مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 17، تابستان 1401)

In recent years, village development authorities have turned to entrepreneurial capacities, which can help remove major challenges such as unemployment, low income, economic non-diversity, etc. in rural areas. The present research uses a descriptive-analytical method. It collects data from library sources and field surveys (questionnaires). The statistical population of this research consists of 9 villages of the rural district of Panjeh Ali. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) as well as inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, Friedman test, Pearson correlation and Path analysis) were used. Research findings revealed that the villages under study have the highest capacities for entrepreneurial development in the individual dimension (mean rate of 3.25% and T statistics of 6.868, but no such a good situation was found for the rest of the areas. Friedman test results indicated the highest mean of entrepreneurial development related to the individual indicator (4.40%), while the lowest mean related to the infrastructure indicator (2.21%). Results of correlation between variables indicated a direct relationship between level of education and entrepreneurial development, as the said components decreased with the increase of the age. To examine the extent to which capacity dimensions affect entrepreneurial development, path analysis was used. Analysis findings indicated that the economic dimension had the highest effects (0.598) and the infrastructure dimension had the lowest effects (0.298).

 Sustainability of tourism, requires hardware facilities, providing facilities for advertising, attracting investors and tourists, overcoming unexpected conditions such as the outbreak of coronary heart disease, using the latest technology in the world and employing capable staff and tour leaders with relationships Social is high. In this study, the comparison of tourism sustainability indicators in Khorramshahr and Abadan regions using the swot method was put on the agenda and it was found that stakeholders and planners in both regions with three important strategies considering financial possibilities, changes in competitors' performance, Innovated and used strategy, which is a priority in Khorramshahr with innovation and in Abadan with obtaining appropriate financial resources and advertising. In this regard, it was found that due to the age, reputation and conditions of Abadan, the city is more opportunities for advertising through local and national radio and television to attract tourists and uses financial resources of financial and banking institutions to expand the tourism sector. But in Khorramshahr, there is more planning to use foreign resources. In both tourism regions, the use of state-of-the-art technology has been challenged due to the unfamiliarity of tour leaders, and tourism practitioners are seeking to train tourism staff and hire tour leaders with high communication skills. Eventually, both regions fear the outbreak of coronary heart disease and similar issues that have led to the collapse of tourism, and are working to overcome the situation.

Urban ageing is an emerging domain that deals with the population of older people livingin cities. The ageing of society is a positive yet challenging phenomenon, as population ageing andurbanisation are the culmination of successful human development. One could argue whether the cityenvironment is an ideal place for people to grow old and live at an old age compared to rural areas.This viewpoint article explores and describes the challenges that are encountered when making citiesage-friendly in Europe. Such challenges include the creation of inclusive neighbourhoods and theimplementation of technology for ageing-in-place. Examples from projects in two age-friendly citiesin The Netherlands (The Hague) and Poland (Cracow) are shown to illustrate the potential of makingcities more tuned to the needs of older people and identify important challenges for the next coupleof years. Overall, the global ageing of urban populations calls for more age-friendly approaches to beimplemented in our cities. It is a challenge to prepare for these developments in such a way that bothcurrent and future generations of older people can benefit from age-friendly strategies.

Iraq was in an economically disadvantaged position after the war against Iran. Saddam Hussein desperately needed money to sort out his country's turbulent economic situation. Therefore, he made a series of requests from the countries of the Persian Gulf; Such as (reducing oil production and adhering to the quota set by OPEC, forgiving Iraq and providing new financial assistance to Iraq), and declaring that if these demands are opposed, I will take revenge; Therefore, these factors and the history of border disputes and Iraq's long-standing claims to Kuwait's ownership and the US green light to Iraq to invade Kuwait, led Iraq to invade Kuwait at dawn on August 2, 1990. Occupied the country in a matter of hours.The purpose of this study is to investigate the cause of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990.Research method In this research is a combination of historical, descriptive and analytical methods.Findings and results The findings of this study show that the Ba'athist regime in Iraq invaded Kuwait for political, economic and security (military) reasons, the most important of which are:Given that the length of the Iraqi coast in the Persian Gulf is very short, this has taken away the freedom of action and maneuvering power from Iraq. For this reason, by occupying Kuwait and its important islands, Iraq gained access to more than 150 km of the strategic coast of Kuwait at the head of the Persian Gulf, eliminating the problem of Iraq's lack of access to the waters of the Persian Gulf; And since Kuwait is one of the world's largest oil producers and ranks third in the world in terms of proven oil reserves; Thus, Iraq's access to Kuwait would significantly increase Iraq's revenues. ding for the reconstruction of the Iraq war; Thus, Iraq achieved its

