مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 23، زمستان 1402)

The historical textures are considered as the identity of each nation and country and precious works of culture, knowledge of architecture and local urban planning. Considering the destruction and deterioration of these textures during different periods, their regeneration is considered one of the basic priorities of most governments. Considering the importance of regeneration historical textures, the present study was written with the aim of pathology of the regeneration system of historical textures in Tabriz metropolis and providing executive solutions in order to achieve the desired situation. The research method in the present study is mixed (quantitative-qualitative), with developmental-applicative purpose and analytical-exploratory nature. In line with data analysis, Q factor analysis model and t-test were used in SPSS software. Also, the statistical population of the current research includes city managers and experts and academic elites, 20 people have been selected as a sample size based on Elite Delphi method. The findings of the research show that five main factors influence the failure of the system of regeneration historical textures in Tabriz metropolis, which are respectively: the absence of integrated management, the inefficiency of plans and programs, the lack of coordination and participation, the lack of institutional capacity building and the lack of emphasis on knowledge-oriented. These 5 factors explain a total of 80.402% of the total variance, that is, the lack of proper reproduction of historical textures in Tabriz city includes about 80% of the extracted effects (factors) and about 20% includes other factors that are outside the discussions proposed in this research. Also, the degree of realization of sustainable and integrated indicators in the system of regeneration the historical textures of Tabriz metropolis is in an unfavorable situation.

Since the land use changes take place on a large and wide scale, remote sensing technology, geographic information system and updated systems such as Google Earth Engine system are essential, efficient and valuable tools for monitoring changes. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate the relationship between land surface temperature, land use and vegetation index in Khiauchai watershed, Meshginshahr in Ardabil province. In this regard, Landsat satellite images were used to prepare land use maps. In the next stage, by performing atmospheric and radiometric corrections, training samples from the region were carried out. In this direction, in order to increase the accuracy of the work from Google Earth images and a field visit to the area covered by land use maps using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method in 6 user classes (residential, snow, water, pastures, water and rainfed agriculture) were prepared. In the next step, the values of kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were calculated for the years 2011 and 2011, which were equal to 0.89, 91.61 and 0.94, 94.16% respectively. In the next step, vegetation index maps and ground surface temperature of the studied basin were prepared in the Google Earth Engine programming environment. The results showed that the average temperature of the earth's surface for the month of June 2013 indicated that the maximum temperature with 38.71 degrees Celsius occurred in the northern parts of Khiavchai basin and the minimum temperature occurred in the southern areas with an average temperature of 15.87 degrees Celsius. . On the other hand, the average temperature of June 1401 showed that the thermal core is relatively concentrated in higher latitudes and this shows a direct relationship with the vegetation index.

As a green industry, the tourism industry has a special place in the issues of sustainable environmental development, especially in villages and environmental protection, one of which is rural tourism. So that its attention and development can be very important in terms of economic diversification for developing countries that are facing problems such as high unemployment rate, limited foreign exchange resources and single product economy. The present study investigates and evaluates the role of tourism in cultural changes (marriage style) in Mahmoodabad village. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and its investigation method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this research consists of 15 local managers of Mahmoudabad village and experts in this field. In the current research, the most effective and influential factors affecting the changes in the cultural pattern of marriage in Mahmoud Abad village have been investigated. The findings of this research show that the factors of income and age of marriage have the most influence and the type of marriage and spouse selection, the amount of income, the style of marriage are the most influential and the factors of income, style of marriage, type of marriage and spouse selection have the most interactions. and have relationships with other factors.

Today, respiratory diseases in the form of infectious diseases and diseases caused by environmental issues are spreading day by day, and according to the statistics of the World Health Organization, they have a significant rank among human diseases. The metropolis of Tehran has been exposed to the increasing incidence of respiratory diseases with the increasing growth of its population and urban area as well as air pollution. Analyzing spatio-temporal patterns of respiratory diseases using GIS is very important in understanding the geographical distribution as well as epidemiological and health studies of the urban community of Tehran. This applied and descriptive-analytical research has done spatio-temporal analysis and spatial distribution modeling of the epidemiology of respiratory diseases and their risks in Tehran using spatial statistics. The results of spatial autocorrelation showed that districts 13 and 14 in Tehran are located in the HH cluster, which constitutes 9.09% of all districts. Also, areas 4, 8, 13, 14, and 15 are located in hot spots, which constitute 22.72% of the total areas of Tehran. Investigations showed that the factors of distance and proximity to areas involved in respiratory diseases are among the most important causes of air spread of respiratory diseases in the city of Tehran, which follows the pattern of air spread.

In recent years, paying attention to the characteristics of the residential environment and satisfaction with housing has gained special importance, but paying attention to the characteristics of different income groups, especially the vulnerable sections of the society, such as those seeking help, has not been given much attention. This is despite the fact that by knowing the residential environment of these groups, it is possible to pay more attention to them in planning and policies, and ultimately it will improve the residential environment and ultimately urban growth and development. It became a stable city. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to measure the satisfaction of the low-income urban strata with the quality of the components of the residential environment in Nair city. The data collection tool included documentary studies and surveys through the distribution of questionnaires. The statistical population of the research consists of the urban help-seekers of Nair City Aid and Welfare Committee, which were randomly available, SPSS software was used to analyze the data. In this regard, one-sample t-test and independent t-test, as well as one-way analysis of variance and Sheffe's post hoc test have been used. The findings from the one-sample t-test showed that the clients' satisfaction with their residential environment is higher than the average (3.05) and the one-way variance analysis of the influence of individual characteristics indicates that Age had an effect on satisfaction. According to the results of the research, creating more facilities for access to health and treatment centers and creating parks and green spaces can reduce the problems of residents and increase the level of satisfaction of these groups with their housing.

