فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 110 (تابستان 1401)

Due to the fact that assessing individual preferences, could to some extent, indicate the social effects policy options have on military service, the choices of individuals within different income groups and with different perspectives have been analyzed. Therefore, individual preferences about the military service exemption fee have been assessed based on two main categories, which are regular exemption fees and exemption fees, that lead to a significant increase in the salaries of soldiers. The results of the multinomial logit model, which was based on 440 questionnaires, indicate, firstly, the individual’s income does not affect their preference about the military service fee exemption policy. Secondly, age is directly related to preferences, such that the increase in age of the individual has a positive relationship with the likelihood of preferring the current condition and a negative relationship with the likelihood of preferring the military service exemption fee policy. Thirdly, sensitivity to discrimination and inequality has a negative impact on the likelihood of choosing fee exemption options. Lastly, the results of the model confirm the fact that individuals serving in the military service or who have completed their military service, are less inclined to support the exemption fee options.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Kor-Aras Basin faced a vacuum of integrated water resources management. The centralized water management system collapsed in the three newly formed countries of the South Caucasus, consisting of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. As a result Turkey launched the massive "DAP" project on Aras. Furthermore, in order to compensate for its 50% quota deficit from Aras, and while constructing joint dams with the Republic of Azerbaijan, Iran has launched the Aras water transfer project to simultaneously supply drinking water to Tabriz and save the Urmia Lake.Despite the fact that the bilateral water regime has continued since the collapse of the Soviet Union and has led to new bilateral agreements, the change in the nature of the Aras River from "border" to "transboundary" and its attachment to the Kor River to form a single river system, and the increase in the number of coastal member states from three to five, seem to have led to the inability of the bilateral legal regime to deal with the needs and the current and future challenges of the Kor-Aras Basin.The present article examines and analyzes the challenges arising from the lack of integrated management of water resources and regional water regime in the post-Soviet period. Results show, the accession of the coastal states of the Kor-Aras Basin to the 1997 UN Convention and the creation of a new water regime based on the 2004 Berlin Rules regarding basins, can help fill existing gaps and guarantee future cooperation in this joint watershed.

Establishing the Individual Income Tax System can play a pivotal role in tax reform in the country. This tax system has never been implemented in Iran. The problem with the process of establishing PIT is, the uncertainty about the characteristics of the actors, their pattern of interaction, the amount of information and access, and the institutional and exogenous factors that govern the decisions made in this regard. In this study, the Institutional Economics Approach was chosen as a solution to this dilemma and the Institutional Analysis and Development framework (IAD) was used as the basis for its analysis. The findings of the study indicate that high-earning and low-earning actors differ greatly in terms of awareness, growth, access to decision-making centers, and action at the policy-making level. The present study predicts that under normal circumstances this tax system will not be approved and implemented unless exogenous factors, such as the pressure of sanctions, the demands of social activists, and the changing political climate of parliament and government, trigger a push for the enforcement of such a system.

A state’s civil responsibility is one of the most widespread, challenging and disputed issues in the world. Whether or not states are responsible for recompensing citizen damages in natural disasters requires a legal and jurisprudential basis in the Iranian legal system. If such a basis does not exist then according to the "principle of non-responsibility", the state cannot be held responsible for compensating citizens.By employing a descriptive, analytical and library method, this paper has separated the different causes of flood damage from each other and has analyzed the basis and scope of the government's responsibility in compensating for damages caused by each factor separately. To achieve this goal, the flood which took place in March of 2019 in Aqqala is a suitable and comprehensive case in which to study the factors and basis of compensation for natural disasters.The main aim of this research is to understand how the government's responsibility to compensate for damages caused by different sources of damage in natural disasters can be established.According to the findings of this study, the state's responsibility to compensate for flood damages in the northern area of the city of Aqqala city can be proven as its responsibility can be analyzed based on the fault theory of responsibility, thus the government is obliged to compensate for the damages of each citizen in its entirety. Furthermore, for the flood caused in the central area of the city, the state has no legal responsibility to compensate for the damages caused by the flood to those residing next to or around the river. A moral and social responsibility does of course exist but the state has limited legal responsibility for damages to inhabitants of the areas near the river. In addition, according to traditional theories of civil responsibility, the state has no legal responsibility towards the damages caused by the flood in the southern area of Aqqala as no fault or error can be attributed to the state. However newer theories and social, economic and ethical considerations, suggest that the state compensate for these damages.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the formal and informal costs of crime by employing a descriptive survey method. The statistical population of this study consists of those convicted of robbery, fraud and intentional assault and released from prison in 1989. Using the available sampling method, 150 individuals were selected as the final sample size. The data-gathering tool used was a researcher-made questionnaire, which was validated by the opinions of three experts. In addition, its reliability was calculated using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.81. After explaining the demographic data and distributing the frequency and percentage of questions answered, multivariate analysis of variance and t-test were used for data analysis and the Tukey test was used to determine the differences between groups. According to the findings of this study, investigation of official and informal crime costs of fraud is greater in thieves and in thieves is greater than in the perpetrators of deliberate assault. Also, when assessing formal and informal costs, in general, fraudsters pay close attention to both types of costs, thieves focus on informal costs more than formal costs and perpetrators of deliberate assault and crime pay little attention to official and social costs. The reason for the discrepancy in the assessment of crime costs is due to the forensic nature of the crime, simply put, the fraudsters regarded as white collar criminals knowingly commit the crime, whereas the perpetrators of deliberate assault and intentional assault are regarded as blue collar criminals as they commit spontaneous crimes.