Election geography is a branch of political geography that examines the spatial dimensions of elections. One of the geographical dimensions of elections is the pattern of environmental and birth votes. Mamasani constituency, because it has a tribal and nomadic context, the voting pattern in this geographical area is influenced by ethnic and tribal groups, and therefore the main vote of candidates in geographical areas is attributed to their tribe and descent. Hence, the forthcoming research intends to examine and analyze the voting base of the candidates in the 11th round of the Islamic Consultative Assembly elections in Mamasani constituency? In examining the spatial distribution of votes, it seems that the votes were not uniformly distributed in all places and geographical spaces of Mamasani constituency, but the weight and concentration of votes in the spaces attributed to the districts and tribes that are the most populous population and the number of voters. Research method The present research has a descriptive and analytical nature and the method of collecting documentary and field information (observation). The results of the studies showed; The voting pattern in Mamasani constituency is influenced by local-spatial identities and tribalism, and this issue has caused the spatial distribution of votes is not homogeneous and the votes of electoral actors in the birthplace and territory of their tribe more than other places and settlements. Candidates whose place of birth does not have a sufficient population should not reach

The success rate of urban spaces is proportional to the amount of use of that space and human presence in it. In today's cities, what causes urban life and healthy living of citizens more than other factors, is to pay attention to the social dimensions in urban plans. Choose comfortable, safe and enjoyable walks in the hours leading up to the night, in which case the use of artificial light technique is effective in creating a suitable rejuvenation for a safe and attractive walk. This study was conducted with the aim of the effect of lighting on increasing pedestrian orientation and establishing social interactions on Taleghani Street in Ahvaz; Due to the nature of the subject and the goals for which it is intended, it is of descriptive-analytical type and is among the applied researches. The statistical population is 1227011 people living in Ahvaz in 2016. In order to select the sample size, 50 people have been selected due to time constraints. The findings of the SWOT technique show that the score of internal factors is 2.56 and the score of external factors is 2.79, which means that opportunities have overcome threats and offensive strategy is the superior strategy in this research. Also, the tested hypothesis was confirmed with a mean (3.26). Based on Pearson correlation coefficient, the hypothesis is with coefficient (0.092) and significance level (0.049).The results show that optimal lighting is one of the most prominent components that differentiate users' desire to use places at night. The quality of light as a factor that causes human perception of the environment plays an important role in encouraging users to use urban spaces in the late hours of the night.

Land subsidence due to uncontrolled extraction of groundwater resources is one of the events that has been observed in abundance in Iran. Due to the improper extraction of groundwater resources in the country, unfortunately, . Kabudrahangplain of Hamedan is the richest plain of Hamedan province in terms of having groundwater resources, but unfortunately in the last 30 years due to excessive abstraction of groundwater to meet agricultural and industrial needs and lack of adequate monitoring of this issue, Groundwater level has decreased, which has caused subsidence and, of course, sinkholes in Kabudrahang city. The purpose of this study is to identify sinkholes to prevent or reduce the damage caused by it.In this research, the radar interference method with the help of SENTINEL-1 satellite radar images using SNAP software has been used to monitor subsidence and subsidence, and the subsidence rate and the number of subsidence have been reported.After reviewing the approximately quarterly periods of the study area using the image of the first period and the last period to a period of 361 days, i.e. the images of 09/15/2017 to 10/09/2018 in the study area in general was examined. The results of this study show that in the period of one year, the study area has subsided by 14.5 cm, which is more subsidence in Kordabad, Noabad, KaboudarAhang, Famenin and in general in Fameninplain,Kabudrahang, Qahvand and around Hamedan has happened. These results can indicate the danger of landslides in these areas.The final results show a total subsidence of about 14.5 cm in the range that most of these subsidence occurred around urban areas and close to residential areas that this factor can be a news of occurrence. To bring about imminent human catastrophes in Hamedan province, especially KaboudarAhang plain.

