فصلنامه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

This paper reconceptualizes social transformations in post-war Iran by showing how the globalization of objects harnessed a qualitatively distinct form that politics took in Tehran between 1989 and 1997. It demonstrates that the “post-Islamist” liberal discourse of the reforms came into being in relation to the newly imported objects to which it referred and by means of which it proliferated. Conversely, the “Islamist” vocabulary of the second-generation Hezbollahies came into a new formation in relation to the same imported asymmetrical objects to which key segments of the impoverished population had no access. Thus, reformist and Hezbollahie discourses, along with the material things that afforded them, occasioned the rise of two unique modes of life that were not simply distinguished by different ideas, but also by asymmetrical global objects. I use a significant array of primary and secondary sources, including relevant literature, politically instrumental media, and critical information secured through interviews in Iran. I conducted semi-structured interviews with 32 individuals in order to understand how objects from bodies to attire to foods were regularized in Iran between 1981 and 1997, and focused on the policies and contingencies that enabled their proliferation. Moreover, I conduct quantitative sampling of newspapers to explore the relations between the circulation of distinct objects and words. I analyzed the most important newspapers from 1977 to 1997 in Iran, including Kayhan, Jomhuri-e Eslami, Etelaat, Resalat, Hamshahri, Salam, Yalasarat, and Shalamcheh. The research design aimed to examine whether the increased circulation of certain public objects is associated with the increased circulation of certain terms, and whether the decreased proliferation of certain public objects is associated with the decreased dissemination of other terms. A time-frame was designated during which a positive correlation is shown to exist between certain objects and certain terms that either emerged simultaneously, or were eliminated together from the public. This analysis is central to understanding the links between words and their material referents, and their political implications in Iran. The paper provides a material account of the emergence of two distinct political vocabularies that proliferated across Iran between 1989 and 1997. It explores how the circulation of asymmetrical objects, that is, newly imported consumer goods, afforded two different signifying chains. In the process, the paper illustrates how the inflow of global objects enabled the public circulation of liberal terms such as “freedom” and “plurality.” One was now “free” to choose between various soft drinks, attire, and foreign cars within the emerging “plural” markets. The more international objects were imported, the more liberal terms circulated through them, and the more these terms were disseminated, the more demand they generated for the import of foreign things so that the appearance and subsequent regularization of global objects were central to the formation of a post-Islamist liberal vocabulary in Iran during the 1990s. The same imported objects, however, engendered a different set of words and ideas among key segments of the impoverished population. The politico-Islamic vocabulary of martyrdom was mobilized in a new way in relation to the dispersion of the same international objects to which the impoverished had no access. Whereas the term “justice,” for instance, had been deployed in relation to vengeance against Saddam during the Iran-Iraq conflict, it now referred to closing the gap in the public distribution of asymmetrical foreign objects. In other words, while old Hezbollahie terms remained constant from the dawn of the revolution, the referents for these terms had changed so that the regularization of global objects in Iran was also central to the reconfiguration of the Hezbollahie vocabulary. By exploring the relations between things and political discourses, the paper illustrated how the globalization of objects was central to the assemblage of a new form that politics took in Tehran between 1990 and 1997. In so doing, the paper focused on objects as distinct kinds of mediums that can afford, by means of their materiality, alternative systems of signs, and contesting backgrounds of shared meaning.

Having lived on this planet for many years, using and exploiting its resources, man has been confronted with limitations and environmental damage. In this regard, in order to find a new way that can reduce these damages and establish justice, it is of great importance to pay attention to the constraints. Can the problem become more understandable by introducing social variables? Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the factors that affect household consumption in order to understand the various related problems and pave the way for researchers to determine future research perspectives.

In this field, numerous studies have been conducted to identify the consumption and consumption patterns in the household sector as one of the most energy-intensive sectors. In this regard, the derivation and synthesis of previous findings are absolutely necessary, so in this study, through a systematic review by reading 176 articles and reviewing them in several stages and finally a comprehensive review of 40 scientific articles, an attempt was made to present the effective factors for household energy consumption. Credibility, confirmability and reliability criteria were used to validate this study.