Land use and examining its changes is one of the most basic needs of organizations for planning urban development and other construction projects such as urban green space development.In this research, the classification and identification of the changes in the built-up areas of Ardabil during the years 2013-2021 have been investigated with the help of remote sensing and the use of Landsat 8 satellite images. First, the desired satellite image and the studied area were determined in Google Earth system, then using it, the urban coverage map was prepared. The images presented in this study were corrected atmospherically, radiometrically and geometrically and were ready for further processing. For this purpose, the investigated area was divided into 5 separate uses of agricultural land, barren land, orchards, built-up areas and water. After classifying the images, in order to evaluate their accuracy, ground survey data and error matrix have been used, based on which the Landsat 8 images of 2013 and 2021 have an overall accuracy of 82 and 80 respectively, as well as a Kappa coefficient of 78. 0.0 and 0.72% are ranked first and second in terms of image classification. The trending results of the changes in uses show the upward trend of the area of built-up land (4.96 square kilometers) and agricultural lands (1.54 square kilometers), as well as the downward trend of the area of barren lands (6.58 square kilometers) and gardens (0.24). square kilometers). Based on this, it can be concluded that during the studied period, Ardabil city, like most parts of the country, has been faced with the development of urbanization in the past years, which was the result of the conversion of barren lands and gardens into residential lands. Finally, it has caused an increase in the area of built land in the past year.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the possibility of environmental terrorism due to the impact of the consequences of climate change in Iran. Therefore, an attempt is made to answer the question of whether the consequences of climate change in Iran, while creating security challenges, can create the conditions for conflict over resources that are the background. The analytical -descriptive method and the latest data from Iran's research centers are used too for ans the question about The emergence of environmental terrorism,? To answer this question, the impact of climate change on the watersheds of the country as a pole of agricultural production is investigated first. And it is expected that due to the increase in temperature and frequent droughts and as a result the reduction of food production efficiency in the most important watersheds of Iran, along with the increase of conflicts over natural resources, double pressure on scarce resources and biological facilities as an efficient weapon appear. It can serve the extralegal activities of divergent forces from the central government and lead to the emergence of institutions and groups with radical ideologies or strategies.

One of the types of domain instability that causes financial and human losses every year is the risk of landslides, which has social, economic and environmental consequences. The basin of Balharud Shahrestan is one of the areas prone to landslides due to its mountainous nature and steep slopes. Investigating the effective factors in the occurrence of landslides and identifying the prone areas is an important step in managing natural resources and achieving sustainable development. Radar interferometric technique is an effective method in measuring ground surface displacement. This technology has become very common in the investigation of natural hazards of the earth, such as mass movements of slopes, subsidence, earthquakes and volcanic activities. In this research, in order to identify and measure landslides, Sentil 1 radar images of 2020 and 2022 have been used. In order to process information, SARSCAPE software has been used, and the maximum landslide displacement in the opposite direction was estimated to be 0.154 cm, which was observed along the fault lines and in the center of the study area. Also, the results of this research showed that radar images have a good potential for revealing the instability of domains and calculating their displacement.

This research has used the hierarchical process for prioritizing the priorities and criteria for the growth of production in the rural areas of Khuzestan province. For this purpose, at first, according to the criteria and also the identified sources, the required data was collected and analyzed through a selected sample of experts in the relevant organizations based on pairwise comparisons. Data analysis was done by Expert Choice software. Based on pairwise comparisons, the results of the research showed that economic, infrastructural, social and environmental solutions were the most important solutions, respectively. In addition, the results of the prioritization of economic solutions to boost production in the rural areas of Khuzestan province, the results showed that the two solutions are the diversification of jobs and the development of agricultural activities and the development of fast-yielding enterprises and transformation industries, in infrastructure solutions, the network development solution transportation and marketing and the development of spatial justice and providing new services to villages, in the social solution, two solutions to prevent migration and develop the professional and educational skills of farmers, and finally, based on the environmental solutions, the option of preventing land use changes and adaptation With climate change, it was the most important solution.

Nowadays, access to affordable housing is one of the problems of most cities, especially in developing countries, due to which the urban poor are settled in housing that lacks the necessary quality. In this regard, planning to provide affordable housing is considered one of the necessities of today's cities. Considering the importance of the subject, the present research has been written with the aim of assessing the capacity of the housing planning system in providing affordable housing in Tabriz metropolis. Therefore, the research method is practical in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in nature. The statistical population of the research also includes managers, officials, experts and academic elites related to the field of housing planning, and using Cohen's formula, 200 people have been determined as the sample size. In line with data analysis, structural equation modeling has been used in Amos software. The findings of the research indicate that the most realizable among the variables of affordable housing planning in Tabriz metropolis are related to the variables of benefiting from realistic proposed models in urban development plans, coordination between the policies of urban and regional planning plans with housing plans and planning, and strict monitoring and control based on the price and quality of materials, which respectively the coefficients extracted based on the structural model are 0.75, 0.71 and 0.69 for each. Also, based on the results of the model, the critical value for all variables (civil, urban development and housing construction policies, public policies and economic policies) is calculated as low as 1.96 and they are not confirmed at the 95% confidence level. In other words, affordable housing planning in Tabriz metropolis is in an unfavorable situation.

In Iran, during the past decades, the scale of the neighborhood of the ring has been neglected in the official system of spatial planning. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and measure the indicators of social stability in the neighborhoods of Parsabad city. The present research is a descriptive-analytical type of research and is applied in terms of its purpose. which were selected using random sampling method and through Cochran's sub-formula and samples in the amount of 383 people.The measurement tools of the research are social sustainability questionnaire, and in the neighborhoods of Pars-Abad city, content validity was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the internal reliability, and they are acceptable. Discussion The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for the normality of the data. After confirming the normality of the data, to test the research hypotheses, the multivariate regression parametric test was used to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable of the research factors. SPSS software was used for data analysis. .The results of the research showed that the status of social stability indicators is meaningful with the neighborhoods in Pars-Abad city, so from these results it can be concluded that social stability and also creating a positive attitude in urban neighborhoods, which leads to social participation and a sense of belonging. can be used

The aim of this article was to present a strategic plan for the development of smart greenhouses in Isfahan province using the qualitative method of SWOT analysis. In this paper, the solutions for developing smart greenhouses based on maximum use of strengths by relying on opportunities, overcoming weaknesses by exploiting opportunities, using strengths to reduce threats and minimizing weaknesses by avoiding threats are presented. The results of this research show that the development of smart greenhouses in Isfahan province while reducing water consumption and environmental effects can increase product quality and profitability. On the other hand, the development of smart greenhouses in this province needs to overcome limitations such as high initial investment cost, technical complexity, need for maintenance and dependence on external factors. Also, the results show that the development of smart greenhouses in Isfahan province can use some favorable external factors such as increasing demand and low prices of greenhouse products compared to the global market. Some adverse external factors, such as sanctions, social resistance in accepting innovation, and market fluctuations also affect this process. This article provides suggestions for future research policy and addressing the cause of some gaps, limitations and challenges in supporting the smartening of greenhouses in Isfahan province.

How to draw the vote towards the geography of support is the main issue of the election campaign, and the concern of the campaign strategists, the first-class advisers of the election candidates. The geography of the body means the integrated and functional environment of the body, so that every member/region affects the target society/voters and political power is gained. Before being portrayed through tools, candidates enrich the political elite because they are the main agents. Historically, until now in the developed societies of Switzerland, Finland, Norway, New Zealand, Australia, the Netherlands, parties' election campaigns, in European and / American democracies, the competition of wealthy political persons and purchasing tools in the form of participation, in Asian / African quasi-democracies. Local nationalism is the essence of election campaigns and political power is gained. Parties have an awareness aspect, individuals have a political aspect, nationalism has a historical/social aspect. Awareness has provided development, individuals, competition and nationalism have created pluralism for these geographical spaces. In terms of the development/theoretical/geographical process, the Michigan school of social psychology through party identity, the Columbia school of sociology theory through social construction, and the Rochester school of economic theory of democracy through optimal and profitable decision-making. It has been suggested that the environment itself is the individual and the heart of this individual/political person is the center of the election campaign. Each of the body's environments, having a member that has a special individual and social function, forms the content of headquarters and election campaigns. The question is what is the geography of the body and how it leads to the victory of the candidates in the election contests. The research method is qualitative and argumentative and inferential.

