نشریه اقتصاد و بانکداری اسلامی
پیاپی 38 (بهار 1401)

Determining the monetary policy rule and identifying expansionary and contractionary policies is of particular importance to monetary policymakers. Monetary conditions index as an average weight of effective money transfer channels can play an important role in identifying expansionary and contractionary monetary policies. Therefore, in this article, the index of monetary conditions along with determining the amount of effectiveness of each of the channels of monetary policy in the process of monetary policy transfer is estimated. Such an index is the middle goal of the monetary policymaker in the medium term, and in this paper, the index is estimated based on the two variables of price target and demand, using the Johansson-Josilius error correction method. The results show that assuming inflation is targeted by the central bank and using the criterion of mean square error, the price equation to predict inflation is a more appropriate equation to determine the index of monetary conditions for the Iranian economy. In addition, the index designed in this study shows that the exchange rate channel has the highest weight among the channels affecting the price level in the Iranian economy.

Household Consumption Decisions Have a Significant Impact on The Behavior of Macroeconomic Variables in The Short and Long Run. One of The Factors Affecting the Consumption of Households in an Islamic Society Is Zakat, Which Is Established in Islam to Combat Poverty and Acts as a Tool to Redistribute Income and Wealth from The Rich to The Poor and Plays an Important Role In Ensuring Justice and Economic Welfare of Society. In Fact, Zakat Has Various Effects on Macroeconomic Variables, Including Consumption, and Can Play an Important Role in Mitigating Shocks to The Economy and Establishing Economic Stability. The main Purpose of this Study was to Investigate the Effect of Zakat on Consumption Stability in the Iranian Economy using Seasonal Time Series Data During the Period 1379 to 1396. To this end, a new Keynesian Stochastic Dynamic General Equilibrium (DSGE) Model in a Closed Economy is Defined for the Iranian Economy as an Islamic Country with an Emphasis on Zakat Payments, and then Compares the Effects of Productivity and Monetary Shocks on Consumption in The two systems of conventional economics and Islamic economics are discussed. The Results Show That the Islamic Economic System (With Zakat) Has Been Able to Absorb Economic Shocks and Smooth Consumption Fluctuations in the Iranian Economy and Zakat Can Act as an Automatic Economic Stabilization Tool. Also, by Reducing the Consumption of Zakat Givers and also Increasing the Consumption of Zakat Recipients, it is Concluded that Zakat Improves the Income Distribution and Reduces the Class Gap in Iran.

Economic disruption inflicts irreparable damage on various sections of society and causes tensions at various levels of society. In the meantime, the role of institutions such as the judiciary in dealing with such harms is highlighted; Because this institution is the main authority in the fight against economic and non-economic corruption. One of the ways to deal with this corruption is to continuously monitor the institutions that are exposed to corruption in order to disrupt the sense of security for criminals. In this study, citing library resources and descriptive-analytical method, the two main measures of the judiciary to improve the process of monitoring the flow of economic disruption have been studied and explored. The results of the research show that this institution can have an effective and practical function in preventing such disturbances by relying on the variables of "rule of law" and "judicial independence". Also, judicial independence in this field has three main characteristics, which are: "administrative and executive", "financial" and "decision making". In sum, the judiciary can rely on close oversight to address doubts about the ability of the judiciary, limit the scope for costly economic disruption, and create judicial and economic security. Make domestic and foreign economic actors willing to invest in the country.

