پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال یازدهم شماره 22 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Infinitive, as one of the types of quasi-verbs, is a noun that refers to doing something or occurring a state without a conjugation to time. The infinitive acts like its verb it is derived from: if it is derived from an intransitive verb, it will have only the subject and often is added to it. But if it is derived from a transitive verb, it verbally will make its subject take the Jar marks(( and become Majroor; and it also make the object take the Nasb marks (( become Mansoob. The acceptance of the object by the transitive infinitive has several states and rulings; the knowledge of which helps the reader to understand the exact meaning of the phrase. One of the important and at the same time challenging topics of this field is the category of acceptance of the object by the infinitive in both direct and indirect modes. This study is to express the various grammatical roles and spiritual functioning of infinitive through descriptive-analytic method, for the readers better understand that infinitive’s effect on the object is not only in the form of Nasb, i.e. ((;rather, its scope is far more than that, encompassing the Majroor objects as well, which due to Jarr words take the Majroor marks i.e. (( . Though the classic Nahv (Arabs grammar) due to its attention towards E'arab(Sounds) and detailism does know these group of the objects as alien infinitives and has opened another chapter for them.

The statistical methodology adopts mathematical statistics as a vehicle to enter the realms of literary texts and their underlying inherent elements an indication of the characteristics of literary discourse in its rhetorical and aesthetic means. In the same field, Bozeman's statistical equation is one of the most important mathematical scientific methods that examine the extent of poetic emotion in texts and distinguish between literary and scientific style. Bozeman believes that by studying the ratio of verbs to adjectives, and then identifying the syntactic and contextual indicators that lead to the literary and scientific transformation in the work of a writer or poet, the reader can understand the process of building their literary works and realize the extent of their emotionality or knowledge in the texts. With this in mind, the article aims to study the two alphabetical contradictions of the prominent Umayyad poets, Al-Farazdaq and Jarir ibn Atiyah. In the same context, we chose two oppositions, “The one who thickened the sky” for the divide and “the one from the house” by Jarir as a model and compared their poetic style through the statistical method to show the extent of their literature and their superiority according to Bozeman's statistical equation. The article concluded that the style of both poets in their alphabetical oppositions is literary, but the degree of emotion, dynamism and literary excitement in their poetic style varies as the opposite of Jarir was more literary than the opposite of Farazdaq. Where he enunciated his satirical antithesis, sentimental feelings and sensory and kinesthetic emotions

Nahj al-balagha is second epistemological source of Islam. This excellent manuscript in addition to ideological function that is concerned with its context, because of rhetoric and aesthetic value has literature function too. This latter trait is because of presence of elements such as usage of additional verbs for creating implications correspondent by situations. This article by title “survey of practical implications of additional verbs (efaal, tafeel and mofaele) in Nahj al-balagha” is a theoretical research with an analytical-descriptive method that surveyed instances of additional verbs by use of verbal sources and interpretations of Nahj al-balagha on practical implications of additional verbs. Researcher by analyzing data concluded: first: additional verbs in Nahj al-balagha have the most implications and efaal and tafeel are used predominantly. Second: practical implications of additional verbs implies capacity of Arabic language in making new words from one source and development of realm of implications. Third, practical implications of additional verbs are accord with conditions and aims of sermons, letters and aphorism

Dark romanticism is a literary movement based on a desperate and pessimistic view of individual and social issues, with themes such as death thought, suffering, pessimism, loneliness, vulgar descriptions and disgusting aspects of human existence, ambiguous atmosphere and Darkness reflects fear, denial of human values, despair and frustration with society and the status of human existence and isolation. In the works of some poets and writers, examples of dark writing can be found that reflect a desperate and pessimistic view of existence in certain historical situations. Contemporary Arab poet Adonis is no exception. Oshari is a Syrian poet who was incarcerated for his political activities and composing protest poems against the authorities; Among contemporary Arab poets, he played the most prominent role in contemporary and modern Arab poetry, which placed him among the first modern poets and theorists. Contrary to many people's beliefs, Adonis is not a poet of romanticism; And in his poems there is no sense of romanticism, but in his last book of poetry entitled "Al-Masrah and the Mirrors (Scenes and Mirrors)" there are traces of black romanticism that is expressed in a vague and symbolic language. The purpose of this study is to show the dark romanticism in this collection. The findings of the research show that the reason for Adonis's dark style of writing in this collection is sometimes rooted in corrupt society and sometimes originated from his achievements."Teab" is one of the most frequent motifs that the poet has used the most to portray his failures. The authors have tried to identify and translate parts of this book with a higher percentage of dark writing by descriptive-analytical method, and then analyze it. Exploring the fields and factors of dark writing in this collection allows us to consciously encounter one of the works of contemporary Arabic literature that originates from the dark and dire revolutionary situation of society

