نشریه پژوهش های بالینی دامپزشکی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

Biosecurity is the outcome of all activities undertaken to preclude the introduction of disease agents into an area that one is trying toprotect. A commercial dairy herd can never be totally biosecure, but most major biosecurity risks can be managed to minimize the risks of disease entering the herd.The risks of a disease entering a herd should not be confused with the risks of disease spreading within a herd. Where biosecurity risks cannot be readily managed, they can be mitigated by managing other disease control points such as the risks of spread within the herd, or the resilience of the animals that comprise the herd. The four main pillars that support the disease status of the herd, and the cattle in it are: biosecurity, surveillance, immunity and biocontainment.Development of a biosecurity plan requires an evaluation of the cost of biosecurity relative to the cost of the disease in the absence of biosecurity. Biosecurity measures, particularly when performed properly, cost time and money and can be seen as inconvenient. Factors which help in maintaining biosecurity are including: testing and/or isolation of newly introduced animals, controlling contact by visitors, controlling contact by wildlife /or livestock, separating groups of animals based on risk, cleaning and disinfection, disease monitoring and keeping record, communication, training, and assessment.

The present study was conducted on downer cows to determine the causes of disease.

At calving time the cows were monitored and dietary and blood samples were taken from 30 downers and 30 healthy ones.

Statistical analysis showed that in downer cows the dry matter (17.24 ± 2.01%), Cl (0.61 ± 0.05%) and Na (0.088 ± 0.01%) concentration of dry period rations were significantly lower than the healthy ones (P<0.05). Results indicated that downers were suffered from low level of serum calcium, phosphorus, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein and globulin and conversely high serum level of magnesium and glucose in compare to the control group (P<0.05). Based on obtained result duration of dry period was negatively correlated with the glucose concentration in downer cows. It means that cows with shorter dry off period (one month) have higher glucose level if lying down. According to the present findings many dietary factors and also biochemical parameters contribute to make a downer cow which may resolve with modifying management program.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious, and fatal viral disease of domestic and wild small ruminants caused by a morbillivirus belongs to family paramyxoviridae. It is characterized by the sudden onset of depression, fever, discharges from the eyes and nose, sores in the mouth, disturbed breathing and cough, foul-smelling diarrhoea and death. PPR is one of the most damaging livestock diseases with significant economic, food security and livelihood impacts. Since it was first identified in Côte d’Ivoire in 1942, the geographical distribution of PPR has steadily expanded to cover large regions in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Currently around 70 countries have reported infection to the OIE or are suspected to be infected and another 50 are considered at risk for PPR. Out of these infected countries, more than 60% are in Africa (including North Africa) the other infected countries being in Asia. It is estimated that 330 million of the poorest people in Africa, the Middle East and Asia keep livestock, including small ruminants. Sheep and goats play an important role in the livelihoods and food security of poor families and contribute to national economic development. FAO/OIE Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF- TADs) has developed PPR Global Control and Eradication Programme (PPR-GEP). This programme is officially and solemnly launched in the PPR Global Strategy at the International Conference in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) at 2 April 2015 with the vision of a world free of PPR by 2030. The overall objective of the Global Strategy is the improvement of small ruminant sector contributing to global food security and nutrition, human health and economic growth, particularly in developing countries, thereby alleviating poverty, increasing income generation and improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and general human wellbeing. The specific objectives of the Global Strategy are the eradication of PPR by 2030, while at the same time, through reinforcing VS, improving animal health globally by reducing the impact of other major infectious diseases. The global PPR eradication and Eradication Strategy (GCES) is based on four stages: Assessment stage, Control stage, Eradication stage and Post eradication stage. Thesefour stages combine decreasing levels of epidemiological risk with increasing levels of prevention and control. At Stage 1 the epidemiological situation is assessed. At Stage 2and 3 vaccination are implemented. At Stage 4 vaccination must be suspended; the country must provide evidence that no virus is circulating at zonal or national level and that it is ready to apply for official OIE PPR-free status. Regardless of the stage in which a country initially places itself, sufficient capacity should be achieved relative to five technical elements so that the country can move with confidence to the next stage of control and eradication. The One of these key elements is PPR Diagnostic system(s). The effective control of PPR requires the reliable laboratory diagnostic services .

The viral diseases can be lead to considerable losses to horse breeding industry. Equine herpesviruses are one of the most important groups of viruses which can cause diseases in horse. In recent years, some of herpesvirus diseases were suspected in Iran. Therefore, the recognition of different aspects of disorders that cause by these viruses can be useful. Five different herpesviruses have been associated with diseases of horses. EHV-1, EHV-3 and EHV-4 are alphaherpesviruses whereas EHV-2 and EHV-5 are gammaherpsviruses. The most epidemiological features of infection with these viruses are similar. For example, they are endemic in horse populations worldwide. Also, there is lifelong latency of infection with periodic reactivation of virus shedding. The disorders cause be equine herpesviruses have various manifestation: Upper respiratory tract disease is caused principally by EHV-4, although disease attributable to EHV-1 occurs. EHV-2 cause respiratory disease, including pneumonia of foals. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) is attributable to EHV-5. Abortion is almost always associated with EHV-1, although rare sporadic cases are associated with EHV-4. Perinatal disease of foals is associated with EHV-1. Myeloencephalopathy is associated with EHV-1 and rarely EHV-4. The cause of coital exanthema is EHV-3. The diagnosis of diseases cause by equine herpesviruses can establish by virological tests, i.e. PCR. Although, there is no specific treatment for this group of diseases, the symptomatic and supportive treatment is advisable

aim of this review article is familiar with fast abdominal localized sonography (FLASH) for differentiation of causesin horse colic.

Introduce description and pictures of references points in FLASH and abnormal finding in colic cases. Seven references points are including ventral abdomen, gastric window, spleno-renal window, left middle third of the abdomen, duodenal window, right middle third of the abdomen and thoracic window. Four out of seven points are in the left sided and three points are in the right side of the abdomen. Recently, in modified FLASH (mFLASH) proposed these points decreased to five references points on the abdomen.

Using above technique (FLASH) when colic cases referred to a veterinarian decrease the time to present for surgery and doing fast emergency procedures on the case. Doing FLASH is easy to learning and with increase of experience go down the mortality of horses in colic case.

Bovine enzootic leukosis is an important viral disease of cattle with a worldwide distribution. The disease is caused by a virus (Bovine lukemia virus;BLV) of the genus deltaretrovirus within the family Retroviridae.BLV can cause persistent lymphocytosis, malignant lymphoma and leukemia by impairing the proliferation of lymphoid cells. Due to lack of a proper vaccine or treatment, BLV infections cause huge economic losses and costs for the control and eradication programs. Programs to control the BLV infections are based on the screening of animals by serological methods and removing the infected animals.Blood samples were collected from 527 cattle in some sities of Khozestan province and 529 slaughtered buffaloes. The sera were assayed by ELISA to detect antibodies against BLV. Based on the results, 6.6% of examined cattle and only one buffalo (0.18%), were found to be positive for BLV specific antibodies. Statistical analysis showed there was significant difference between cattle and buffalo and cattle are more sensitive to BLV infection.