The first part of the economic system that was affected by the outbreak of the Corona pandemic was the banking system of countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design a social banking model with a post-corona approach in the country's banking industry, which uses a combination of Delphi-fuzzy method and interpretive structural modeling. In this study, the opinions of university professors and managers in the field of banking industry, which included 20 people, were used. For component screening, Delphi-fuzzy method was used, in which the diffused mean of 44 components was more than 0.7, so 44 components were identified in 5 dimensions in this industry. Then, structural-interpretive modeling and MICMAC analysis were used to level the dimensions. The results of ISM showed that the social banking model has four levels, so that the social banking infrastructure is firstly factor (bank entry into social networks for marketing purposes) and then secondly factor (possibility of creating non-bank social financial platforms), third factor (Bank entry into social networks for banking operations) and in the fourth degree are factors (customer service privatization - the use of collective wisdom to create and develop products and services). MICMAC results also showed the dimension (bank entry into social networks for marketing purposes) in the independent cluster and the dimension (using collective wisdom to create and develop products and services) in the link cluster and dimensions (possibility of creating non-bank social financial platforms - bank entry Social networks for banking operations are located in the autonomous cluster and then (customer service privatization) in the dependent cluster. Finally, it can be concluded that although the negative effects of Covid-19 on the banking industry are inevitable, but if there is a solution, it can be a good opportunity to improve the banking system and use more appropriate methods through research in new technologies to attract customers. Innovate in providing complete and diverse products and services with the aim of creating value for customers and improving the performance of banks and creating new opportunities and infrastructure in the banking industry.

The capital asset pricing model provides an equilibrium model to show the relationship between risk and return on assets. One of the economic areas is herd behavior, which has attracted a lot of attention in recent decades. Therefore, the present study deals with the herd behavior in the Iranian economy on the efficiency criteria of the asset pricing model. The research method used in this research is correlational research that a regression method has been used to test the research questions. To test the hypotheses, Karhart's 4-factor model was used, to which the bulking factor was added. The statistical sample of the present study includes 115 companies active in the Iranian economy. The research period is for 10 years, which has been studied from 1389 to 1398. The results show that mass rotation is different in different degrees of risk and occurs more in high risk areas of the market and causes a return of beta in the market and the inefficiency of the capital asset pricing model to is following. It was also found that by removing high-risk portfolios from the sample, no bulkiness is observed and beta behavior is stabilized according to the theory of capital asset pricing model and beta return does not occur.

Thinking and thinking skills are among the important issues that have long occupied the minds of thinkers. Thinking is one of the basic issues of education that requires tools to cultivate it, one of these expressions is having a philosophical mind that makes people Helps in correct and logical thinking. Data were collected through interviews with 15 experts in the field of research. The method of selecting experts was through the snowball method. The interviews were conducted individually and their average time was 45 minutes. Theoretical sampling continued until the categories reached theoretical saturation; the meaning of theoretical saturation is the stage in which new data related to the category does not appear and the relationships between the categories are established and confirmed. Behavioral finance listens to financial and economic theorists who consider human behavior, among other variables. In fact, behavioral tax is a paradigm according to which financial markets are studied using models that abandon the two main and limiting assumptions of the traditional paradigm of maximizing expected utility and complete rationality. The weakness of economic theories in explaining the behavior of individuals in decision-making conditions led to the advancement of psychological theories in the field of why behavior. In the decision-making process, people's minds are generally involved in subconscious aspects that systematically divert them from normative rationality.

The approach of modern international documents such as DCFR, PELC, OHADA, UPICC, CISG in fulfilling the obligations is to increase the probability and chance of fulfilling the obligation by the obligor by accepting multiple obligations and the possibility of choosing one obligation by the obligee or the obligee to fulfill the obligation. In a function called the alternative performance of contractual obligations. But these multiple obligations are the same institution of voluntary obligation that has a long history in most European to Arab countries and is now emerging in new documents as an alternative performance. The alternative performance in Iranian civil is faced with the obstacle of invalidity in not determining and ambiguity of the transaction, which seems to have not been properly understood from these conditions. However, by analyzing the content and comparing it with a similar concept such as an alternative transaction and in terms of conditions such as the ability to diversity and plurality in the subject of the obligation and how to determine the authority in the implementation of the obligation can be achieved Regardless of the synchronicity of economics and law, this new look is necessary.

