نشریه مطالعات در دنیای رنگ
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 44، بهار 1401)

Dyes, heavy metals, and other pollutants in the wastewater of various industries have caused concern among researchers and environmentalists. Researchers have proposed multiple materials in recent years as high-performance, biocompatible adsorbents. Today, 3D printing technology has attracted the attention of many researchers in various fields due to its significant potential for the rapid production of structures with complex and porous geometry compared to conventional processes. In recent years, 3D printing of polymer-based materials has been used in wastewater treatment and dye removal processes due to its high flexibility in the design of complex structures. Therefore, while introducing different types of 3D printers in this review, we have tried to express the manufacturing processes' challenges and characteristics. In addition, recent advances in the development of 3D printing structures and their application in removing pollutants such as dyes and heavy metals from wastewater have been studied.

Advances in science and technology in recent years have affected the quality of human life. Devices such as televisions, printers, mobile phones, monitors, and projectors are good examples of these advances that have brought about a tremendous change in human life. An essential characteristic in the output of these devices is their color gamut, which refers to the range of colors that they can accurately reproduce. In general, the color gamut is the range of colors that a device can provide and depends on several factors. It is noticeable that the color gamut is usually a specific subset of the three-dimensional color spaces and could be introduced over the colorimetric axes. In the present report, studies and researches on the importance of color gamut in printers, monitors, natural dyes used in wool and cotton fibers dyeing process, and solar cells have been investigated. Finally, the algorithms for the definition of gamut boundaries, surface creation, triangulation methods, and application of the Delaunay triangulation method have been studied.

Casein is one of the proteins that have been used historically, and traces of its use have been visible throughout history. Casein is extracted from mammalian milk, especially cow's milk, and is used in works of art such as painting staples, paper slats, wood veneers, additives in gypsum mortars, or as an adhesive in the field of conservation and restoration. This study aimed to introduce the applications of casein, how to make adhesive from this material, the structural properties, and finally, methods and chemical analysis introduced to identify this natural substance in historical works. According to the findings of this study, it was determined: A: casein, hydrated lime, sodium oxides and silicates, metal salts, and water are suitable compounds for making casein glue B: casein structure is more spherical and has a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part which causes waterproofing in some historical works such as paintings. c: instrumental analyzes such as Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and more chemical methods (Spot test) such as Ninhydrin test and Biore test is applicable to identify proteins, especially casein

Industrial equipment's lifetime and efficiency depend mainly on its structures and performances in the harsh conditions of aggressive environments. Therefore, the protection of the equipment's surface is significant. In recent decades, multi-component hard coatings have been highly regarded in scientific and industrial communities. Different types of transition metal-based multi-component coatings, such as coatings based on chromium, titanium, and refractory metals, have been widely used as protective coatings. However, other components of these coatings (such as carbon, nitrogen, and silicon), surface morphology, and grain size will play essential roles in their properties and applications. For example, two-component transition-metal nitride coatings can not be used in abrasion conditions, while transition-metal carbide coatings are a significant candidate. However, three-component transition-metal Carbonitride coatings can provide better mechanical properties and tribological performances than Two-component coatings. On the other hand, some properties of transition metal-based coatings, such as oxidation resistance, residual stress, and frictional performance, can be significantly improved by doping silicon (Si).

One of the significant bases for perceiving the environment is visual feeling; in this case, the colors are considered the first component, which is perceived together with form and shape. Using and arranging colors in urban spaces is particularly important. It is considered that design and the significant application of color in urban areas are influential principles that affect people's behavior and improve their interaction and participation in the place. In this study, the importance of doing research in local societies was addressed by using a descriptive-analytical method and focusing on the issue of color as a necessity in creating urban spaces; to achieve this aim. The use of color in urban areas was reviewed based on the recognized color scales, the examples of global experiences, and the color position in creating urban placemaking. The results show that the proper use of color in urban spaces is influential in cities' readability, harmony, dynamism, and vitality. Public participation and the presence of local communities also play an essential role in implementing the urban plans using color, which is a crucial factor in establishing the interactions between people and urban spaces.

Surface-engineered coatings for the fire protection of cotton are being increasingly used thanks to the ease of application of the coatings and their effectiveness in preventing flame propagation and improving resistance to irradiative heat flux exposure. Two main approaches have been extensively investigated in this context, namely sol-gel derived coatings and layer-by-layer assemblies. On the other hand, these approaches can provide treated fabrics with outstanding flame-retardant features. Notwithstanding, according to the composition of the sol-gel recipes and the type of deposited layers in layer-by-layer assemblies, it is possible to design multifunctional (for example, hydrophobic, oil repellent, self-clean, anti-bacterial, electrically conductive, etc.) treatments. Therefore, this review discusses recent advances concerning both sol-gel and layer-by-layer strategies, highlighting current limitations, open challenges, and possible advances. In addition, an attempt has been made to give a brief overview of the works done in this field.