The concepts of coding were divided into subthemes and themes. Results discussion and conclusion from the data studied 46 subtopics and themes and in the next stage 13 themes and in the final classification; Three categories including macro (governance), medium (society) and micro (family) were collected and then direct and indirect relationships were developed at each level in the form of causal model, so that the relationships between the level of governance (education system and media, energy policy and legislation, executive management of government and energy-related organizations, production, management, distribution, and consumption of energy, technology development, and standard of urban planning and architecture) and at the level of society (interpersonal factors, social and cultural factors, and public awareness) and at the level of family (lifestyle, social and economic status, and characteristics of household population) were described.

The combination of research results and the compilation of different effective factors for household energy consumption and their classification into different levels (macro, middle, and micro) can show the importance of a comprehensive approach to energy and sociological factors for future research, so that energy experts are able to evaluate energy issues in an interdisciplinary way. It also shows policy makers a better and more comprehensive view of policy making and planning in the area of household energy consumption at the macro level.

Along with the influence of social networks on people’s personal lives in recent decades, the dimensions and quality of family relationships have also undergone extensive and unprecedented changes. One of the most influential groups is women, who are experiencing a new form of social communication beyond traditional or cultural limitations. Currently, 72% of women use smartphones and their internet penetration is 42.7%. The website “NiniSite” deals specifically with topics and issues affecting women and has gained numerous users. The website has about 750,000 registered users and is visited by 800,000 people daily. While the gender of the users cannot be determined with certainty, based on the topics on the site, it can be assumed that more than 90% of these users are female. This study examines one of the site’s forums on the topic of “wives” to investigate how female users form marital relationships. The main research questions addressed key aspects, categories, couples’ positions, and the establishment or mitigation of gender stereotypes in relationships. The conceptual framework of the study was based on two approaches of constructivism in media (Stuart Hall) and cyberfeminism. Within Stuart Hall’s theory, culture is based on the ideology of the infrastructure of different readings of a meaning. He discusses two important strategies in the representational system: stereotyping and naturalization. Most cyberfeminist theorists agree that the Internet has promoted women’s agency and can raise public awareness by focusing on emancipation.

The method of the study is based on qualitative content analysis and time sampling was conducted in a period of one month (July to August) 2019.

The four main themes extracted include emotional and sexual, financial, family, and critical relationships. The results of the analysis show that emotional concerns are the most common topics of conversation among users and that there is a significant level of empathy and validation of shared experiences in this aspect of the relationship. At the same time, a significant amount of “generalization” and “stereotyping” is formed in this area. Women have shown the most evidence of agency and rethinking in sexual and financial relationships. The dominance of a discourse that can be called “sexual satisfaction” or “sexual orientation” has caused problems for women in its various dimensions. In the area of financial relationships, the desire for independence and personal purpose shows a clear shift in thinking from traditional ideas.

In areas related to social customs (e.g., marital commitment), family traditions (e.g., Iranian family-centered culture), and legal challenges (e.g., divorce and custody), the reproduction of gender stereotypes and compromises is more pronounced. Regarding critical relationships related to the occurrence of deadlocks in relationships, betrayal (or suspicion of betrayal) and violence (psychological, verbal, and physical) were very common, and (as with sexual relationships) the anonymity of users plays an important role in expressing them.