In recent years, the introduction of technology into agriculture has led to a focus on food safety and health. Unfortunately, this has also jeopardized the main goal of food production. As a result, agricultural experts have become aware of the importance of organic farming, and international protocols and contracts have been put in place to address food safety. To better understand the challenges of developing organic agriculture, a study was conducted using a descriptive-correlational method. Agricultural experts from several organizations in Ardabil Province with bachelor's or master's degrees in agricultural engineering were surveyed. The sample size was 171 individuals, randomly selected within the classes. The questionnaire used to collect data was validated by organic product experts and stakeholders and had a reliability score of 0.76 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the analysis revealed three main challenges to the development of organic agriculture: perceptual, informational, and economic. These challenges accounted for 64.28% of the total variance related to organic agriculture development. The study suggested that the development of information for organic product producers is crucial to overcoming these challenges. Providing education to upgrade the knowledge of producers is also essential for the success of organic agriculture development.

Geotourism is one of the components of tourism that emphasizes the views, forms, and processes that create them. It is obvious that each region has different talents and attractions according to its geographical environment, which requires its proper management in order to develop and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Considering the importance of the subject, the purpose of this research is to assess geotourism potentials and manage their development. In the city of Hashjin using two models, Violet and Kubalikova; In order to achieve this goal, the main data of the research are document information, interviews and field observations. In this research, the Kubalikova model, which emphasizes scientific, educational, economic, conservation and cultural criteria, was used, as well as the Fiolet model, which examines geotourist areas based on four criteria: the origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and access status. The results based on Violet's model indicate that Aghdagh Mountain has a variety of capabilities compared to other geotourist areas with a total score of (11.5). Also, the beautiful river of Qezel-Ozan (25/11) and the rare forests of Ors (11) have been assigned to it. And also, the results of the Kubalikova model show that Ag-dagh Mountain with a value of (10) has obtained the highest score compared to other geotourist areas, followed by the Qezel-Ozan River, which has a higher scientific and economic value and added value with a total score of (9.5). which has led to the development of the region at the level of Hashjin city. The juniper forests received the most attention of the interviewees due to their rarity in the country and the presence of all kinds of flora and fauna and received a score of (9/25). And finally, solutions were presented to manage the development of the tourism industry in this city.

Frequent occurrence of droughts in arid and semi-arid rural areas not only cause economic and social problems for farmer families but also affect their subjective well-being. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the farmers' subjective well-being during the drought. To do this Koohdasht’s farmers (N=23,600) were considered as the statistical population of which a sample including 379 farmers were selected using the cluster sampling technique. Data was collected using a questionnaire which its face validity was confirmed by a group of experts. To ensure of the reliability of the research instrument, a pilot study was carried out and the Cronbach's alpha coefficients were approved in an acceptable range. The findings revealed that while most households rely heavily on agriculture for their livelihoods, the impacts of drought on the basic resources of production have affected the subjective well-being of farmers. Also, the positive emotions and life satisfaction had the highest rank in measuring the subjective well-being of farmers. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the subjective well-being of smallholder and non-smallholder, rainfed and irrigated, elderly and non-elderly, poor and non-poor farmers. Non-smallholders, irrigated, elderly, and wealthy farmers had higher subjective well-being. Based on the findings, recommendations were offered to increase the subjective well-being of farmers in the context of drought.

Applying strategies of creative cities is one of the ways forward for many cities today. Cities that are facing problems in social, economic, cultural and environmental dimensions can moderate such issues by prioritizing creative elements in different fields. creative city is not only a space where creativity grows, but also its organization and management are planned creatively. In the current research, the assessment and prioritization of the five areas of Ardabil city based on the indicators of the creative city have been discussed. The collection of data and information is in the form of library and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research is the five regions of Ardabil city, where 385 people were selected as a statistical sample by simple random method. A method called MEREC has been used to weight the indicators, and the WASPAS model has been used to measure and prioritize regions. The results based on all indicators show that region one with a value of 0.539 and a good condition is in the first place, region two with a value of 0.537 and a good condition is in the second place, region three with a value of 0.465 and the condition The average is in the third place, region four with a value of 0.436 and the average condition is in the fourth place and region five with a value of 0.425 and the average condition is in the last place.

The tourism industry as one of the service industries is very important in the economy of countries. Like any other phenomenon, tourism also has effects on societies. Economic impacts are one of the most important impacts of tourism that can have both positive and negative impacts on destinations and host communities. Therefore, examining the economic impacts of the tourism industry is of great importance. Based on this, the purpose of this research was to review the positive and negative economic impacts of the tourism industry. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the method. The method of data collection in this research was library-document type. The research results showed that the tourism industry in a region can have positive and negative economic impacts at the same time. So that parallel to every positive economic impact in a region, negative economic impacts can also be seen and it is necessary to act in such a way that positive impacts are strengthened and negative impacts are prevented as much as possible.

Agriculture as one of the major production activities in most countries of the world, especially developing countries, has a special place. One of the main obstacles to the growth and economic development of this sector is the lack of capital. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting farmers' satisfaction with the credits of the Agricultural Bank. The sample of this research includes 200 farmers of Baghmolek city, they were selected by simple random. Data collection in this research was done using a researcher-made questionnaire. After preparing the questionnaire and confirming its face validity by experts, its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different research variables. The results of the research showed that the correlation test between the research variables has a positive and significant relationship. In the end, in order to increase the satisfaction of farmers with their agricultural bank credits, suggestions were presented.

Parks and green spaces are the most important physical resources in order to promote physical activity among different strata of society. The current research aims to identify the factors affecting the effectiveness of women's parks in Khuzestan province with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, a semi-structured interview with the participation of 15 experts and content analysis was used. The sampling method of choosing experts in the research was done in a purposeful way and by snowball method. in the quantitative stage; The researcher-made questionnaire was designed and validated in order to confirm the factors identified in the qualitative section and was distributed among the visitors of women's parks in the province, and finally 341 questionnaires were collected in person and electronically. In this section, in order to check the data, structural equations using partial least squares method were used. The results of this research in the qualitative phase included the identification of six main factors (security factors, environmental factors, social and cultural interactions, physical and beauty factors, sports and health factors, and human factors) in the better effectiveness of women's parks in the province. In the quantitative part, all factor loadings of the items were greater than 0.4, which indicated the appropriateness of this criterion. Also, the t value obtained for all items is more than 1.96, which indicates the significant effect of all items at the confidence level of 0.95. According to the geographical conditions of the province, it is suggested that city and sports officials, relying on the results of the present research; They should have a special view on the development of women's parks with a sports approach in order to provide the means for a healthy society and the growth of citizens in sports, cultural and social dimensions.