In recent years, the distribution of the country's population has changed to older ages and the phenomenon of aging can be seen in Iran like other parts of the world. The aging trend of the population, along with its various consequences on productivity and economic growth highlights the importance of the position of this population group, their needs and the government's attention to their level of welfare. Given the increasing share of the elderly in the total population of the country and considering the importance that Islam has given to the aging and the elderly, it is worthwhile to study the socio-economic well-being indicators related to this group of the population in order to provide solutions by policymakers and to improve their welfare. To conduct this study, first by reviewing the documents related to the status of the elderly from the perspective of Islam, indicators rooted in Islamic principles and texts were identified, then the data required for them was extracted from the census and household expenditure data of Statistical Center of Iran in 2016. In the next phase, the indicators of economic participation rate, employment rate, dependency ratio of unemployed elderly, poverty rate, ratio of salaried elderly, parental support ratio, literacy rate, percentage of people with university education, ratio of insured elderly, housing ownership rate, exposure rate of health catastrophic costs related to the elderly were extracted for the provinces of Iran. Finally, using TOPSIS analysis, the provinces were ranked based on these indicators. Findings indicate that the elderly in the provinces of Tehran, Gilan and Alborz are in the best conditions compared to the rest, and the provinces of Sistan-Baluchestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, and Hormozgan have the most unsuitable conditions for the elderly. Thus, despite the special attention of Islam to the elderly and their living conditions, only about 10% of the provinces are suitable for the elderly, 32% of the provinces are almost suitable, and about 58% of the provinces have no suitable conditions for the elderly.

Retailers are using new technologies to meet the ever-changing needs of consumers. The most important factor in determining the rapid consumption of products is their sales speed. Increasing the level of competition between retail units and expanding the range of customers' choice, has caused these units to pay special attention to customers who make instant purchases. In this regard, Saman Bank has been providing various marketing services to retailers for many years, aware of the potential of this industry and also considering the transition of the Iranian retail market. The purpose of this study was to design a marketing model for new retailers of fast-moving consumer products supported by Saman Bank. This study was conducted with the participation of 25 market makers of chain stores supported by Saman Bank in Tehran through semi-structured interviews and purposive sampling. Data analysis was performed using three-step coding in the implementation of content analysis research method. Validation was validated by Lincoln and Guba. The software used was Max QDE and had four main themes; Consumer behavior, marketer duties, consumer factors in marketing and store management were identified as the enumerated themes and then the marketing model of retailers supported by Saman Bank in fast-moving consumer products was designed.

Nowadays, the use of Fintech or innovative application of technology in providing financial services has become an integral part of the banking industry, and banks' cooperation with Fintech startups to transition to digital banking is no longer a choice, but a necessity. The model of acceptance of new financial technologies is presented. In the qualitative section, 77 sub-categories, 16 main categories and 10 final documents were obtained by interviewing theoretical and experimental experts by content analysis method. Then, the conceptual model of the research was designed to enter the quantitative and modeling part. In the quantitative part, using the categories identified in the conceptual model and based on the questionnaire, the model of acceptance of Finatech products and services by the customers of the country's banks was presented by structural equations (PLS). The statistical population in a small part includes the customers of banks and financial institutions that due to the unlimited statistical population, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample by Cochran's formula. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the independent variables of awareness, perceived security, efficiency, convenience and comparative advantage have a positive effect and a negative effect on attitudes toward finitech products and services. Age and experience in relation to independent variables have a positive moderating effect on attitudes toward Fintech products and services. It can be said that attitude has acted as a mediator in the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

In the present era, due to the development of transportation system and communication technology, the economies and trade of countries are intertwined. This highlights the vital importance of foreign trade as the main lever for economic growth and development. Meanwhile, trade between Iran and Afghanistan due to its proximity and high potential for trade and economic cooperation doubles the importance of the issue. But the imposition of economic sanctions on Iran poses a variety of obstacles and restrictions on trade between the two countries. Therefore, in this study, the effect of economic sanctions on trade between Iran and Afghanistan during the years (2001-2009) has been studied and analyzed by Eviews10, using a Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square method. Economic sanctions have entered the model in the form of a dummy variable. The findings show that the imposition of any economic sanctions has led to an increase in long-term trade between Iran and Afghanistan. Therefore, the two countries should consider the necessary strategies to reduce the effect of sanctions.

