological factors, technical and physical ability, material and organizational factors and environmental factors. These topics are presented to the participants in the interview and after review. Sequences and comparisons with similar research are discussed.