The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the most vulnerable due to being in the neighborhood of Afghanistan as the world's largest drug producer and also because it is the shortest, most economical and most important international drug transit route from East to West. Countries of the world are fighting drug trafficking. The evidence shows that the measures taken in different areas with the cooperation of different agencies to control drug trafficking have had great effects in this area. One of the most important organizations in the mentioned area is Naja Border Guard and especially Chabahar Admiralty, which has tried to reduce drug transit with its actions. Although the Chabahar Navy has been able to take very appropriate measures to prevent the entry of drugs into the country, it is facing challenges; This research was conducted with qualitative method and interviews with 30 experts in the field of research. The obtained results show that the eastern borders of Iran are the most important area for drug smuggling due to their long length with bankrupt and unstable governments such as Afghanistan and Pakistan, geomorphological factors such as the connection of the eastern provinces with the Lut Plain, and some internal factors such as the unfavorable economic conditions of the border areas. Narcotics have entered the country and it has provided a suitable ground for the growth and expansion of drug trafficking in this region. 

In the last decade, the occurrence of destructive floods has increased due to the increase in temperature, the expansion of urbanization and the change in the characteristics of the catchment area, along with the change of land use and improper use of land. The purpose of this research is to investigate the flood of Meshkin Shahr using WMS and HEC-RAS models. In this research, using the WMS model, modeling of the maximum flood and determination of the flood hydrograph for return period 5, 10 and 25 has been done, the maximum flood for basin A with the mentioned return periods is equal to 0.84, 1.33 and 08.08 respectively. It is 2 cubic meters per second. For basin B, it is equal to 0.80, 1.27 and 2 cubic meters per second, respectively. Also, the maximum flood for basin C with the mentioned return periods is equal to 0.97, 1.55 and 2.24 cubic meters per second, respectively. The results of the flood hydrograph show that with the increase of the return period, the infiltration rate in the basin has decreased and the flood discharge has occurred earlier. Also, with the increase of the return period, the peak time of the hydrograph has decreased. Also, with the increase of the return period, the time of the base of the hydrograph and the subsidence time of the flood also increase. For flood zoning, the information obtained from the WMS model has been entered into the HEC-RAS model. According to the longitudinal profile and the 3-dimensional view of flood zoning, we can conclude that with the increase of the return period, the height of the water level in the longitudinal profile has increased. It is also clearly seen in the 3D view that the flood has covered more areas.

Currently, worn-out historical structures are considered as a major problem in different cities and even villages. Worn out textures act as the historical memory of the city and express the identity of the city. Therefore, the preservation of valuable works in the context has become a necessity. This research aims to organize the worn-out fabric of Abadeh city with the least amount of intervention in order to preserve the historical identity of the city. Data collection has been done by library and survey method. QSPM quantitative strategic matrix has been used in order to formulate the strategy. Based on the findings of the research, the strategies for the possibility of using valuable buildings and the context of the fabric in order to strengthen the sense of belonging were identified as the most priority strategies for organizing the worn-out fabric of the worn-out fabric of Abadeh city.

The purpose of this study was to examine the organic food consumption behavior of students based on the theory of planned behavior. The study population consisted of high school students in Iranshahr city, and the sample was selected by simple random sampling. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire on organic food consumption, which measured the demographic characteristics and the independent variables of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and environmental factors, as well as the dependent variable of organic food consumption behavior. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis, and the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics methods using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and environmental factors had a positive and significant impact on organic food consumption behavior and accounted for about 60% of the variance in behavior. Therefore, it can be concluded that the students of Iranshahr have a good awareness and perspective about organic food consumption, and they have a willingness to consume organic food if the conditions are favorable.

Problem design: 

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the activities of users on Telegram and Instagram social networks and their political demands in the cities of Tehran and Qom as the political-economic and cultural-religious capitals of the country.

This study was carried out using a combined method including library study and survey using a questionnaire tool. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated by the face validity method and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of this research is all members of Telegram and Instagram social networks over 15 years of age who live in Tehran and Qom, and 768 people were selected as a sample using Cochran's sampling formula and using cluster sampling. were selected

The results of this research show a significant relationship between the two variables of social media activity and users' political demands, and the Spearman statistic at a 95% significance level of 0.59, which represents a direct and moderate relationship.

Based on the characteristics of the modern era, users are constantly rethinking their political demands and their expected level, and in order to maintain political balance, it is necessary for the political system to constantly monitor these demands and provide an appropriate response to them.

After apples and pears, the Quince tree is the most important fruit in the group of seed trees. Quince fruit has been of interest for a long time. In recent years, uniform planting of Quince fruit orchards has been developed in different provinces. Based on this, the zoning of Quince tree cultivation is required according to the climatic and environmental conditions. The purpose of this research is to identify the areas of Quince tree cultivation in Ardabil province with multi-criteria methods, using indicators; Rainfall, average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, height, slope and soil depth in the GIS environment. To determine the weight criteria of indicators and zoning of Quince tree agricultural climate, AHP, ANP, Shanon Entropy, DEMATEL and WLC methods were used that AHP, ANP and DEMATEL methods played the most important role in determining the weighted value of indices and Antropy Shanon and WLC methods in agricultural climate zoning. In general, the results of the methods analysis showed that; The average temperature and the maximum temperature are the most important indicators during the growth period of Quince tree in Ardabil province. But the indicators of rain, minimum temperature, height, slope and depth of soil in some areas of the province create restrictions for the cultivation of Quince tree. The results of climatic zoning methods indicate that; About 27% of the area of Ardabil province is very suitable, 31% is suitable, 20% is slightly suitable, and 22% is unsuitable for the cultivation of Quince tree. The northern areas of the province and the city limits of Givi and Khalkhal provinces are known as suitable areas for the cultivation of Quince tree based on the studied methods.

