پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال دهم شماره 21 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Today, comparative literature has received more attention than ever and its fields of study have expanded. However, what is required is to follow structured principles and conduct systematic research in order to obtain useful results and to provide a basis for relevant studies. In this regard, the bookThe problematic literary currents and influences in the arab world, a comparative study written by Saeed Alloush, expresses the challenges and studies their impact and effects on the contemporary currents of Arabic literature and attempts to critique and analyze them in a scientific way and by providing some examples and suggesting ways to get out of the challenges.and this is what comparative literature and any methodological knowledge seeks and considers as the headline of its work. The pioneering discourse aims to portray the potential strengths and weaknesses of the said work through the method of analyzing quantitative and qualitative content in order to present, critique and explain the formal and content components of the said work. The results showed that despite some formal deficiencies in this work, its foundation was done wisely and compassionately, and it in turn took a step forward in the methodology of research in this field.

Defining the concept of homeland has always been one of the most challenging issues in the opinions of sociologists, political scientists and other fields of cognitive sciences. In the meantime, identity meanings to the homeland are among the fundamental approaches that have raised deep issues and currents in the field of sociology of literature. Amin Maalouf, a Lebanese writer living in France, is one of the authors who views this important phenomenon through the lens of identity and explains important aspects of it in the novel Al- TAEHOON. He, who had previously presented important theories in order to connect the two categories of homeland and identity, considers the only true meaning under the concept of homeland in the human approach to it. Therefore, this article intends to study the concept of homeland from the perspective of this concerned author in a descriptive-analytical way and explores it based on the identity perspective. The result of the research shows that Maalouf has considered the interpretations derived from human identity as the highest and most comprehensive perspective in reading the concept of homeland that by adopting the approaches of the Cosmopolitanism, the model of civil nationalism and religious pluralism It presents solidarity in an effective way between the people and the homeland.

This research aims to examine the narrative aspects in Naji al-Ali's images using a narratology method. The presence of narrative aspects in these images as manifested in the fixed characters and the choice of names for them as well as the usage of narrative units and linguistic context in descriptive and explanatory phrases in the cartoons add a narrative dimension to the images and scenes. This study seeks to explain narrative elements in forty selected cartoons, investigating the usage of black and white, literary element, character and temporal and spatial structure in them. Thus, it has examined the narrative aspects of the cartoons in visual and written discourses of the phrases included in the images. The results show that the usage of fixed characters is Naji al-Ali's narrative strategy and he has been leading in using the techniques of temporal association as shown in the phrases and the technique of forecasting using lines and figures. Regarding the literary and spatial elements, it needs to be noted that the location and its functions in his works are Palestine and the earth, where the events and actions take place and its functions are manifested either through the names of the places or their absence. The black and white themes pervade the narrative atmosphere of his cartoons so that they show the empty places by the white color and sorrow by black.

As of outstanding indicators of contemporary narrative texts is the function of complicated narrative techniques in it. As in first reading of these novels, Addressee become astray in involute corridor of the novel and even misunderstand Sayyiedat el-Qamar novel of Jokha Al-harti is a vivid example of these novels. After reading the first pages of novel, Addressee understand. He accost with multilayer opus that for entrée to its world he-as the second agent of text-should carry awareness light and by putting together the different parts of that novel he can enter its world. Deals with the narrative structures and especially the temporal techniques of this novel. The choice of this subject was important for the authors because Al-harti has cultivated this element with great care and scrutiny, an element which the French theorist Gerard Genette has studied with great care. Therefore, we decided to analyze this component in the novel based on Genet's theory of narrative theory. Studies have shown that: by putting plan of narrative in nonlinear framework and using techniques such as anachronies and stream of consciousness, the author could create a modern multiple novel. According to her goals At this novel was used a constant written quontity for declaration of issues. Frequent frequency used more than other frequencies, Continual frequency became the genre depiction of the author.

One of the types of textual relations is Hypertextuality, which studies the relationship between two literary texts. This relationship is based on adaptation and does not address the element of intertextuality. According to Genette's view, the adaptation is divided into two parts: imitation and transformation. The transformation means to change something in a different way, while an imitation is to say something in a similar way and Its purpose is not purposive change. The extension of meaning in the hypotext has been done through transposition, which is a serious change. Frequency or Number of times an event occurs in the story and the number of times it is mentioned in the narrative in hypotext and hypertext implies a serious change or transformation. As regards the novel Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi was inspired by the Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, This descriptive-analytic and comparative study analyzes the transformation in the frequency of events between the two novels and changes in the the number of times it is mentioned in the narrative. The study of types of frequencies, especially repeating singulative narration and repeating narrative, is  objective examples of transposition in hypertext.