Films are influenced by the practice of political discourses in representing reality. The ruling discourse is to represent its desired patterns of action and life, and cinema is one of its meeting places. The way characters and their lives are portrayed is directly related to cinema’s dependence on the dominant discourse. Between 2005 and 2013, the discourse of justice gained hegemonic power in Iran. The discourse was not directed at the elites, managers, or political and civil society organizations, but at the masses. The cultural politics of the discourse were based on the dissemination of Islamic values in all fields, including the arts. Therefore, the expansion of justice in film also meant indebtedness to it. In this article, we aim to investigate the representation of classes, including the lower classes, in Iranian cinema during the first presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The present study aims to examine the representation of different classes within the discourse of conservatives, using the method of narrative analysis and focusing on Chatman’s theory. Chatman (1978) assumes that narrative has two basic elements: “story” and “discourse.” The “story” is the content of the narrative and the “discourse” is the form of this expression. According to him, the story is composed of actions, characters, productions, things as well as cultural codes, and the discourse includes the structure of narrative transmission and cinematic manifestation. For this purpose, 67 films screened in Iran between 2006 and 2010 were selected as a sample. The results show that Iranian cinema films represent five categories: modern upper class, traditional upper class, modern middle class, traditional middle class, and lower class. These classes are distinguished vertically according to the “representation of wealth” and horizontally according to the “social values”. On one hand, the upper, middle and lower classes are formed by the distribution of wealth. The values separate the classes into two traditional-modern areas, and thus the traditional-modern classes are separated at both the upper and middle levels.Results & At the level of film discourse, the classes with traditional characteristics are closer to the neoconservative discourse, and at the level of fiction, their narrative is supported by this discourse. As the mainstay of a just discourse, the lower classes are portrayed as warm, family-oriented, hard-working, and sacrificial individuals who are constantly struggling with problems. These problems are imaginatively resolved at the end of the films’ narrative. Finally, the dominant discourse has shirked its responsibility to distribute wealth equitably by reducing the basic problem of this class, poverty, to other things like marriage. In addition, by redefining the concept of justice, as well as constructing the subject of the lower class as a victim of social conditions, the discourse attempts to unify the various spectrums of tendencies and tastes in this class. Finally, the discourse of justice uses the medium of cinema.

Twitter is a global communication network that has become an instrument of diplomacy and promotion of international social capital of countries in the current era. Twitter has played an important role in US foreign policy, especially after the JCPOA. The problem is that the JCPOA, as the most important achievement of Iranian diplomacy, is in danger. In the meantime, Iranian diplomacy has achieved a good result with the help of the growth of communication technology. The main question in this paper is “what role does Twitter play in the power of Iranian diplomacy in the JCPOA, a capacity to strengthen international social capital when the United States withdraws from it?” The research method of this paper is a qualitative content analysis of the tweets of the political leaders of Iran and the United States. A total of 5700 tweets were analyzed using Maxqda 18 software. Based on the strategic narrative approach and soft power, the analysis of the content of the tweets shows that Iran has defined an active diplomacy to influence the United States in withdrawing from the JPCOA to restore attitudes, trust, and identity, which are important elements in producing international social capital. Promoting this important cause by relying on the sources of social capital production has created a new image of it in the international community. The main elements of social capital, i.e. participation and trust, have the ability to spread in the international space. The use of the same elements allows the concept of soft power, formed in the form of elements such as politics, culture and values, to be used with these resources. Finding and creating new dimensions. This has serious implications in the context of participation. The higher the level of government participation in international organizations, treaties and institutions, the greater the effectiveness of social capital, is worth considering (Mushirzadeh &Vaseinejad, 2018). Its dynamics is based on the goodwill of members to reciprocate positive interactions (Bigart & Deliberg, 2004). It is also a social capital for international security (Shirkhani & Vaseizadeh, 2012). Considering the importance of building trust, it is a ubiquitous category that can be effective in using international social capital for communication networks.The Iranian narrative about itself, the United States, and the JCPOA has been active in the context of generating soft power in the form of partnership development and trust as two effective factors for generating soft power. In other words, as international trust and the participation of countries in the international arena can be considered in the context of the soft power of these countries. Soft power is generated on the basis of trust and trust is a prerequisite for soft power (Moshirzadeh & Vaseinejad, 2018). Iran ultimately seeks a position (of equality based on mutual respect) and seeks to create or promote an alternative order that serves its national interests rather than the prevailing order (acting in accordance with international law rather than coercion). The success of the Iranian narrative requires the deliberate creation and dissemination of the narrative in the new media ecosystem, on behalf of Twitter, and maximizing its impact on the audience (persuasion). This requires adopting a point of view and a method based on a systematic scientific method, because trial and error in the new media ecosystem-and especially in the current situation-can be costly not only for Iran but for the entire world. Iranian foreign policy relies on the triangle of nationalism, Islamism, and commitment to the structure of government in the modern world to explain self-awareness and to guide governments and nations toward a true image.