The COVID-19 pandemic has unprecedentedly damaged the traveling and tourism industry as well as life and subsistence. Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, travelers’ behaviors, demands, and even characteristics of traveling have changed. Identifying these changes in the behavior of consumers, especially in choosing their destination and service centers, is considered crucial in rebuilding the tourists’ lost trust and revitalizing the tourism industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to structurally analyze the motivation, frequency of visiting, and experience components of the tourists’ satisfaction and behavioral tendencies in their destination areas with an emphasis on COVID-19 in Mazandaran province. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on field research. The population of the study consists of tourists who visited Mazandaran province during the outbreak of the COVID-19. The samples were selected randomly and the sample size was estimated at 385 using the Cochran’s formula. The collected data from the questionnaire containing close-ended questions were analyzed using SPSS 27 and Smart PLS3 software. The findings show that of the research variables, experience, and frequency of visits have a significant relationship with satisfaction and behavioral tendencies. Tourism motivation has no significant relationship with satisfaction and behavioral tendencies. Moreover, no significant relationship was reported between satisfaction and behavioral tendencies.

Today, tourism has been one of the leading activities in the world and rural tourism is one of the newest types of tourism. Geotourism is multidimensional and examines social, cultural, physical, economic and political characteristics. Preserving the environment and getting to know a region with geological, environmental and natural features is one of the unique goals of geotourism. The purpose of this research is to identify the geotourism potentials of Shabestar city by using dynamic and fiolet models. The studied area includes the selected Shebaster geotourism area. By investigating and evaluating the geotourism potentials of Shabestar city with the Fiolet method, the results show that the total score of 9.75 out of the total points of the tourism rate and management in various fields of science, culture, protection and use value has geotourism potential. Also, the results obtained from the dynamic model, among the scientific components, from the integrity experts, the score obtained is equal to 4.68, and the highest score from the point of view of tourists is equal to educational resources. Also, according to the questionnaires obtained from experts and tourists, the highest score in terms of surplus value related to the eye value component was calculated with a score of 4.72 and 0.91 respectively, so it is suggested for the development of geotourism activities in the region. The case study is to identify areas from the virtual system. Therefore, it can be concluded that by identifying the geotourism potentials of Shabestar city and developing the capabilities, it will lead to the development of geotourism areas and tourist attraction.

In the present era, the attention of many countries of the world to the category of entrepreneurship and its development has led to the formation of a wave of entrepreneurship development policies in the world. The countries of the world have considered different solutions to overcome their economic and social problems. Due to the important role and place of villages in the process of all-round development and the unfortunate consequences of neglecting it, such as the deep gap between urban and rural life, population growth, widespread poverty, and the increase in the indiscriminate migration of villagers to cities, rural development has caused Priority should be given to urban development. Meanwhile, empowering rural women through entrepreneurial activities is of particular importance as one of the influential groups in the development process. Entrepreneurship, as one of the least expensive tools, brings the best result and the most efficiency for the development of the society, therefore, providing the necessary social platform for its development is of particular importance. But in spite of this issue, the entry of women into the field of entrepreneurship has always faced many obstacles and restrictions, and various factors have prevented the emergence and growth of the potential talents of women in the field of entrepreneurship. The question that is raised in this context is how to create a desire for entrepreneurship in women so that they have entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial spirit to decide to start a business.

Research method and Purpose In order to investigate the sedimentology in the disputed area, field surveys, aerial photos, satellite images with different time periods, surveying the general morphology and winds of the area (120 days) and locating in terms of studying the geomorphology of the area, sampling sediments (sedimentology and drawing relevant diagrams) and Laboratory studies (XRD "X-ray diffraction" and XRF "X-ray fluorescence" tests, granulation tests, granulometry, morphoscopy and determination of statistical parameters) were carried out. After conducting the relevant tests, a comparative analysis and data analysis method will be done. In this research, topographic maps, geological maps, computer software such as ENVI and GIS were used. To determine the intensity of wind erosion in the lands of the study area and to prepare a map of land sensitivity to wind erosion, according to the scores obtained in each of the work units with geomorphological facies and the conformity of all available information with the above-mentioned facies, which is considered as the basis and basis of the studies. The land sensitivity map of the study area to wind erosion was obtained based on the mentioned table. This map has been prepared and digitized with a scale of 1:50,000.

The development of regional tourism has many positive effects on the social and economic environment, which include job creation, increased income, profit from the production and supply of agricultural products, reducing the number of immigrants in the region, improving the general level of health literacy and Prosperity pointed out. Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities of the present era, which plays an important role in sustainable local development. today, tourism is considered the main force of the country's economic development and growth. The research is to investigate and analyze the impact of environmental hazards on the rate of tourist attraction and economic development in Ardabil . descriptive and analytical and with the help of two statistical communities related to tourism, i.e. domestic tourists who entered Ardabil city and the active officials of the region in the field of geotourism industry, has investigated the human hazards affecting the development of geotourism. The results of the research showed that the probability of cultural and social risk with a total score of 3.20 was the highest. Also, according to the investigation and calculations, the total risk probability from the point of view of the officials, these results were obtained that the probability of risk threat in the studied area in the field of structural and functional risk probability with a total score of 3.25 has obtained the highest score, which these results show It shows that this component is one of the threats in Ardabil region. Therefore, based on the results, it can be concluded that the cultural and social infrastructure, as well as the structure and function, should be developed in order to lead to the increasing progress of the geotourism industry in the city of Ardabil with welfare, economic, health, infrastructure and legal development in the coming years

Graves and cemeteries, more than being a place for burying the dead, relate a large part of the thought and life of the living to themselves. The remains of the oldest tombstones of Al-Shatar show the customs and burial rituals in the life of the people of this region from ancient times to today. It can be said that the decorative motifs on the tombstones of Al-Shatar city are a window to the world of religious and cultural thoughts of this region. The purpose of this research is to analyze and categorize tombstone motifs in Al-Shatar city. This research has investigated and studied the tombstone motifs of this region by descriptive-analytical method and also along with field and library studies with an anthropological approach. Therefore, the main questions of this research are: 1- How many categories are the theme and content of tombstone decorative motifs divided into? 2- What period do the studied tombstones belong to? The old tombstones of Elshtar city have various decorative motifs such as: geometric, hunting, animal, human and plant, and also have themes such as: hunting and agility, female merit and milking, piety and religiousness, freshness and beauty, belief in birth and The world is hospitality and hospitality. The authors are of the opinion that the motifs and signs of these graves originate from the main lifestyles of the residents of this region; Therefore, 15 cemeteries have been documented and their decorative motifs have been studied.