In today's world, the functions of villages and cities are largely shared and there are deep relationships between cities and villages. Khuzestan is one of the provinces in which villagers play a major role in agricultural and livestock production in the country, and rural development and sustainable population in the village will lead to sustainable developmentIn today's world, the functions of villages and cities are largely shared and there are deep relationships between cities and villages. Khuzestan is one of the provinces in which villagers play a major role in agricultural and livestock production in the country, and rural development and sustainable population in the village will lead to sustainable development.The results of this study showed that the supply of sanitary drinking water and other health needs of the people and special attention to the needs of the people, creating security for investment in rural businesses and planning for the development of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, carpet weaving, Entrepreneurship and handicrafts, as the main activity of the villagers, along with considering rural and urban relations in the villages of Khuzestan province can pave the way for being in the axis of sustainable development.

Given that the effectiveness of any organization and the achievement of its goals are related to the performance of employees and their job satisfaction, Therefore, this article, compiled in an analytical-review method and using library resources and internet sites, tries to analyze the factors affecting the job satisfaction of the experts of the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Khuzestan province and provide the necessary solutions. Job satisfaction has a decisive role in many factors of organizational productivity, and improving performance in organizational civic behavior, organizational commitment, job attachment and mental health of employees and reducing behaviors such as absenteeism, leaving the service and many other behaviors, including the consequences of creating a sense of satisfaction It is a job in the employees of organizations. These valuable consequences should be a strong motivation for managers of organizations to pay serious attention to the issue of job satisfaction of employees and take measures to create it. The first step in this case requires identifying the dimensions and aspects of job satisfaction and their nature, which should be achieved through research and surveys. This knowledge provides the basis for discovering the causes of job satisfaction. By discovering the factors influencing job satisfaction and applying interventions to improve these causes in various dimensions, job satisfaction will increase, which will lead to higher levels of positive outcomes and lower levels of negative outcomes. For this purpose, the aim of this research is to achieve this goal.

The cooperative sector, along with other public and private sectors that face many failures to achieve efficiency, is considered as a subset of the third sector (social economy). By having principles such as free and optional membership, democratic control, limited capital profit, excess income and training and cooperation among cooperative members, cooperatives can be a suitable platform for the activity and success of people with little capital but with great ability. In general, it can be said that cooperatives are a suitable policy to support the decentralized funds in the society and also to create employment and reduce the unemployment rate. Therefore, this research seeks to identify the factors that prevent and promote the development of rural production cooperatives. This study was carried out by a descriptive-survey method with a random sampling method according to the size of the floor among 226 members of production cooperatives in Songhor, Sahne and Kangavar cities. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using experts' opinions and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test. The alpha level was acceptable for each of the research variables. Data analysis was done by SPSS software. The results of the average comparison between the respondents' views regarding the preventing and promoting factors and variables such as gender and age do not have a statistically significant difference. While there is a statistically significant difference between the views of the respondents regarding the preventing and promoting factors and the education level variable. Also, the results of the correlation showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the views of the respondents regarding the preventing and promoting factors and the variables of membership history and the number of training courses.