The relationship between globalization indicators and financial development is controversial. International institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) advise member states that globalization indicators have a positive impact on financial development. This paper also examines the nonlinear effects of globalization (Combined Globalization Index) on financial development (banking,s credit) in Iran during the period 1988 to 2019 using the Markov Switching econometric technique. The results indicate that globalization in the first regime (boom) has a positive effect on the financial development index, while in the second regime (recession) we see a negative relationship. Therefore, given the importance of globalization, economic planners and policy makers should provide a good platform for the further development of financial services.

Bank branches as the main intermediaries in the relationship between the customer and the banking network have a significant role and the success of a bank depends on the performance of its branches. Even after digitalization, branches are one of the most important sources of cost for banks and lead to providing a large part of the value to the end customer. Although theoretical topics and the background of theoretical research related to marketing and evaluation are abundant, but research to measure the marketing performance of banks is limited and is rare in relation to Iranian bank branches. Therefore, this study tries to examine the dimensions of marketing performance at the level of bank branches. The purpose of this study is to design an appropriate model for evaluating the marketing performance of bank branches with emphasis on various and related aspects and dimensions in the field of banking. Qualitative-quantitative research approach and strategy is based on data processing theory, foundation and structural equations. In the data theory approach of this research, the open, axial and selective coding methods of Strauss and Corbin and the paradigm model are used and the information is analyzed based on the data obtained from field and library studies. In general, information and data were collected in open source form through specialized interviews with university and banking industry experts, then through communication between micro and macro categories, research data, classification and refinement, and then validation and final editing. In the quantitative part for testing the model, a questionnaire consisting of 64 questions was developed from the qualitative data of the first stage of the research and then tested quantitatively using 200 questionnaires completed by marketing and banking experts. After ensuring the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, the significance of each part of the model was investigated through confirmatory factor analysis of structural equations based on partial least squares using PLS software and finally the validity of the model was confirmed.

Among the main factors in creating fundamental changes in the economic environment of Iran, we can name the generalization of ownership of economic enterprises, financing through public participation and privatization of public sectors and economic enterprises. In such circumstances, the transparency and good quality of financial information, which is the basis of optimal economic decisions of investors, creditors and users of information in general, is of particular importance. Financial knowledge of board members can be factors along with the independence of the CEO to increase the quality of accounting information in companies and financial institutions listed on the stock exchange. This issue is examined in the present study. The statistical population of the study is companies and financial institutions that are members of the stock exchange, which operated in the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 1398, and their fiscal year ends on March 20. Finally, according to the existing restrictions, 78 companies are selected as a statistical sample. For analysis in this study, data panel regression method and all related tests are used. Finally, it is concluded that the financial knowledge of board members and the size of the audit firm have a significant effect on the quality of accounting information in companies and financial institutions listed on the stock exchange.

Behavioral bias is a kind of deviation from the facts in decision making or judgment, which affects individual actions. This is no exception in the auditing profession, and the auditor, fascinated by a feature or characteristic of the performance of the company or the client, suffers from this bias and causes his judgment to deviate from reality. Accordingly, a model based on behavioral bias and reliance on auditors' judgment in Iran has not been studied so far. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present a model of the effect of behavioral bias on reliance and adjustment on the judgment of Tehran Stock Exchange auditors. This research was carried out at the beginning of 1400. In this study, a combined quantitative and qualitative method has been used to present the research model. In the qualitative part, experts in the field of auditing have been asked using the snowball method. In the quantitative part, fuzzy dimtel techniques and hierarchical analysis have been used to extract the model. Finally, the confirmatory factor analysis of the model was performed using the form of structural equations. In the first stage, 25 concepts were extracted from interviews with experts in the framework of 4 categories. In the second stage, the concepts were reduced to 20. Categories include; Individual factors, social factors, economic factors are behavioral biases. Based on the results of Demetel method, it was found that experience is the most effective and organizational culture is the most effective component. According to the hierarchical analysis approach, economic factors with a score of 0.358, has the highest score among other components. Criteria of individual factors with a score of 0.346, behavioral bias with a score of 0.173 and social factors with a score of 0.123 are in the next priorities. The extracted model has also been validated using confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, based on the results, suggestions were made.