knowledge-based economics plays an important role in the progress of any country and has the potential to bring about an increase in employment and economic development. Thus it is necessary to conduct a research in order to deal with all the affairs in knowledge-based companies.the goal of this research is to present a model in knowledge-based companies for strategies based on grounded theory.the grounded theory method was combined with a qualitative-quantitative method and employed in this study. The tools used to gather data in the qualitative section were in-depth interviews and in the quantitative section was the questioner.the gathered data form about 15 in-depth interviews was evaluated based on the method by Ashteras and Courbin (1998) and the qualitative model was extracted. In this research the effect of content-based factors and the process of strategical execution was evaluated based on the performance of knowledge-based companies using the structural equations (SPSS 18, SmartPLS).the theory of strategic execution by knowledge-based companies, is problematic due to minor issues such as “strategic fit”, “strategic translation” and “lack of confidence in the best and most timely decisions”.

The treaty on prohibition of nuclear weapons was adopted on 20 September 2017 and up until now (July 2021), 53 states have acceded to it. The treaty, which is the international community’s latest legal action against nuclear weapons, entered into force on 22 January 2021. Iran confirmed the final text of the treaty at the UN conference in New York on 7 July 2017, but has so far failed to accede to it. This study analyzed the extent of the treaty’s influence on the process of nuclear disarmament and the delegitimization of nuclear weapons in the world. The consequences of the accession of Iran to this treaty were also studied and analyzed by employing a descriptive- analytical research method. The results portrayed that while the implementation of the treaty would strengthen the process of nuclear disarmament and delegitimization of nuclear weapons in the world and increase pressure against states with nuclear weapons, the strong objection of such states, would hinder the realization of the treaty goals. Furthermore, although Iran’s accession to the treaty may strengthen its international status in the campaign against nuclear weapons and its compliance with nuclear transparency, at the same time its accession may bring new international challenges for the country.

Due to the increasing importance of the role of traffic safety in planning issues, various executive programs and study plans are recommended in order to achieve the optimal implementation of road safety measures. Utilizing decision-making principles and employing efficient solution-finding techniques helps provide a more accurate method of dealing with geographical issues. Using an innovation in methodology, the present research has expanded the application of the PROMETHEE method and carried out a graphical analysis of the results in order to assess the status of Iran's provinces according to road safety indices. The diagnostic tools and broader evaluation employed in the research helps decision makers gain a more comprehensive understanding of the current situation and strive to further optimize road safety. In the present applied research, after collecting quantitative data related to road safety, the indexing was constructed and various weightings were attributed to specific indices using the entropy method. The performance of Iranian provinces were analyzed and displayed using the PROMETHEE method, GAIA-WEB analytical tools, PROMETHEE Network, GAIA plane and descriptive chart. According to the results, the Qom province has the best road safety indicators in the country. Semnan, Alborz and Tehran provinces follow in second place. Furthermore, the Sistan and Baluchestan provinces have the most inadequate relative status in terms of road safety indices among all other provinces in the country. It is worth mentioning that the higher levels of road safety found in the Qom, Semnan, Alborz and Tehran provinces rely more on the system / services aspect, and in terms of productivity, i.e. road deaths and violations, they are not doing well.