Creating artistic volumes and graphic designs in urban spaces has played an irreplaceable role in improving the quality of the urban environment, which, if accompanied by citizen participation, can lead to a high level of citizen satisfaction with life. In this regard, the principles and components of citizenship ethics should be observed so that people and city officials can perform their roles and activities in a coordinated manner and without any tension to lead the city towards sustainability. In this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and relying on library resources and field methods, the aim is to evaluate and analyze the role of citizens 'ethics on citizens' social participation in beautifying urban landscapes in Ilam. The residents of Ilam are 267 citizens and 70 city managers selected using the Cochran method and the questionnaire was randomly distributed among them. The results obtained from the non-parametric Chi-Square test show a significant correlation at the level of 99% that the participation of citizens in beautifying urban landscapes is at a moderate level. The Whitney Mann test was also used to compare the views of citizens and city managers on the extent of citizens' duties. The results show a significant difference at the level of 99% between the views of citizens and city managers. The same result of Pearson test showed that there is a significant relationship between civic ethics and social participation of Ilam citizens in beautifying urban landscapes.

Cities became one of the main centers for research because they are the main gathering place for human beings. One of the problems that plagues the city today, especially large cities, is the phenomenon of the city's thermal island. There are many factors involved in the spatial changes of a thermal island, including human activities and changes in land cover, which often lead to a reduction in green space. Numerous vegetation indices have been developed and in this study, NDVI and EVI indices were examined. Land surface temperature for August 18, 2021 was retrieved from Landsat images using one-channel algorithm and the above indicators for the above date were extracted. The results showed that most of the city is covered by a temperature class of 305-310 degrees Kelvin. By comparing the indices and the land surface temperature, it was found that the land surface temperature and the vegetation have an inverse relationship, so that in the south and east the temperature is lower and the vegetation is higher; but for the South and the West, the opposite is true. Also, the relationship between land surface temperature and EVI index was -23.31% and its relationship with NDVI index was about -24%; this indicates that the two indicators are similar with a slight difference.

Comprehensive efforts for the development of cities, especially in developing countries, have been considered an inevitable necessity for their survival. This will be possible with good urban governance. This concept has a special and key place, especially in developing countries and in the establishment and institutionalization of civil society. In good urban governance, efforts are made to improve today's complex system of urban management and to realize the views and theories of sustainable development and humanistic cities by governing the city and strengthening public, public and private institutions. The present research, in terms of purpose, is in the category of developmental and applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Due to the nature and type of subject matter, data collection was based on library and documentary methods. The results show that there is a direct relationship between the implementation of good urban governance and the realization of The urban development.

The worn-out tissues of the city, which have physical, functional and functional wear and tear, have high vulnerability and low resilience in dealing with the mentioned crises, so it is necessary to intervene in these tissues in order to create balance and harmony between the foundations of social life. , The economy and the improvement of the urban body are even more important. The research method of this research is qualitative and with a content analysis approach. First, by referring to reliable sources and collecting materials and also by examining case samples in order to verify the data, information including resilience criteria and indicators of urban worn-out texture are presented as the two main poles of this research. The purpose of this study is to identify the indicators and factors affecting the dimensions of resilience in urban worn-out structures and to provide a housing design solution with a resilience approach. The results of research according to review studies show that the dimensions of resilience in urban worn-out textures in terms of physical-environmental dimension, social dimension, organizational-institutional dimension and economic dimension are not in a favorable position. Took.

Today, good urban governance is a new approach in the structure of urban management that has challenged all traditional and centralized approaches to urban management. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of good urban governance on urban prosperity in Shiraz. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consists of citizens of Shiraz, which according to the 2016 census was 1569534 people, which was selected as a sample using a Cochran's volume-sample formula of 384 people. One-sample t-test, multivariate regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the research findings. The results of t-test showed that the accountability index with an average of 3.313 has the highest average and the efficiency and effectiveness index with an average of 2.809 has the lowest average among the indicators of good urban governance in Shiraz. Quality of life index with an average of 3.365 has the highest average among urban prosperity indices and equality and social justice index with an average of 2.887 has the lowest average among urban prosperity indices in Shiraz. In order to investigate the effects of good urban governance on urban prosperity in Shiraz, multivariate regression test has been used. The results showed that good urban governance had the greatest effect with a beta coefficient of 0.387 on the quality of life index and the lowest effect with a beta coefficient of 0.143 on the production ability index. And urban prosperity with Pearson coefficient 554 / has a direct and significant relationship between the two.