The importance of the suitability of urban spaces for different groups using these spaces is not hidden from anyone. Building an urban environment compatible with children's moods will have a major contribution to their social maturity and personality development. The change in the way of life and the advancement of technology in cities, especially big cities, has changed the lives of children; children are separated from daily experiences in the natural world. The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the cultural, recreational, and tourism spaces of Mashhad city, especially for children, and to examine the obstacles to children's tourism and to provide solutions for its empowerment and development in Mashhad city. Physical, ecological, cultural and social dimensions. The descriptive-analytical research method was based on library and documentary studies, field investigations, and questionnaires, and SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The findings show that among the tourist places of Mashhad city, Koh Sangi complex with an average of 3.8 has a better status than other places in providing special services to children. It provides better conditions and facilities. In the end, according to the correlation relationship (Pearson and linear regression) between the performances of executive mechanisms, it showed that there are necessary executive mechanisms to operationalize the regulations, standards, and criteria for the development of children's tourism in Mashhad, but this mechanism for someReasons, projects related to the field of research are not fully implemented. Therefore, this study, by using the strategic planning process, while identifying the capabilities and limitations of children's tourism in the city of Mashhad, has tried to provide solutions and practical strategies to be determined to improve the recreational and tourism spaces in the children's tourism sector in the city of Mashhad.

Today, with the development of cities and the introduction of the principle of sustainable development, attention to environmental issues and green cities has been increasingly questioned and paid attention to. The existing problems and problems, especially in the cities, indicate the failure to realize the characteristics of sustainability in them, In addition, spatial, ecological and environmental evaluation and analysis is one of the main characteristics of sustainability in urban areas and areas and it tries to provide a suitable urban environment for city residents. One of the solutions to achieve environmental sustainability is knowing the importance of green space and paying attention to it in order to achieve sustainable development criteria. The present article was prepared based on the descriptive-analytical method and its purpose is to review the results of Gonakun's research on the importance and role of green spaces in cities in order to achieve the criteria of sustainable urban development. The urban green space is one of the most important centers of welfare and recreational services, which, in addition to the health and psychological aspect, is of great importance in the sustainable development of the city. The result is that the effects of green space development in cities improve the quality of life of citizens and generally promote the city's environmental sustainability in line with the goals of sustainable developmentKeywords: green space, sustainable development, quality of life, environmental sustainability

The sun is known as the source of energy, the beginning of life and the source of all other energies. The global radiation of the sun is considered one of the fundamental structures of every climate. Therefore, knowing the characteristics and predicting these basic structures has a great impact on energy-related planning. The use of satellite images and remote sensing models as a suitable and low-cost tool for estimating solar radiation has been in recent years. In order to carry out this research, the images of 2020 Landsat 8 satellite OLI sensor and TIRS sensor and Sabal algorithm were used. ENVI software was used for geometrical, atmospheric and radiometric corrections of satellite images, as well as the execution of calculations related to the Sabal model, and ArcGIS software was used for creating a database, spatial analysis, cartographic operations and finally implementing the model. The results show that the average of the highest incoming shortwave radiation was 901 watts per square meter in 08/09/2020 and the lowest value was 381 watts per square meter in 09/10/2020. The difference in the amount of net radiation reaching the earth in the studied area is caused by the difference in the angle of the sun and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. Finally, it can be concluded that the solar radiation in the region has the necessary potential for the implementation of solar photovoltaic projects in the year under review.

The phenomenon of urbanization has been happening at a significant speed in recent decades. It is predicted that by 2030, about 60% of the world's population will live in cities. One of the issues and challenges that threaten the urban society is the issue of providing suitable housing. The concept of suitable housing has wide dimensions, and sustainable housing is one of them. One of the goals of this research is the comparative study of sustainable housing indicators in 12 districts of Shiraz city. In general, the method of collecting information in this research is library and survey. In other words, in addition to extracting data related to sustainable housing indicators through documents and books and analyzing them, field studies (questionnaires) have also been used to obtain the level of residents' satisfaction. Data analysis tools are SPSS and GIS software. In the current research, the MCDM model has been used to rank the sub-indices. In order to measure the level of housing sustainability, the ranking of each region was determined based on the indicators. Based on this ranking and analysis, a questionnaire on the amount of sustainable housing in the regions of Shiraz city was prepared in three ranges of stability, semi-sustainability, and instability. The results of the research show that regions 1, 3, 6 are stable and regions 8, 9, 11, and 7 are unstable. is. Other regions that include regions 2, 4, 5, 10, 12 form a semi-stable spectrum.

The aim of the present research is to investigate the criteria of women's beauty from the point of view of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. The research community is all historical texts and documents related to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, especially his memoirs and manuscripts. The research sample was the texts related to the opinions and views of Naser al-Din Shah towards women. The qualitative research method is descriptive-analytical. Information was collected using documentary and library methods, and then the obtained data were analyzed. The results showed that during the Qajar era, the women of Naser al-Din Shah's harem behaved in a special style to have a beautiful and attractive face, and one of their important tasks was to adorn themselves for the Qajar king. Sometimes they decorate themselves according to the wishes of Shah Qajar and sometimes according to the customs of the society. Some of the beauty features were similar to previous periods and some were original and specific to their period. They used various tools to make themselves more beautiful, one of the important concerns of Naser al-Din Shah's women was to be beautiful and more beautiful than other women and to be liked by the king. Long and black hair, white skin, obesity, droopy and long eyes, tall, wide and connected eyebrows, clean and well-groomed appearance, healthy teeth and mustache were among the main aspects of women's beauty from Naser al-Din Shah's point of view. With Naser al-Din Shah's travels to Europe and his familiarity with western women, there was a slight change in these standards, but his main views on the beauty of women, which were derived from the culture of Iranian society, did not change much.

Land subsidence is one of the dangers that have occurred in many parts of the world, especially in Iran, in recent years is the dangers caused by land subsidence. The most important cause of it is the illegal extraction of underground water sources and like other environmental hazards, it has created many problems and problems for the government's agricultural, civil, economic-social affairs. The city of Neishabur is located on the level of the Neishabur plain, which is one of the most important plains of Khorasan-Razavi province, which is facing the crisis of land subsidence. The radar interferometric technique is a powerful tool with millimeter accuracy in estimating subsidence using phase observations. In this research, the Sentinel 1A satellite data from 2017 to 2022 have been used in order to monitor the amount of subsidence that occurred in the area of Neishabur city, which is a small part of Neishabur plain. The results of radar interferometry showed that 18 cm of subsidence occurred in the studied area during the statistical period. In addition, to find out the cause of the subsidence, the information of piezometric wells in the area was collected and their changes during the period of 1370-1398 were examined. The amount of subsidence recorded for each period is 4 cm for 2017-2018 (1395-1396), 6 cm for 2018-2019 (1396-1397), 5 cm for 2019-2020 (1397-1398) and 2 cm. It was obtained for the period of 2020-2021 (1398-1399) and 1 cm for the period of 2021-2022 (1399-1400). In addition, the results of the research showed that there is a close relationship between the drop in the underground water level and areas with land subsidence in the area of Neishabur city.