Population is one of the main causes of a country's prosperity. The current situation of the population and urbanization system in the country indicates a strong centralism and a type of urbanization that is the legacy of the urbanization and population policies of the period before the Islamic Revolution and which have continued since. Breaking down this flawed chain of urbanization and population distribution will require new policies and an innovative decision-making system based on sustainable development. In order to distribute the population within the geographical area available in the country, a solution, which can be carried out by the country's decision-making authorities, is to enforce land management planning. The purpose of this study is, to find a futuristic plan, which evaluates the optimal areas of population settlement so as to redistribute the population and lead to a reduction of centralism and the damage caused by it. In this research, a combined model of Fuzzy logic and network analysis has been used to locate the optimal areas of population settlement in Iran.

Continuing to provide electricity services as a vital infrastructure of society requires the cooperation and participation of the consumers. Therefore, wasteful energy consumption or the inability to provide electricity, threatens the economic and social life of society. Given that governance is at the center of public policies, the participation of stakeholders with interests in energy supply can bring about many benefits to the country both in the short and long term. The purpose of managing electricity demand is to save energy and be able to meet the managed needs of electricity services in the country. Thus, the aim of this study is to design a participatory governance model for managing electricity demand in Iran. The research method employed was qualitative in terms of the data, and developmental and applied in terms of purpose. The participants in this study consisted of 9 managers and experts in electricity supply and demand in the country. They were selected by non-probability purposive sampling and their selection volume was determined based on theoretical saturation. Data collection was done through in-depth semi-structured interviews and data analysis was done using the content analysis technique by coding and extracting the content network. The results led to the identification of indicators of system context, factors affecting participation, participation, facilitator of participation and achievements of participation. Implementing a model developed in the country's electricity industry can have many benefits, such as, providing essential electricity supply, cost savings, environmental benefits, the economic efficiency of consumers and the generalizability of participatory models for solving public problems in the country.

In the Iranian law system, employment lawsuits belonging to the employees of revolutionary institutions and how these institutions deal with their own dual nature (revolutionary/ non-governmental) have always been one of the main issues of Iran's administrative law. Accordingly, reviewing and analyzing the dual structure of these institutions and the competence of the authorities when handling the employment complaints of employees belonging to these institutions, is a topic that we will address in this study. However, the damage which comes about in the litigation process when dealing with and accepting the jurisdiction of the Administrative Court of Justice regarding the employment complaints of employees of revolutionary institutions, and the dual structure of these institutions (revolutionary/non-governmental), must first be determined. In this study, by employing a descriptive-analytical research method and using the resources of libraries, and also while laying out the level of competence of the Administrative Court of Justice as a reference for handling employment complaints of employees of revolutionary institutions, the level of damage was legally established. The findings of this study indicate, the lack of comprehensive administrative procedure rules and the existence of scattered rules regarding the definition of institutions under review during their process of handling their employee employment claims, has lead to ambiguities in the processing or non-processing of employee claims by the institutions in question. The Court of Administrative Justice has been established, however the establishment of administrative courts is an inevitable necessity for securing the rights of the employees of the institutions in question. The results of the present study portray that, in addition to the mechanisms designed to reduce the volume of employment claims found in non-specialist institutions, it is necessary to reform the dual structure of public administration institutions in order to monitor the proper implementation of the principles of fair trial by specialized administrative authorities.

This study was designed and conducted in order to investigate the state of communication skills portrayed by the youth of Tehran and to study the relationship between communication skills and prosocial personality. This was a descriptive-correlational study and was conducted using a survey technique and a questionnaire. The statistical population was based on Tehranis aged 20 to 35 years. 203 people, who fit into this category, were selected based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage cluster sampling. Findings showed that the state of the five dimensions of communication skills within the sample group, were respectively: ability to receive and send messages, above average listening skills and insight into the communication process, moderate emotional control and below average communication with reality. In general, Tehrani youth portrayed a moderate level of communication skills. Results also implied that the communication skills of the Tehrani youth are related to their community-friendly personality. Furthermore, the ability to receive and send messages in women is higher than men. Interestingly, there was no relationship between youth employment and marital status and communication skills and prosocial personality, however there was a relationship between education and communication skills and prosocial personality.