As an unprecedented crisis, the Corona virus outbreak has upset many current aspects of human life in a very sudden and widespread way. This highly contagious disease, more than any other epidemic, has various cultural and social consequences, affecting all aspects of social life. This study examines the social factors that influence how people cope with Covid-19 disease. The study focuses on religiosity and social indifference as social components that influence people’s response to Covid-19 in the dimensions of behavior, emotion, and attitude. The theoretical framework of the present paper is based on religious coping theory, according to which religious people face human crises in a wiser and more relaxed manner. According to the religious rationalism approach, religious tendencies play an effective role in shaping people’s responsible behavior in the face of Covid-19 disease. This study was conducted by using a survey in which data were collected by a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study was all people living in Tehran city, and 300 people were selected as the research sample by a cluster method appropriate to the size. The method consisted of first considering each of the 22 districts of Tehran as a cluster. Then, according to the population of each cluster, a number of areas were randomly selected from each of them. Finally, blocks were randomly selected in the selected areas, and within each block, a number of households were selected using a simple random sampling method. In the sample selection, the percentage of randomly selected individuals from each group was equal to the percentage of the same group in the target population. The results show that most of the respondents, 34.4%, have a college degree and most of them, about 30%, are students. Regarding the context variables, there is no significant relationship between the “Facing the COVID -19” index and the marital status of the individuals. Of course, women are slightly more likely than men to follow health tips and social distance. On the other hand, there is a significant relationship between this index and the level of education; that is, as the level of education increases, people show better behavior toward coronary disease. The average value of the “Facing the COVID -19” index is 4, which means that the respondents largely follow the health recommendations. The mean score of the sample population for “religiosity” is 3.48, indicating a relatively high level of religiosity. The percentage of “social indifference” in the sample is almost low. Thus, 46.2% of individuals have low indifference and 19.8% have very low indifference. The results of the multivariate regression test show that there is a significant relationship between the index “Facing the COVID-19” and independent variables in different dimensions (R = 0.427). The results of this study show that there is an indirect relationship between “social indifference” and “Facing the COVID-19” (B = -0.268); when social indifference increases among people, they follow less health advice. “Religiosity” also has a direct effect on the management of Covid-19 disease (B = 0.242), such that religious people try more than others to show responsible behavior in dealing with this disease. Two main research hypotheses were confirmed. According to them, the strongest significant relationship between “Facing the COVID-19” and independent variables is associated with the “social indifference” index (r = -0.365). This shows that with the increase of social indifference among people in society, the level of compliance with health protocols among them has decreased and these people act more negligence in the face of corona. On the other hand, by decreasing indifference and increasing social responsibility, people will be more reasonable and responsible to corona disease. On the other hand, there is a significant positive correlation between Facing the COVID-19 and religiosity (r = 0.347). This finding confirms another hypothesis of the study and shows that religious people follow the principles of social distancing more than others. The higher people’s religiosity, the better they behave in terms of health advice during corona outbreak.

Despite the different ethnic groups in the country and the lack of development of villages and target destinations for ethnic tourism, the development of ethnic tourism can lead to sustainable economic growth and development in these areas, as well as the preservation and promotion of indigenous culture, oral heritage, traditions, indigenous industries, traditional arts, and customs of Iranian tribes. Consequently, the objective of this study is to offer a paradigm for the development of sustainable social tourism using the Turkmen people as a case study.

