نشریه علم و تمدن در اسلام
پیاپی 11 (بهار 1401)

The rise of Islamic civilization and culture is one of the wonders that has attracted the attention of many thinkers in the field of religion, history, civilization, sociology and political science. Its weakness and decline have also made these thinkers think about the secret of this backwardness and decline. Therefore, each of them has tried to explain the stagnation of Islamic civilization by main and sub-factors. The thinkers of the Islamic world, Iranians, Arabs, Turks, Indians and Pakistanis, etc., with the aim of reviving and reforming and re-developing civilization, have placed this category in their field of thought. In this article, the aim is to study the views of two Muslim thinkers of the Indian subcontinent, Mohammad Iqbal and Abul Hassan Nadwi, on the decline of Islamic civilization in a descriptive-analytical way by asking the question that; What factors have these thinkers paid attention to in explaining the issue? Findings have shown that these thinkers have considered the internal factors of Islamic civilization, including religious, political, social, scientific and moral decline, along with the phenomenon of Western colonialism and its invasion of Islamic societies in the process of degeneration of Islamic culture and civilization.

Abol-Qassem Tafreshi was one of the intellectuals of the late Qajar period and the first Pahlavi era. Sahab's scientific and literary record includes a wide variety of works, such as technical and mathematical textbooks of the Dar al-Fonun, the first examples of new Iranian writings on the life history of Shiite Imams, and biographies of famous Islamic historians in Persian inspired by Sharh. Classical Arabic modes such as Tarikh al-Islam Zahabi, The French-Persian dictionary and the first leading examples for understanding the contemporary situation of Islamic countries, Sahab in historiography focuses more on the history of Islam, especially the history of the Imams It is writing. In selecting the sources of the Islamic era with the focus on Shiite books, he has also used Sunni sources in compiling these books among these various works, there are works with a more historical approach or nature. The main features of Sahab Historiography are the history of Islam and the history of Shiism. Sahab refers to the special devotion to the Imams in compiling the history books of the Imams (as). He is the son of a time when anti-Islamic, antiquarian and nationalist ideas and tendencies were prevalent in that period and were also supported by the government, but Sahab, despite having deep Islamic beliefs, has a great tendency to develop countries. It was European in the style of the Europeans. The main issue of the research is to examine the position of historiography and historiography of Abolghasem Sahab Tafreshi Using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on library documents and resources, the presentation examines the components of historiography and the characteristics of historiography.

Maragheh Observatory was built as one of the most important observatories of the Islamic period in the seventh century AH during the Ilkhanid domination of Iran. Establishment of Maragheh Observatory as an educational and research center; Facilitated the gathering of scientists, the collection of credible scientific documents and books, the conduct of research in the open air, and the necessary facilities. The result is the presentation of the achievements and discoveries of this scientific center in the world of that day. The reputation of this scientific center attracted the attention of many lands to the point that some rulers wished to be able to establish such a center in their land. Now, considering the importance of this valuable collection in terms of the history of science in Iran and the world, the questions that need to be answered are what factors and roles played in the construction of the Maragheh Observatory as the most important scientific research and astronomical center of the Ilkhanate period.What was Khajeh Nasiral-DinTusi in this important matter? Also, how has the Maragheh Observatory functioned in spreading the achievements of astronomy in the Ilkhani era, which has become a model for the construction of other observatories? The present study intends to answer these questions using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources. The research findings indicate that the Maragheh Observatory was in every sense scientific research and educational center. Like today's advanced academies, this unique scientific foundation had a very large space in a suitable place in Maragheh, which made this observatory known as the most important scientific research and astronomical center of the Ilkhanate period in the seventh century AH.

Civilization in its general sense is an urban social system based on morality and law. The establishment of the government by Imam Khomeini was based on a philosophical and theological basis that had the concept of civilized order. Paying attention to the good system in creation, the existence of a causal system, the argument of order and the argument of wisdom, is the theological and philosophical basis of Imam Khomeini to create a new order of Islamic civilization. This research seeks to study the foundations of civilizational order in the theological and philosophical thought of Imam Khomeini. Therefore, in order to study this issue, the author has collected materials in Imam Khomeini's works that indicate the concept of order in Imam Khomeini's philosophical and theological ideas and has adapted them to the concept of civilized order. The findings of this study indicate that Imam Khomeini, based on his philosophical basis and theology: 1. The world was ruled by a divine order, which he explained in the form of a good system. 2. This system has a practical mechanism in the form of a causal system. 3. According to these principles, the correct extraction of the regulatory materials of human society leads to the happiness of this world and the hereafter.

Religion in the Safavid period has influenced various cultural and civilizational aspects so religion was an important factor in the rise and fall of various arts in society and its registration in the historiography of this era has played a great role. In this study, the position of religion and its impact on art in five categories of historical sources including political historiography, art historiography, art treatises, travelogues and memoirs have been studied. The research method in this article is the historical and library method and with a descriptive-analytical approach seeks to answer the main question that what effect religious beliefs have on the art of the Safavid era based on the historiography of this period? The research findings indicate that the view of each of these historiographies on the issue of art is different according to the religious perspective of the society. The order of importance of arts in Safavid historiography based on religious importance is first devoted to calligraphy and in the next step and with special consideration to painting and music.

The book Civilization and its Boredom was written by Sigmund Freud in 1929 and published in German in 1930, and it was so well received that it was reprinted in less than a year, in addition, It was published in many countries around the world؛ therefore it became one of the best-selling books., But we have rarely seen a scientific book review of this book in academic forums, while the book review of any book promotes it or the author. Presenting a scientific critique helps to create better quality examples that can be written. In the critique of this book, a combination of intensive exploratory and educational critique methods was used, which includes three stages: a) description of the book, b) book interpretation, and c) evaluation and determination of the book's efficiency. Considering that the book of civilization and its boredoms, which is one of the best-selling and most popular books of Freud, the research findings showed that this work, like other works, has strengths and weaknesses, some of which, It is affected by the period and the prevailing conditions.