Increased atmospheric anomalies such as sudden rainfall, wind storms, droughts and rising temperatures in some parts of Iran there a few years. Snow in the cities of the south and center after 50 years, extreme cold and hail in the blooming trees, increasing the average temperature of some cities in recent years are examples of tangible changes in the climate of Iran. General circulation models(GCM) of the atmosphere by greenhouse gas emissions scenarios predict future climate of the Earth. But very low spatial resolution of these models and their results to evaluate the impact of climate change does not apply in the sciences. Thus Downscaling GCM data should be used. But the accuracy of these models depends on the geographic and climatic conditions of each region. In this study the possible effects of climate change on climate parameters daily rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature synoptic stations north of Khuzestan in statistical period (2014-1985) were studied. Forecast using the A2 and B1 and HadCM3 model for the period (2030-2011) and (2050-2030) was carried out. Downscaling GCM data software was used for LARS-WG. The results show that annual rainfall in the region has come down trend. The highest temperature rise in the minimum temperature. And this increase is more pronounced in winter. And the maximum temperature rise was observed in the A2 scenario for 2050.

Dimensions of urban participation today have become an integral part of urban management systems. Meanwhile, the participation rate of residents of urban car settlements is more important than residents of other urban areas. Because the residents of informal settlements have a high social spirit and consequently are interested in participating in the affairs of their neighborhood. In this regard, the present study has assessed and ranked the dimensions of participation of residents of informal settlements in the metropolis of Tehran with a case study of the Islamabad neighborhood. The research method is descriptive-analytical and SPSS16 software was used to analyze the data and Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests were used to test the hypotheses. Research data were collected using library studies and field research and the sample size was estimated to be 370 according to Cochran's formula. The indicators determined in this research are "psychological", "social", "economic" and "managerial", respectively. The results of data analysis and questionnaires indicate that from the point of view of the residents of the Islamabad neighborhood of Tehran, among the studied components, the "managerial" component is the most important and among the studied indicators, the index " The level of stress and psychological pressures are the most important and also other results of the research can be pointed out that there is no relationship between the education status and marital status of residents with their participation. In general, it can be said that the participation rate of residents is below average (2.13).

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social capital variables (structural, relational and cognitive) on the promotion of organizational resilience in Khuzestan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The research method is applied according to the purpose and is descriptive and correlational. Data collection tools were Nahapiet and Ghoshal(1998) social capital questionnaire with 15 items and three structural, relational and cognitive dimensions and McManus (2008) organizational resilience questionnaire with 16 items. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were calculated with SPSS software. The statistical population of this study includes all employees of Khuzestan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 220 people. The number of samples was determined with the help of Krejcie Morgan table of 136 people. To analyze the data, two descriptive and inferential statistics have been used with the help of SPSS software. According to the research findings obtained from the analysis of statistical data, all research hypotheses are confirmed, in which, according to statistical tests, the role of structural factors is higher than other variables. Finally, practical suggestions in this field are presented.

Survey of the tourism industry in developing countries,(case study mongolia))The share of developing countries to benefit from international tourism shrimp that is small compared to the size of the population This significant difference between developing and developed countries can relate to following: Conflict and political instability, health concerns, Secretary of the poor facilities, poor service levels, limited distribution channels, lack of knowledge of potential markets, high costs of traveling to more remote locations,tourism in developing countries a greater reliance on domestic and intra-regional markets and tourists from less developed countries to less developed countries is a growing trend.Mongolia's tourism development policy closely associated with specific natural and cultural attractions of this country. The aim of this study was to acquaint tourism traditional Mongolian life is the distinctive environment. This descriptive study was conducted with the use of other research results indicate the presence of Mongolian Tourism, and from other areas of international trade, economic growth has been significant.