This research seeks to analyze the production and birth of meaning in the novel "The Tobacco Keeper"(Hars al-Tabagh) by Ali Badr as a meaningful text. To achieve this goal, we must analyze the narrative structure of this story, go through the superficial layer of the text and reach the deeper layers so that, in addition to the superficial structures of meaning, we can find the structures that are in the depth of the text. Because these internal structures, in addition to having a semantic connotation, also produce meaning. We want to know why the initial position of the narrative plot, "The Tobacco Keeper", began with the act of death? Is there a change in the main character by comparing the beginning and end of the narrative? Has there been a change in the structure of the narrative? Was there a movement in the novel "The Tobacco Keeper"? In the middle of the story we see the main character changing her identity several times. Why? Is there a relationship between thought and narrative structure? The study of the superficial layers of this novel reveals a precise and direct connection between the author's thought and the narrative structures of this novel. The fear and anxiety caused by the instability of Iraq is very important in the thought of Ali Badr, and this fear and anxiety is reflected in the personality of Youssef Sami Saleh (Haider Salman, Kamal Medhat) in his relationship with himself, others and the world. And the worst fear and anxiety is the fear of death.

Symbols are prominent features of contemporary literature that are used in various functions such as elements of nature, personality, culture and civilization, etc. Mohammad Mehdi Javaheri, a prominent Iraqi poet, is one of the poets who in many of his poems has portrayed his patriotic and peaceful ideas in the form of various symbols. But the question is, how did Javaheri use symbols to express his intentions and thoughts? What is his purpose in using symbols? The present study has tried to provide evidence of the elements of nature along with its real and symbolic meanings in jewelry poems through analytical-descriptive method. The results showed the rich culture of Javaheri, his knowledge and studies on ancient literature and his mastery of various literary texts and his wide vocabulary; They are one of the most important factors that led him to use symbols. He has directly and indirectly used the living and non-living elements of nature such as night, month, sky, sun, owl, crow, eagle, etc. By using symbols with positive and negative semantic meanings and along with beautiful and symbolic illustrations, Javaheri has conveyed his inner intentions and thoughts to the reader and with this style he has elevated his poetry.

With the emergence of various theories in the field of literary research, researchers have analyzed the literature from various aspects. Researchers have made different theories tangible and objective through the application of such theories and their adaptation to different texts tangible and objective. Among these theories is a norm-breaking that has been proposed in the school of formalism. In the view of the followers of the school of formalism, norm-breaking is considered a definition of style, insofar as the high frequency of norm-breaking in the poems of a poet or writer introduces the style of that poet or writer. Jeffrey Leach is one of the most prominent English characters who has divided norm-breaking into eight groups.In this research, we used a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the structure of Reem Qais Kobe's poetry based on Jeffrey Leach's theory, and in this regard, we focused on semantic and written norm-breaking, which are the most frequent types in the poet's poetry. The approach obtained from this analysis indicates that the semantic norm-breaking in the poem of Rim has been created mostly through coexistence and substitution, and in a few cases it has been achieved through the science of expression or forms of imagination. The norm-breaking writing in his poetry is also in cases such as: separating the letters of the words, writing step by step and vertically the lines of the poem.

Alienation is a phenomenon dating back to human history that has a broad meaning. The concept of this phenomenon starts from romantic homelessness, which is the result of nostalgia and return to childhood, and extends to psychological alienation, which is the result of escaping from the pursuit of political and social conditions. This phenomenon has increased in some periods for various reasons. In the contemporary era, the Algerian people have been affected by this phenomenon due to the presence of colonialism and the resulting economic and social crises. The Algerian novelist Abdelhamid ben Hadouga, who felt the consequences of the presence of colonialism in this period, reflected alienation in his works. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this research seeks to investigate the phenomenon of intrinsic and cultural alienation based on Melvin Seaman's theory of alienation in the novel "The New Day Food". Findings of the research indicate that the author has been able to present a manifestation of alienation that is the result of the presence of colonialism and the result of some old traditions in the form of story characters and while criticizing this phenomenon has tried Suggest your own identity and culture to deal with it.

About the record of objection to Quran by heretics and self-interest people after falling Quran on the heart of Holy Mohammad Mostafa for different reasons, the religious scientists, interpreters and syntactic authorities have presented many different reasonable and logic answers in the form of many papers and books during the centuries; one of the most important is Ta'vil o moshkel-al- Quran by Abū Muhammad Abd-Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī al-Marwazī (828-889) some related part of which will be mentioned in this paper. From that time to the present time, many misunderstanding and prejudiced exegeses of the similar Quran verses have been used for the purpose of seduction, deviation and conflict making in Islamic people and animosity with Quran, which were then called the Problematic Verses by the time. The standing of famous literary men and interpreters such as Tabari, Shaykh Tusi, Zamakhshari, Tabarsi Aminoleslam, Al-Suyuti, Seyed Hashem Bohrani, al-Alusi, and Mohammed Abdu, and also the contemporary Shiite authorities and exegesis expert such as Ayatollah Sobhani, Javadi- Amoli, etc for the exegesis of problematic verses is shown in their works in details in which they have presented the exact and serious replies to the doubts and criticisms  of skeptics, self- interested persons and some orientalists as the views of Sheikh Tabresi are discussed in this paper.