Social resilience is a process that which links a network of adaptive capacities to adaptation after a disturbance or incompatibility and specifically, it is an abstract phenomenon that does not exist physically. The main goal of the research is to prioritize Prioritization Neighborhoods of the three region of Ardabil based on social resilience against earthquak e which 385 were selected as a statistical sample. The required data and information have been collected using library sources as well as field investigations (questionnaire). The reliability rate is 0.816 which indicates its good reliability. The MEREC method has been used to weight the indicators and the CODAS method has been used to rank neighborhoods based on social resilience. The ranking status of the districts of the third region shows; neighborhood two in the first rank, neighborhood seven in the second rank, neighborhood six in the third rank, neighborhood three in the fourth rank, neighborhood ten in the fifth rank, neighborhood nine in the sixth rank, neighborhood four in the seventh rank, neighborhood one in the eighth rank, neighborhood Eight is in the ninth rank, and finally the Panj neighborhood is in the last rank.

Obviously, timely and reliable services by these centers will require their proper space arrangement and optimal routing of relief and emergency services between the location of the emergency base to the accident site and the accident site to the hospital location. In the present research, selecting the city As a case study, Sanandaj has tried to provide a suitable model for the spatial organization of emergency aid centers in the city, while exploiting network analysis capabilities in the ArcGIS environment. In this regard, the first step is to prepare and process data and layers of information used in the network analysis process such as the length of the path, the speed of the path, one-way and bi-directional paths, non-intersecting intersections, and the location of the databases Emergency at the city level, in the ArcGIS environment, and after the creation of the corresponding Dataset, they were loaded in the framework of the network analysis model as an applicable model and displayed in the ArcGIS environment. According to the results of the research, factors such as the presence of traffic areas, the lack of relief centers, as well as the lack of location of the existing relief centers, make the operation of emergency centers in the service. In the field of activity, it is accompanied by weaknesses. In the implementation of the research, while presenting a representative pattern of suitable routes and determining the preferred bases for dispatching relief units to the accident site in the shortest possible time period, the areas outside the optimal performance radius of emergency sites are identified and given the optimal situations For the establishment of emergency units, in order to cover the relief services, they were identified at specified time limits.

In recent decades, attention to the two categories of neighborhood-oriented and community-oriented regeneration of communities in planning according to the current facilities and conditions has increased among urban planners. Neighborhoods, as a small region that has its mechanisms, requires special planning and planning. The purpose of this research is to review two approaches of neighborhood-oriented planning and community-oriented regeneration. The research method is descriptive-analytical. To collect information, library, documentary, and digital sources have been used. The results of the research indicate that there is harmony between the two approaches of neighborhood-oriented planning and community-oriented regeneration of urban communities. In such a way that the category of paying attention to the wishes and needs of everyone is raised as a basic and decisive principle in both approaches. Participatory planning, public education/education for social change, and asset-based development are considered the most important basic theories in the neighborhood-oriented planning approach. Also, strategic planning based on the landscape determined by local communities, Reaching a general agreement resulting from the cooperation of neighborhood communities, and finally, the participation and leadership of interest groups in the process of urban regeneration are determined as the most important components of community-oriented urban regeneration. In general, it can be said that today's urban planners must take advantage of neighborhood-oriented management and also recreate urban communities based on a community-oriented approach with the cooperation of local management components (local people, local investors, group local authorities, and local planning officials) to think of solutions to achieve democratic urban societies.

Man-made relationship with nature creates geo-tourism. In geo-tourism, geomorphological phenomena prevail more than other geological phenomena. The audience is not only geomorphology and geology specialists and experts, but also ordinary tourists and nature enthusiasts. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the potentials of the geological and touristic destinations of Astara city (case study: Hiran Pass, Lawton Waterfall, Steel Lagoon). The studied methods are the Hadzik and Fiolet method. In the Hadzik model, the value and importance of each geo-tourist place in this method is estimated by scientific value indicators and the surplus values of that geo-tourist place. Based on the results of the scientific value of surplus and vulnerability according to the experts and visitors of Hiran Pass geotourist area, Laton Waterfall and Steel Lagoon, respectively, the values of (22.36), (48.29) and (69.51) were allocated to themselves. Based on this, the Hiran Pass geotourist area has a high and relatively good potential compared to the other two regions. The results of the Violet model also showed that based on the studied indicators, the geotourist area of Hiran Pass has the highest score and the Hiran Laton Cascade area is in the second place. and Talab Steel region were ranked third in terms of geo-tourist capability, so it can be concluded that the geo-tourist region of Hiran Garneh has more attraction power in terms of geo-tourist capability than the studied regions in the direction of geo-tourism development. Also, it is suggested that in future studies to identify pristine geo-tourist areas, studies are based on studies and online tourism.

The Mehr housing project is one of the biggest projects, and due to the extent of this project, it is necessary to examine the results of this experience. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to evaluate the quality of Mehr ardabil city housing complexes, a step towards the optimal planning of the national housing plan. The statistical population of the research is the residents of Mehr housing complexes in Ardabil city. In order to evaluate and prioritize the studied complexes, 8 parameters (facilities and services, physical, social, lighting and ventilation, pollution, access, environmental, economic) were used. In this regard, the target sites have been prioritized using the PROMETHEE model. The findings showed that Mehr Waliasr Housing (Sham Esbi) is in the first place with a score of 0.430 and is in a good condition. On the other hand, Mehr Mirasharf housing is in the last place with a score of -0.308 and is in a very unfavorable situation. Mehr Pileh Saharan Housing is ranked second with a score of 0.320, which shows the relatively good condition of this complex. The results of the research show that in the planning, construction and implementation of Mehr housing complexes, quantitative and project aspects have surpassed its quality. Therefore, it is hoped that these shortcomings will be resolved in the national housing plan.

Environmental hazards are considered as one of the most important topics in various fields of urban planning and design. Structure-based hazard management is a management method based on hazards reduction, in which measures to prevent and reduce losses caused by hazards are carried out before the hazard occurs. The science of futures studies is preparing for the future and using existing resources in the best possible way according to values, that affect disaster risk planning and management. In this regard; The aim of the current research is to identify the key factors effective on structure-based hazard management with a future-research approach in Ardabil city. The purpose of this study is practical, and descriptive- analytical in terms of method. Environmental survey method has been used to identify variables and indicators. The statistical population of the research is 35 people who are experts in the field of hazard management, whom were selected purposefully. In order to measure and analyze the data, judgments of experts about the research topic was collected and combining, also Micmac and Scenario Wizard software have been used. The results obtained from the output of Micmac software show that 7 key factors have major impacts on structure-based hazard management. afterwards, for each of the key factors, three scenarios were defined and analyzed using Scenario Wizard software. Based on the quantitative analysis of Scenario Wizard software, two strong scenarios, 129 weak scenarios and 10 scenarios with high compatibility were obtained. Among these three groups of scenarios, the scenarios of the third group were selected as desirable scenarios and finally classified into three groups of golden, believable and critical scenarios.