The world of contemporary art and literature is filled with different ideas and discourses, where clash of opinions and schools of thought is of great importance. Poetry and literature are the embodiments of such contradictory views, where one can grasp these opposing viewpoints in the contemporary world by investigating them. Wadih Sa'adeh is one of the most prominent poets of the contemporary Lebanese literature, with postmodernist attitudes. His poems reflect the common social and intellectual currents in the world today and are important for the modern man, and especially for the Arab men and their society. This article is an attempt to understand the poet’s linguistic style, dominant views and his worldview through examining the conflicting ideas in his poetry. The result shows that the age of postmodernism is a period of competition between intellectual and social approaches due to the conflict of opinions, which leads to conflict at the level of words and interpretations. In this regard, Wadih Sa'adeh has adopted various semantic oppositions in relation to the major contemporary worldview such as freedom, death, absurdity, confusion, the environment, etc. in the form of general opposing ideas and concepts. It is worth mentioning that the present article uses the descriptive-analytical research methodology.

The formal literary school was one of the most important pioneering and deconstructive schools in international literary criticism. With its emergence, this school influenced many traditional principles of writing and literary traditions. The Formalists paid great attention to the issue of form and literary language, etc to achieve their main goal, which is literariness; Adonis, was regarded the poet, and famous Arab critic among the most prominent contemporary literary theorists, who have used the impression and inspiration from various schools as a source for expansion and richness of their views, in the meantime, Formalism is the most important western schools that are likely to have an abundant impact on the Adventist's theories. Therefore, in the present study, we want to critique his views from the perspective of compatibility with formalist principles. The method that we used in this study is analytical and descriptive using comparison tools, the model of which is a combination of the French and American approaches; For this purpose, in the main discussion, we searched for the words of Adonis, regarding his influence, and also examined the most important commonalities and differences between his literary views and formalities and finally, we concluded that there are several shreds of evidence in Adonis's words and views that can be a testimony to his knowledge and influence on the Formalists. One of the main pieces of evidence in which several flavors have been seen from their views is the prominent role of literary language in Adonis's views and his attempt to increase the literariness.

The child is naturally centralized and also has the ability to decentralize. The use of decentralization techniques in children's fiction creates the groundwork for creative thinking and prepares them to know how to think logically and how to think in order to achieve results. Literary scholars have debated the issue of decentralization but have not addressed the Quranic literature of the child and Research and analysis of children's Quranic literature is very necessary and Our goal in this research is to be the pioneer of further research in the field of children's Quranic literature by analyzing the collection of animal stories in the Quran that has been written in the field of children's Quranic literature. This study with a descriptive - interpretive approach has investigated the techniques of decentralization and has also paid attention to the statistical approach and in processing the relationship between text and image, both ways of analyzing qualitative content that are deductive and inductive, have been considered. The findings of this study showed that the stories of this collection have not used the same tricks of decentralization in terms of the relationship between the text and the image, and have been left out of other tricks by highlighting some of the tricks. In such a way that the symmetrical trick (35.31%) and the contrast in the counterpointing (25.95%) have the highest frequency and the background trick (0.42%) has the lowest frequency.

Modern poets express many of their poetic concepts in expressive formats and use rhetorical criteria, in such a way that without using literary Devices, their poetic meanings are crude and lack inductive power. Rhetorical elements in modern poetry, due to the nature of poetry, have passed the stage of classical rhetoric devices and arrays, and have been linked to the features and elements of contemporary literary criticism in the form of a set of criteria that interact with literary language and reflect in poets' works.  This paper attempts to probe the Aesthetic Criteria in the Ode La vaghta lelboqa (there is no time for crying) by Amal Donqol using the descriptive-analytic method. Criteria and rhetorical techniques in this poem are expressed in three levels: phonetic, semantic, and lexical, and in the form and content of the poem, it has artistic and semantic functions. Rhetorical elements in the text of Danqal’s poem are not only responsible for the arrangement of words and creating beauty, but also, they have semantic meanings appropriate to the content and semantic structures of the poem. They, Moreover, play an essential role in depicting the poetic experience and interpretation of his thoughts and emotions.