New theories in the field of linguistics have good potential for analyzing and examining literary texts. One of these theories is Holliday's systematic rationalist theory. According to this theory, the structure of language is the result of the influence of the roles that language takes on in the context of communication and in the outside world. This effect is analyzed at three level, ideational metafunction Interpersonal function Textual function, the para-role processes of thinkers, which make it possible to analyze sentences and then analyze the text, can be semantically categorized into six groups and accept special participants according to their meaning. The present study has tried to study Mikha'il Nu'ayma poem "Ele Dodeh" from a "Ideational metafunction" perspective with a descriptive-analytical method and a linguistic approach. After examining this poem, which was selected from the Divan of "Hams al-jufūn", it was found that among the six processes discussed in Ideational metafunction, the material process has the highest frequency, followed by the mental, relational process, respectively. There are existential and expressive. It is worth mentioning that Nu'ayma did not use the behavioral process in this poem. The use of transcendental function, even in such a frequency order, shows that this poet of romanticism in his poetry, in addition to expressing mental concepts, such as philosophical and mystical concepts, also seeks to convince the audience; hence, it mostly represents complex concepts and experiences in the form of material process. Inaddition, frequency of application of mental process showed that Nu'ayma highly sensitive and highly sensitive. Given that the poet has not taken Advantage of the behavioral process in this ode, he has an attitude of mind - oriented. The poet’s emphasis on the application of the language process is another proof of his personality. Therefore, it should be said that the study of Ideational metafunction clearly demonstrates the way of thinking, mental, and spiritual tendencies of Mikhail Naeema.

Graphological deviation which is one of the eight types of deviations in Leach's classification is used by the poet when the words alone do not have enough meaning to convey a message. It gives the readers the opportunity to have their own interpretation in their interaction with the text. In graphological deviation, the poet goes beyond the usual norms in writing and attracts the reader's attention to the text. The poet makes new shapes by changing the text and makes the poem more sensible and tangible and shares the joy of artistic creation with the reader. Among the contemporary poets, the Iraqi poet Saadi Youssef tried to take his poetry as far away from sentences, words and sounds and as close to living tangible shapes.In other words, he tried to turn poetry into a visual creature rather than just a readable one. Saadi Youssef is one of the poets that graphological deviation has taken a prominent place in his poetry; in such a way that the use of graphological deviation can be considered as his stylistic feature. Therefore, most of his poems are great enough to be worth reading. In the present study, the most important types of graphological deviation in Saadi Youssef's poetry are discussed. The aim of this study is to answer the following questions by examining and analyzing the types of graphological deviation in Saadi Youssef's poetry. What are the most common types of graphological deviation in Saadi Youssef's poetry? What methods did the poet use to in order to have graphological deviations in his written texts? What are the semantic meanings of this type of deviation? In the present study, an attempt is made to describe the examples of this type of deviation in the poetry of this Iraqi poet by descriptive-analytical method and by citing evidence that shows graphological deviation, and then to explain that how much the discussed deviation has naturally and unpretentiously grown in his peoms. Discussion and Modern poetry is no longer just an arrangement of words together and in a definite format. If in the past, poetry was considered merely a verbal art, the poets today, however, try to convey their message to the audience as much as possible by using all the lexical and non-lexical possibilities. For this reason, sometimes a poet is silent in the lines of his poem and expects the reader to discover and understand his unspoken words through his utterances. The importance of this attitude is that the audience of the poem is in the center of importance and comes out of the passive listening body and gains a share in the joy of artistic creation. In graphological deviation, the poet goes beyond the usual norms in writing and attracts the reader's attention to the text. The poet makes new shapes by changing the text and makes the poem more sensible and tangible and shares the joy of artistic creation with the reader. According to Jeffrey Leach, the permissible limit to graphological deviation is only to the extent that communication is not interrupted and accentuation can be interpreted. Saadi Youssef paid special attention to graphological deviation in his collection of poems.The most repetitive examples of graphological deviation in Saadi Youssef's poetry are: separating the letters of words and using spaces, stepping and vertical writing of poetic lines, using geometric shapes and visual forms of numbers, repetition of words and coordination between words meaning and its written form,and change of font size and use of English words. Using spaces and the repetition of letters and phrases are two different types of graphological deviation that have frequently been used in Saadi Youssef's poetry. The main purpose of using visual cues in Saadi Yousuf's poetry is to help the audience read the poem correctly, highlight the desired text, share the artistic pleasure with the audience, and attract more attention of the audience through visualizing the text. Where he uses space, he paid attention to the time and patience of the audience, while preserving their share of free perception. In most cases, the purpose of changing the font and using the numbers was to emphasize the desired phrases and numbers. In other cases, the purpose of using visual cues is to help the audience see the poem in addition to hearing it and find it more tangible and therefore more believable. Graphological deviation far from any ostentation has flowed into the poet's poetry in a completely natural way and has helped the audience in receiving the message. Findings show that the most important examples of graphological deviation in Saadi Youssef's poetry are: separating the letters of words and using spaces, stepping and vertical writing of poetic lines, using geometric shapes and visual forms of numbers, repetition of words and coordination between words meaning and its written form,and change of font size and use of English words. The purpose of using these visual signs is to attract the reader's attention and make the poetic words more effective in the field of emotion and also to emphasize the objectivity of meaning and to develop a poetic message.