The philosophical foundations of this work are grounded in interpretiveness and a data-theory-based research strategy. Interviews were conducted with a total of 81 individuals, utilizing three distinct protocols for three distinct groups, including residents, visitors, and managers. Sampling was conducted theoretically, to the level of theoretical saturation, and in conjunction with snowball sampling.

In total, 3255 codes were recovered from 2284 meaningful statements of these interviews; after deleting duplicate cases, 639 final codes and 92 subcategories were extracted. Thus, out of 92 sub-categories, 8 central categories consist of heritage tourism, art tourism, ecotourism, sports tourism, food tourism, rural tourism, literary tourism, and cultural tourism for causal conditions; The 9 key categories consist of tourism infrastructure, financing and investment, management and organization challenges, tourism rules and regulations, tourism supply chain, tourism market elasticity, crisis management in the tourism industry, and inter-agency cooperation. control over intervening circumstances; For the underlying factors, four central categories include: socio-cultural characteristics, tourism of the host community, capacity building, and ethnic-religious prejudices; The 10 key categories consist of cultural stability, public security, population structure, migration, cultural heritage protection, environmental protection, stability of beliefs, social tolerance capacity, stability in ethnic context, and guest-host adaptation to the phenomenon. regional ecotourism management, establishment of non-governmental organizations and tourism clinics, handicraft management, cultural event management, stakeholder education, tourism project management, regional cultural heritage management, ethnic tourism market management, value chain management, planning Sustainable tourism; management of tourism studies; and cultural management of the host and guest community for strategies; Five main categories, including the sustainability of the region's social system, the sustainability of the local economy, the development of service quality, the empowerment of the local people, and the strengthening and promotion of indigenous culture, were recognized as results.

The theoretical model of the study suggests that a number of factors affect the development of sustainable ethnic-social tourism; to address them, special measures should be taken; and if these measures/strategies are implemented in the appropriate context, positive effects will be brought to the Turkmen region. The research has presented theoretical and managerial implications for destination management organizations with respect to the country's potential for ethnic tourism.

University study leads to many individual and social problems for students due to its special circumstances, such as distance from family, large number and high load of courses, and intense competition among students. One of the most important factors related to the low motivation and academic performance of university students is the academic burnout of students, which has negative consequences such as low development, depression, and mental health problems. Student burnout can lead to a feeling of fatigue in completing tasks and a pessimistic attitude toward education.

The aim of this study was to investigate the social factors underlying academic burnout among students in Tabriz University. The research method is survey and the statistical population includes all students of Tabriz Universitywhich were 20997 individuals. The sample size includes 275 students who were selected using proportional sampling method. SPSS 25 software and one-way statistical analysis of variance tests including t-test, Pearson correlation test and multivariate regression test were used to analyze the data.

The theoretical background of the study and the variables derived from it suggest that the use of mass media has a direct influence on academic burnout and that educational equity and the quality of academic life have an inverse influence on students’ academic burnout. Also, the results of comparing the mean difference between students’ burnout in terms of gender and employment status show that the rate of women and men and students’ burnout are different from each other and statistically significant in terms of different employment status. The results of the regression analysis also show that the variables of educational equity, quality of academic life, and media use can explain a total of 47% of the changes in the dependent variable of academic burnout.Results and

Based on the research findings, it can be said that various factors can be effective in students’ academic burnout, and in general, the variables and social factors prevalent in the university environment have a direct impact on the prevalence of burnout among students. If the quality of the university environment and educational relationships among students are improved, students’ academic performance is likely to improve.