In modern semantic studies, the diverse and unique possibilities of different languages are considered as one of the criteria of linguistic superiority in another language. the phenomenon of "implication" is a stylistic phenomenon that is recognized as normal by deviating from the syntax of the language. So, translation of these words is of particular importance which will be discussed in this article to the methodology of the types of language and critical of some translators in the Nahj al-Balagha. In the translation of language, paying attention to the syntax and rhetorical aspect is of particular importance and among the various methods of translation, the method (meaning) can be The most appropriate way to translate alternative words, Because, in the translation of these words in addition to the rotation means, should be considered the implication of meaning. This article, through descriptive-analytical, try to check the exact meaning of the alternation and issues related to it in the most significant contemporary translations, and the requirements of its translation in the Nahj al-Balagha. Studies show that in many cases, an exact match to mention all the semantic components not selected for the words " language" in Persian translations while considering the context and respecting syntax rules can help the translator in the selection of the exact equivalences of the words.

The Palestine’s resistance novel genre is all about the voice of people who could not live normal and they live in a sadness as if it never ends. Authors of the resistance novel genre have always used language to highlight their political views and ideas in modern literary form with the aim of reinforcing the propositions presented in the text, and are trying to establish a real relationship between through the novel. And draw the outer textures in the best way for the audience.Sahar Khalifa, Palestinian famous author tries to show the truth of painful life of people in the prison of the demon in the novel and she also shows the world that the Palestinian do their best to take back their country. This research has been done with a descriptive – analysis method to analyze the novel in the form of Van Dijk’s critical discourse analysis; and the writer seeks the answer of this question: How could it be possible to analyze the thought level of the novel's author about Palestinian with “You” and “The Other” identification for the enemy by using the analysis of discourse strategy? The result shows that the novel is full of elements like form, ideas, authenticating, highlighting and the vocabulary choice has the most frequency in the novel and expresses that the author has kind of a tendency in Palestine’s problems.

This paper includes a study of the poem " From two roses ", a section of a long poem that Sa`id Akl recited in the memory of the poet "Shiblal Mallat". Saeed Akl was born to a   Maronite Catholic family in the city of Zahlé, Lebanon. After losing his father at the age of 15, he had to drop out of school and later worked as a teacher and then as a journalist. He then studied theology, literature and Islamic history. He considered one of the most important modern Lebanese poets. His writings include poetry and prose both in Lebanese dialect and in classical Arabic language. This study attempts to address the essence of poetry and poetics of style.  Saeed Aql composed this poem in memory of the poet "Shiblal Mallat". And it was originally a poetic memory before it became an ode. The study is based on the deliberative approach, and the most important results of the research are:  Saeed Aql is the poet of beauty, "Above all, and it is his right to show off to his peers what he has accomplished in this regard. Saeed Aql is a beautiful poet and in this case he is ahead of everyone.  The poem was representative of allegorical poetry with the beauty of music and the prowess of voice. A revolution took place in Saeed Aqel's life, which made him switch from mathematics to literature, but his passion for mathematics remained rooted in himself, and a poem became for him: an engineering dilemma, which he was trying to solve. He is the one who says.The poet is considered a creator who creates beauty, and the purpose of poetry for him is to convey the poetic state, not understanding, and he has the right to be proud of his peers for what he has accomplished for this aspect

Impressionism is in fact the first modern movement in European art, and the successor to realism, which first appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century in the art of painting and then in the art of literature; because the relationship between painting and literature is a long-standing relationship that literary critics have affirmed from the past to the present time, and it is not unreasonable to refer painting as "silent poetry" and poetry as "illustrative painting". In Impressionist thought, the artist's momentary view of natural phenomena and the evidence around him, under the influence of the amount of light and the difference and type of light radiation in different modes of the day has a special place, in addition Impressionist artists had interest in color and light which this feature is well reflected in their works. Ibn Khafajah (451-533 AH) as one of the most famous poets of Andalusia also known as “The poet of nature” created the dynamic, fluid and unique images that are somewhat similar to the works of Impressionist painters inspired by the beautiful landscapes of Andalusia nature. This paper is the result of a research with a descriptive-analytical method that has explored and researched Ibn Khafajah's poetry with the purpose of acquiring a modern attitude toward old poem as well as studying and analyzing the visual features of his poetry according to the Impressionism view.