( Survey of Impacts of tourism activities on natural ecosystems)Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world and this phenomenon is related to the bulk of the global economy in terms of economic, social and cultural environment are interwoven with human lives ,Many countries around the world, tourism development as one of the best ways to make money solving economic problems since they accelerate the development of tourism by creating economic opportunities and income increases, so it will have unpleasant consequences of inhibiting activity tourism is released, Developing countries will have bad consequences not only does not help but creates problems and difficulties in the course of development,.The research activities related to tourism impacts on natural ecosystems have been studied in this descriptive study was conducted with the use of other research,The results indicate that influence tourism activities in natural ecosystems, Changes in natural ecosystems, tourism activities, including transportation, fuel consumption can be affected by conditions of natural ecosystems to transformation

Marginalization is a social phenomenon that along with its spread, we are witnessing an increase in insecurity, delinquency, crime, etc. in society. Marginalization has always been of interest to urban political managers by affecting social security, especially by providing the necessary context for crime. It should be said that if the subject is not important, the society will be in crisis in various economic, social, cultural and political fields. Because the margins always threaten the text. Insecurity in the margins will naturally affect the text as well. An insecure society will not develop at all. Therefore, the prerequisite for development in various fields of human, social, cultural, economic and political, is the same category of social security that needs to be analyzed comprehensively. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of marginalization on citizens' sense of social security by descriptive-analytical method. The results show that marginalized people may threaten the security of citizens due to the young population, poverty, job instability, low education, lack of recreational facilities, poor health, confusion and depression. Marginalization disturbs public order and security due to incoherence and solidarity with the urban community with increasing social harm. Therefore, city managers and those in charge of maintaining public security should reduce security costs and the destructive effects of marginalization by emphasizing issues such as education, propaganda, building trust, social participation and, most importantly, economic and political development.

Urban livability has increased dramatically in relation to the new planning tasks in responding to the needs of post-industrial society, which is in dire need of facilities, facilities and quality of life, and on the other hand, livability due to the threats facing urban life today. It has doubled in importance. The main purpose of this study is to assess the viability of Shiraz. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey methods have been used. 385 heads of households were surveyed to collect viability information through a questionnaire. For data analysis, sample sampling test was used. In the economic dimension, according to the obtained averages and the significance level of the items, which are all less than the accepted value (0.5). Therefore, it can be said with 95% probability that the economic index in Shiraz is not in a favorable condition. The social dimension indicates that in only 4 cases (access to cultural and religious sites, access to historical sites, access to leisure, recreational and sports spaces and the quality of medical and health services), the means were higher than the numerical value (3). ﻧﺴﺖ that the component of the status of solid housing ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺿﺎﻳﺖ in 3 ﺳﺎﮐﻨﻴﻦ neighborhoods and out of ﺳﻮﻯ 2 component the amount of suitable and sufficient area in housing ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻩ ﻩ ﻩ ﺳﺖ and in general according to the total average below the standard average, residents' dissatisfaction with Indicates the physical index. The livability of Shiraz city was studied based on economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions. The results show that the livability of Shiraz metropolis is moderate and unfavorable.

Increment of food need due to the population growth of hungry people, lack of resources, less of underground water level contamination of environment decrease of fertility of agriculture sail, have made pressure to the developing countries. In order to deal with this problems introduction and acceptance of compatible modern technologies with environment seems to be necessary and precious farming provide such technologies. Thus the aim of the present study was to investigate challenges of precision farming from farming experts on Ardabil province. This study is practical, quantitative, past event, analytical and co relational which was done during 91-90. Participants of the study were farming experts of agricultural organization research center, agricultural training center of Ardabil (N=365) and sample size was determined using Korcan formula, which were selected randomly(n=169). Apparent and content validity of this research was determined using viewpoints of faculty members and agricultural machinery group in promoting Islamic Azad Universities Ardabil and Abhar branches and doing necessary reformation. Scout’s test was used to obtain reliability and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was 0.79 Multivariate regression analysis is done to predict changes in the views of experts about the implementation of exact farming. Results of factor analysis of affecting challenge and obstacles on the implementation of exact farming showed that four, agricultural and promotional, financial and instrumental barriers explained 62/75 percent of total variance of experts’ view variable in relation to the implementation of precision farming and these barriers, prediction factor with 16/88 variance value has the highest proportion and financial and instrumental variable with 14/48 variance value has the least proportion in the explanation of experts viewpoints in relation to the implementation of precision farming.