What is the election campaign and how does it acquire the nature of tourism and is it tourism itself is the question of the story of the current article? The election campaign is the shining arena of virtuous political people who respectfully gain power through political dynamics and are proud of the electoral behavior of their base. election behavior of any kind; If the author is released from prison, it will be sticky, civil and geographical. Political marketing is rooted in geographical differences, democracy, this is where the election campaign takes on the nature of tourism. The findings say that the only solution for world peace is tourism and music, in the case that tourism is becoming more important day by day and it even causes the formation of the metaphor of the geography of the body of the election campaign so that the body is a happy form. And it has been created and smooth in the idea of immortality and survival. Let it be said openly that this article says; Election campaign in democracies is tourism in the same way that in non-democracies it is participation and political work. According to a report, among 137 countries, according to six variables of GDP per capita, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom to choose life, generosity, perception of corruption and "Dystopia", which is a measure for countries that are from the most to the least have the level of happiness, Finland is the happiest country in the world and Afghanistan is the unhappiest country in the world. Therefore, it can be said that the Finnish election campaign is tourism to Afghanistan, where non-participatory non-government and unacceptable political activities are held in the name of elections.

Urban spaces are the container and place for the social life of people in society, social interaction and people's participation can be considered as the main and basic element of urban space content, which affects urban relationships and activities. Urban open spaces such as the street are considered as the most important place for social interaction of citizens and the manifestation of urban civic life and the place of events and social activities of citizens in urban life. But today, in most cities of the country, people see the urban space as a path to pass and instead of the spaces encouraging them to pause and socialize. The importance of speed, technology and time has changed more than the speed and has caused the pedestrians' needs to be ignored and the lack of quality in the city street, which has weakened social interactions and therefore and based on this, the purpose of this research is to examine the indicators of urban public spaces with an emphasis on increasing social activities

Environmental risks are divided into two main groups: social risks and technological risks. Social risks originate directly from people's daily lives, and technological risks are risks that originate from human activities on the planet and inappropriate use of technology. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the impact of environmental hazards in the development of geotourism in Ardabil province in Hir city. In the current research, the field, descriptive and analytical method has been used, and with the help of two statistical communities related to tourism, the domestic tourists who entered the city of Hir and the active officials of the region in the geotourism industry, the environmental hazards affecting the development of geotourism have been investigated. The results of the research showed that the probability of health and environmental risk from the point of view of travelers with a total score of 3.52 has the highest score among the threats to the development of geotourism in Hir region, which leads to the lack of attraction of tourism and ultimately the development of geotourism. has been in the region. Also, according to the authorities, the possibility of structural and functional risk with a total score of 3.24 has the most impact on the development of tourism in the studied area. Therefore, based on the results, it can be concluded that health and environmental infrastructure, as well as structure and function, should be developed in order to lead to the increasing progress of the geotourism industry in the coming years with welfare, economic, health, infrastructural and legal development. Based on the results, it is suggested to investigate the effects of natural factors in the development of geotourism in Hir city in future studies.

Resilience and livelihood are considered two important categories in planning and development, so that paying attention to these categories, development and progress, and not paying attention and ignoring them have irreparable consequences at different economic, social, environmental and physical levels. will follow. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the paradigm model of resilience of rural livelihoods in Urmia city. The statistical population of the research consists of the villages on the edge of Urmia lake (18 villages as a sample) from Urmia city. The research method is based on the purpose, applied and based on the descriptive-analytical method and nature, which is a field study with a qualitative method based on grounded theory-foundation data (based on interviews with local experts and stakeholders, 30 people as a focus group- in three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding) were done. The results showed that important endogenous and exogenous factors are directly and indirectly involved in weakening or strengthening the livelihood resilience of the region in different dimensions. In other words, the causal conditions in rural livelihood resilience in the studied area are: 1) Human causes of livelihood resilience (economic policies, social and educational policies, environmental policies, (physical) infrastructure policies, planning policies and ideology) 2) environmental causes of livelihood resilience (natural hazards such as rain, drought, flood and hail). Also, the intervening conditions in this field have been the facilitating and inhibiting role of human and environmental (climatic) factors.

The lives of babies and mothers are at risk due to the unequal distribution of health care facilities needed for emergency caesarean section. However, cesarean delivery without medical indications may cause complications for mothers and babies.The purpose of this research is to analyze the geographic-spatial pattern of cesarean delivery in relation to access to medical services. In this regard, spatial accessibility survey models, network analysis, buffer analysis, and Thiessen's or Vouroni's polygon analysis were used. The data of this research includes 30 cities of Razavi Khorasan province.The findings of this research showed that cesarean births in Razavi Khorasan (35.39) were higher than the standard of the World Health Organization (5-15% of all births). The distribution of cesarean rates in the study area was not uniform and a kind of inhomogeneity was observed in the distribution of rates. So that some cities have experienced higher ratios of cesarean rates. The findings related to the analysis of buffer and network analysis showed that the cities located in the east and south were outside the coverage of medical services and the residents of these areas had to travel to other cities to access services. Also, the findings related to the analysis of Thiessen's polygons brought a broader and more comprehensive view of access to medical services within the scope of the research. And it showed that the range or coverage of medical services is inconsistent in the entire scope of the research.Finally, hospital capacity and distance from population centers to hospitals may play a major role in changes in cesarean delivery rates and spatial interactions between people and cesarean delivery facilities. Consequently, some health care strategies, for example, building new hospitals and enabling existing local hospitals to perform cesarean deliveries in out-of-service areas, may be developed to reduce spatial inequality.

The issue of land and how to use it has always been the main issue and platform of urban planning, and in fact, the final fate of the urban development plan is determined by how to intervene and monitor the way land is used, and it is always one of the social, economic and physical issues in urbanization. Contemporary is formed by this category. Experimental planning is a type of spatial planning, this planning includes all levels of urban, regional, national and international planning. Land use as one of the conceptual components of land use is land use according to the type of activity. The aim of the present research is to investigate the distribution of administrative-government uses in the city of Ahvaz with the approach of urban planning. The descriptive-analytical research method is based on library and documentary studies and field investigations in the city of Ahvaz. In the analysis phase, using Arc GIS and Geo DA software, a spatial analysis has been carried out and the distribution of the population and government-administrative uses in the city of Ahvaz has been investigated. The results of the research have shown that the existing government-administrative uses of Ahvaz city do not have a fair distribution among the urban areas, and except for the 2nd urban area, the rest of the areas have a small share of these types of uses. Therefore, it is expected that city managers will realize the importance of balanced distribution of these uses, so that with their future actions and plans, the balanced distribution and allocation of government-administrative use to each of the areas while maintaining the practical coherence of this use and in line with the fair enjoyment of the said use by urban areas take a step and become the foundation of environmental sustainability.