نشریه اقتصاد پنهان
سال ششم شماره 24 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Trade has always been a key element in Iran's economic system. The privileged geographical location and the passage of important trade highways such as the Silk Road through Iran can be considered as one of the reasons for the prosperity of trade and commercial activities in these areas. Sistan and Baluchestan region also had a significant commercial prosperity due to its special geographical location and its position in the important trade routes of the past. But in recent centuries, with the shift of trade from land to sea, these areas have gradually become isolated.
Lack of economic development and job opportunities have led to smuggling and insecurity in Sistan and Baluchestan. As a result, with the spread of smuggling and increasing insecurity, a purely security approach prevailed in the border areas of the province. In order to eliminate the problem of smuggling and reduce insecurity, the present study has studied the idea of reproducing the trade system under the strategy of reviving the Silk Road and changing the security approach to a commercial approach. In this applied research, which has a descriptive approach, library resources, articles and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information and data.
The statistical population of this study is hidden economy experts and academics and for the analysis of the data, obtained from the interviews, the method of Grounded Theory has been used. The results of the analysis of the interviews indicate that connecting to international economic corridors will create jobs and reduce smuggling in the region. Also, facilitating and accelerating trade and achieving endogenous security will be among the results of adopting a trade approach in the Sistan and Baluchestan region, which can be achieved by an active diplomacy in the areas of roads and economy, as well as improving and expanding communication infrastructure under the strategy of reviving the Silk Road or similar projects.

Illegal international transactions result from high exchange rates, the imposition of trade taxes, and extensive quantitative restrictions on trade. When these types of transactions are large-scale, they will have many disruptive effects on the economic variables of countries. Illegal transactions, on the one hand, reduce the government’s customs and tax revenues and, on the other hand, eliminate the possibility of controlling the standards of production of goods. They also lead to exorbitant annual costs for the government to combat and prevent smuggling. At the same time, smuggling of goods and currency has adverse effects on legal producers and importers of goods in the country. In this study, using domestic and international studies, the position of goods smuggling in the international economy is explained and then using the data envelopment analysis method, the efficiency of the country’s customs in combating smuggling of goods is evaluated. Using the DEA method, efficient and inefficient customs can be identified and inefficient customs can be ranked and for them among efficient companies, a reference (model) can be determined to reach the efficiency limit. In this research, CCR and BCC patterns with the nature of output have been used. The results of using this method indicate that in Iran, the phenomenon of smuggling of goods occurs more due to weakness in the country’s management structures, lack of open economy and as a result, significant differences in price and quality of goods on both sides of the border than macroeconomic structures.

Due to geopolitical conditions and proximity to several countries, the western regions of the country have been targeted by the phenomenon of smuggled goods and currency. In the meantime, illegal and sometimes legal piggyback carriers (kulbars) provide smuggled goods for various reasons, including distance from the center, economic poverty, and mountainous and difficult regional conditions. The aim of the study is to measure the impact of the piggyback transportation phenomenon on the spread of the smuggling of goods in the country and in the city of Baneh as a case study. The general goal is to identify the factors that create and spread smuggling of goods in the form of piggyback transportation as a systemic problem in the western borders of the country.
This research is descriptive and applied in terms of purpose and follows survey research in terms of method. The statistical population of this research is kulbars from Kurdistan province of Iran. In this study, Cochran’s formula was used to obtain the sample size. Therefore, the number of samples in this study was determined to be 150 people who were randomly selected and a questionnaire was distributed among them.
 The method of data collection in the first step is documentary and in the second step is a survey that is done in the field through a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed according to the opinions of 5 experts with minor changes. In the reliability test of the mentioned questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha was used by two halving methods. Cronbach’s alpha for the questionnaire was 0.872 and was thus confirmed.
In this research, factor analysis, which is one of the multivariate statistical methods and in fact as a theoretical test model, was used, followed by structural equation modeling as well as structural equation modeling based on the least squares (PLS) method. Finally, the normality test of predictor variables in the model through Amos software was used to test the data Conclusion.

In Hypothesis 1: piggyback transportation at the rate of 0.915 has a direct and significant effect on the hurting of domestic industries.
In Hypothesis 2: piggyback transportation at the rate of 0.989 has a direct and significant effect on the insecurity of the western borders of the country.
In Hypothesis 3: piggyback transportation at the rate of 0.628 has a direct and significant effect on changes in the price of smuggled goods.
Finally, in Hypothesis 4: piggyback transportation at the rate of 0.657 has a direct and significant effect on domestic production.
Based on the above, solutions were presented in the fields of 1- economic 2- cultural, social and scientific, 3- political, supervisory and disciplinary, and the executive proposals of the researcher have also been determined.

Customs smuggling involves the movement of goods along the customs border in a covert manner in order to evade customs control. The issue of smuggling in our country is very significant due to the special geographical conditions for the entry and exit of goods and the lack of stable conditions in neighboring countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the role of smuggling in the development of the border town of Baneh, in the western part of Kurdistan province and bordering Iraq. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. Residents of the border town of Baneh and experts and officials in the field of smuggling and urban planning were the statistical population of this study. The data collection method was performed using library studies, field observations, interviews and questionnaire distribution. In this research, ARC GIS software has been used to draw maps and SPSS and Exeel software have been used to describe statistical information and questionnaires. In statistical analysis, Friedman test and T-test were used by comparing the means in the study area. Mick Mac software has been used to determine the most important factors affecting the smuggling of goods. The results showed that in shaping the current situation of urban development in Baneh, smuggling has been effective and has had relatively positive effects on the physical development of Baneh. . From the citizens’ point of view, smuggling of goods had the greatest impact on economic and physical-environmental dimensions with an average rank of 3.27% and 2.36% and had a moderate impact on political-institutional and social-cultural dimensions with an average of 2.20 and 2.17 in Baneh, respectively. In addition to the geographical location of the region, government intervention in the supply and demand and tariffs of Berkala, high profitability of smuggling and low quality of domestic products and its high price compared to similar foreign products, have the greatest impact on smuggled goods in Baneh.