Social health has come into focus in recent years; although various factors influence social health, the role of religion in the social health of individuals, especially in Iranian society, is undeniable. Religious thought and religiosity still have an important place in the sphere of Iranian thought; therefore, on the one hand, religion and religiosity of Iranian society are in a situation where they cannot be indifferent due to their influence and scope in the field of social health. On the other hand, the problems of religiosity in Iranian society show that religious intellectualism is not an insignificant issue in Iranian society. Therefore, we have addressed the attitudes of religious intellectual discourses towards social health according to the questions raised by the general objective; exploring the components of social health in contemporary Iranian intellectual intellectual discourses Sub-

To recognize the social characteristics of the producers of religious intellectual discourses; To determine why and how producers of religious intellectual discourses talk about social health; To find suggestions for action of the discourses Religious intellectualism is for the social health of people in society.

This is a qualitative research whose method is discourse analysis according to Laclau, Mouffe and Fairclough with techniques of documentary analysis and content analysis; based on the research objectives; To study the components of social health (social cohesion, social participation, social acceptance, social solidarity, and social welfare) in religious intellectual discourses in contemporary Iran, including the liberal discourse of religious thought represented by Bazargan, the neo-modernist discourse represented by Seyed Hossein Nasr, and the radical critical discourse represented by Ali Shariati. According to the principles of discourse analysis, first the articulation of discourse and elements in the articulation and the field of discourse and the central signs of discourses in social health with the components represented by Keys and Shapiro in the works and speeches and interviews of representatives of religious intellectual discourses in Iran We.

Among religious intellectuals, despite the diversity of interpretations, common lines can be found, especially in different dimensions and what was assumed to be central signs in this study: Faith, spiritual transcendence and the meaningful and life-giving nature of religion and support for democratic and loyal mechanisms. Freedom, rationalism parallel to religious semantics, historical requirements of religion, rethinking expectations and demands of religion, belief in readability of religion and pluralism, and at the same time belief in Sharia law and rituals try to offer a moral-mystical conception of religion that includes many basic concepts of social health.

The survival of religious intellectuals depends on their dynamism. In turn, they have answered many religious dilemmas. They also speak clearly about social health and propose measures for the social health of people in the community. Religious intellectuals are not indifferent to events outside the realm of religion, regardless of modern intellectual issues, and at the same time, as thinkers of their religious faith, they are also influenced by the events of the time and developments in the world. They criticize the current system, although they propose active measures to raise the profile of their society in the world and at home, with the aim of creating a civil society with comprehensive development and reviving Islamic civilization.

This paper explores the relationship between institutional interactions and social capital indicators “Case Study: Charities and Relief Institutions in 2020”.

The paper tries to answer the question of the relationship between the interaction between relief foundation and charities and social capital indicators by using a qualitative approach based on the thematic analysis method, which aims to find out the basic, organizing and comprehensive themes related to the research problem. The statistical population of the study consisted of managers, planners, experts and professors of the College of Aid and Charities, with whom semi-structured interviews were conducted, and finally 23 people were selected using the snowball method. Brown and Clark's (2006) thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data, and finally, three main themes emerged: social trust, social participation, and social cohesion.

After conducting the survey, the main results and findings of the research showed that charities specializing in specific issues have more efficient management with high supervision, which can better win people's trust. Imam Relief Foundation can successfully apply its implementation methods in the form of new organizational policies in the field of coordination with charities. The results have shown that the interaction and relationship between the Relief Foundation and charities is a function of criteria and indicators such as: the ability of charities to help the needy, accuracy in common matters, coordination of charities with relief policies, use of common capacities for synergy, avoidance of parallel work, and providing more help to the truly needy while maintaining the dignity of the needy. In this case, not only is the target community helped, but institutional interactions become more coordinated.

Through recognizing the perceptions and attitudes of the participants, the researcher realized that proper communication and interaction between the relief foundation and the charities can increase social capital (trust, participation, cohesion). The relief  foundation and charities as social networks are a platform for participation, which leads to social cohesion and integration and social trust.

The presence of social trust in charities and Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA) causes the cohesion of the organizations, increases social participation and improves the effectiveness of the services provided.