نشریه مدیریت محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Dust phenomenon happens due to various reasons such as human intervention in overuse of surface and groundwater resources, vegetation degradation, improper dams and soil weakening due to agricultural processes and some natural factors such as drought and climate change. The main aim of this research is codification of effective environmental law to combat dust storm.  The present research is descriptive and analytical and applied studies. The method of this research is qualitative and based on documentary and library studies and data collection from valid scientific sites. The results of studies show that this phenomenon, in addition to disrupting the normal life of people, is a serious threat to the environment and leads to the reaction of public opinion. Recent drought, lack of international diplomacy and attention to laws and regulations are among the factors affecting the dust phenomenon. From the principles extracted based on the studies, we can mention the principle of creating environmental security, the principle of sustainable development in international law, the principle of necessity of environmental protection, the precautionary principle, the principle of prevention, the principle of information and the principle of non-harmful use of land.

In order to reduce the consequences and monitor the citizens' use of the environment around Haji Abad Municipality in the field of urban management, measures have been taken to identify and review the city's waste management system so that it can improve the quality of Haji Abad city and plan for The future will move forward. The purpose of the research is to review all the measures taken and find opportunities for improvement in this field. The purpose of the research is to review all the measures taken and find opportunities for improvement in this field. The results show that despite the lack of public education programs by Hajiabad Municipality and rural areas for awareness and culture of the people in the fields of reducing waste production and segregation at the source and improper segregation of waste in health centers And the mixing of medical and ordinary waste citizens have a high spirit of participation to cooperate in waste management programs and projects. Also, mechanized storage containers are available only in some parts of Hajiabad city and villages in the region, and the city does not have temporary waste storage tanks in most villages and do not have a regular washing program. Lack of proper machinery and traditional waste collection, lack of processing and recycling centers, improper location of current rural landfills, implementation of inappropriate methods of disposal of urban and rural waste and construction in the region, lack of optimal use From existing landfills as a result of reducing their useful life, which leads to the need for new sites, as well as the separation and collection of valuable waste from the mass of waste in landfills by the private sector or garbage collectors. Inadequate supervision of municipalities and villages in the area on landfills (lack of fencing and guarding) has been one of the threats identified in the area.

Heavy metal pollutants in water source sediments are a serious environmental concern in aquatic ecosystems. Sediments collect different amounts of metals and are both a source and a reservoir of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, four heavy metals, including nickel, lead, mercury, and cadmium, were collected and examined from the surface sediments of Bandar Imam (Ghanam Estuary, Zangi Estuary, Petrochemical Estuary, and Ahmadi Estuary). Increased industrial and petrochemical activities in Mahshahr and Imam Khomeini ports have led to an increase in pollutants, most of which enter the waters of the Persian Gulf. The amount of sediment contamination to metals was compared with international standards. Then, the amount of sediment contamination was compared between different estuaries in the region. Surface sediment sampling was performed using the Vane Veen grab method. All four heavy metals were identified in all sampling sites with concentrations higher than the standard value based on correlation analysis and principal component analysis. The results show that the concentration of some metals in sediments is higher than the limits set by the standards. Their mean concentrations decreased by Ni>Pb>Cb>Hg. Contamination in Khor Petrochemicals seems to be more serious, probably due to the contamination source's proximity to a point where there is a very high ecological risk and must be carefully surveyed and corrected. The data analysis showed that lead and cadmium originate mainly from human activities (industrial effluents). Due to their location, the waters of the Mahshahr and Khor Musa regions, which are the location of many petrochemical plants, are directly and indirectly exposed to organic and mineral pollutants. Organic matter and particle size are the main factors influencing the distribution of heavy metals in the sediment. More organic matter and smaller particle sizes result in settlement of heavy metals in the sediment.

The work environment is a good platform for growing stress seeds for many reasons. Stress is a phenomenon whose degree or severity varies according to the different environments and situations. One of the most common stressors in people's lives are the stresses that come from the work environment and the working conditions of a person, which can cause mental disease in the employees or accelerate the course of the disease. Therefore, this research was conducted with the main purpose of investigating the relationship between difficult and harmful occupations and the anxiety level of the employees of Water and Wastewater Company in District 5 of Tehran and providing health and environmental solutions (using BAI technique). The present study is a descriptive-analytic study, and its statistical population is male employees of Water and Wastewater Company of District 5 of Tehran (29 difficult and harmful job titles were determined by the jurors of Ministry of Labor). Sample size includes 120 male employees with difficult and harmful jobs and male employees with ordinary jobs chosen randomly. The Beck Anxiety Inventory was used for measurement, and data analysis was performed by comparing “means, mode, variance, standard deviation and independent t-test”. The final results of the research indicate that there is a relationship between difficult and harmful occupations and the level of anxiety, and this is a positive relationship.

The purpose of this study is to model energy consumption in a building with cultural use in a hot and dry climate. For this purpose, the default data in Design Builder software and also 2 scenarios (basic and optimal) were used. The results showed that the best orientation is the 20-degree rotation of the building to the east. In order to supply part of the building's electricity consumption, 180 panels of 2 square meters were used on the roof of the building. The total area of these panels is 360 square meters and the efficiency of these panels is 15%. These panels are facing south and their slope is equal to 31 degrees. This number of panels can produce 88,437 kilowatt hours of electricity throughout the year. In the optimal state, cooling and heating energy has been reduced by 15.3% compared to the building in the basic state.  

The air quality inside hospitals and other healthcare centers is crucial. This research aims to investigate and compare the fungal and bacterial contamination in different hospital wards' equipment and operating rooms. The literature review examined the equipment's contamination indicators and operating room types according to the abundance of bacteria and fungi. The results show that the air in the operating room is less contaminated than in other hospital areas. Nonetheless, there is microbial contamination, including fungi (e.g., Aspergillus), bacteria (e.g., staphylococcus and streptococcus), and viruses (e.g., influenza). The emergency ward has the highest frequency of bacteria, and the general ward has the highest frequency of fungi. Also, hospital beds have the highest frequency of bacteria, and the floor and walls of the operating room have the highest frequency of fungi. Also, the most common bacteria contaminating the operating room are Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Candida, and Pseudomonas. Therefore, failing to observe the microbial contamination of the operating room air and improper management of environmental health, in addition to disrupting the healing process by causing infections, causes the spread of other diseases and prolongs hospitalization, causing excess inpatient costs.