پژوهشنامه علوم سیاسی
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 66، بهار 1401)

Discrimination on the basis of ethnicity is one of the issues that affect society and politics in different ways, and delay in its effects on political participation is also vital. Assessing the relationship between feelings of discrimination and political participation by distinguishing between types of discrimination and political participation will help to better understand the issue. Our main issue is to examine the effect of the feeling of political discrimination and social discrimination on national and ethnic political participation, and the main question is what effect do different types of discrimination have on different types of political participation? To investigate the issue, quantitative survey methods and questionnaire tools were used and researcher-made questionnaires were completed by the questioning 375 citizens of Ahvaz. The results show the feeling of political discrimination by different ethnic groups, the possibility of national political participation, and ethnic-based political participation It strengthens them. As for the feeling of political discrimination, the Arabs, Bakhtiari, and Behbahanis, respectively, feel more political discrimination. As the sense of social discrimination increases, so does national political participation, but so does the ethnocentric political activity. Different ethnic groups feel discriminated against in their daily social interactions.

The historical and sociological study of the Safavid period is of special importance due to the closeness of the political and social with today's issues. The main reason for this closeness and importance is the widespread shadow of the religion and propagation jurisprudence of that time. Therefore, it is important to study the religious approaches of that time, especially the writings, works and attitudes of Allameh Majlisi as one of the greatest clerics of that time. Thus, in the face of questions such as the reason for the spread of superstition in the religious community of the Safavid era, the social influence of the current epistemological system that has been influenced by religion and jurisprudence is also important. The belief of this research is that the approach of the clerics of the Safavid period to religion was like a comprehensive encyclopedia that has the possibility of explicit and direct answers to everything. This comprehensive approach, which focused on narratives, gradually led to the decline of rational-based epistemological systems and created the conditions for the spread of superstition.Due to the importance of studying these issues under historical attitude, the present study tries to explain this process in the theoretical framework of historical sociology.

The purpose of this study is sociological explanation of the contradiction between thought and political behavior of individuals through investigating their semantic system about contradiction. It was carried out using combination research and sequential exploration strategy. In the qualitative section, interview was employed and in the quantitative section, field study was utilized. The statistical population included the university students in Isfahan City. The sample size was equal to 30 persons in the qualitative section and 250 persons in the quantitative section. Theoretical saturation was used in the qualitative section and cluster sampling was used in the quantitative section. Data analysis was conducted through coding in the qualitative section and PLS structural equation modeling in the quantitative section. The findings of the qualitative section reveal creation of the students' semantic system about the contradiction between political thought and behavior around a number of main categories and a core category known as "political distrust". The findings in the quantitative section show that mean of contradiction in the statistical population is above average. The independent variables can explain contradiction at a relatively high level. In the empirical model, the effect of political distrust on contradiction is positive and significant at the level 0.001. Variables such as democracy, loyalty to the system, and hope for a better future have a negative and significant effect on political distrust. Moreover, non-modern culture and national identity do not have a significant effect on political distrust.

Some European researchers believe that concepts such as nation and nationalism are new concepts and have been formed since the 18th century. Narrators of this point of view argue that these concepts did not exist before the will of intellectuals and governments to reconstruct and remove them from the heart of history and use them politically. In the case of Iran, for example, Zia Ebrahimi puts forward a debate on misplaced nationalism in his book "Emergence of Iranian Nationalism".In his opinion, Iranian intellectuals tried to imagine Iran in an ideological process, out of place and out of place, and connect it with Europe and not Arabs. This process was mixed with racism and Nazi and anti-Arab attitudes of Iranians. This article shows that concepts such as social imagination and storytelling have contributed to the consistency of the national identity and consequently the nation-state of Iran. Imagination in the meaning that we will explain has always had a special place among Iranians and has played a central role in shaping the identity of Iranians and has formed a kind of modern understanding of the nation in the face of Iranians with the contemporary world on the threshold of the constitution. In addition to methodological errors, Ebrahimi does not have a correct understanding of Iran's history, and examining Iran from a European perspective is another mistake of Ebrahimi.

The importance of political development has made many researchers and institutions monitor the state of political development. Although the list of indicators they use to measure the state of political development is largely related to the concept of political development, it seems that it does not cover all aspects of it. For this purpose, in this research, a new model has been tried to measure the concept of political development. First, based on the analytical-descriptive research method, the existing models for measuring political development are evaluated, and then the proposed model is presented in three steps of conceptualization, measurability and ranking. In order for the new model of research to have a theoretical support and not to be merely made up by the mind, the theoretical framework of institutionalism has been used. From the perspective of institutionalism, it can be said that political development requires political power to become more institutionalized. Along with increasing the institutionalization of political power in the five areas of monopoly, acquisition, exercise, distribution and integration of political power, various indicators of political development such as: stability of political order, political participation, political competition, rule of law, ability or capacity of political system and citizen rights will be promoted. In addition, the proposed research model can be used to explain the state of political development of different societies and to identify its challenges.

The debates in the thirteenth presidential election provided a platform for insight, value, and pathology, derived from metaphorical expressions to convey and reflect conceptual propositions in the pursuit of political goals, political aspirations, and the motivation of the audience to feel appropriate. And was able to help with a better understanding of issues and crises in the political, economic, cultural and social spheres with the experience and terms of everyday life. "George Lakoff" and "Mark Johnson", by challenging classical metaphorical views limited to literature and rhetoric, extended the method to the political and philosophical realms, emphasizing the role of metaphors in concepts rather than words; In everyday life, not among scientists and artists, and finally metaphor was considered an inevitable process of thought and reasoning to better understand issues related to various areas of human life. The purpose of this study is to answer the main question: what key metaphor has been used in the form of hiding and highlighting in these televised debates? This article has been interpreted and explained by "exploratory" method and using "Qualitative Data Analysis" software. Research findings show that the debates usually follow patterns that have structured the conceptual network of war to some extent and have used linguistic metaphors such as infiltration, field, commander, neutralization, power, destruction, and defeat.

The purpose of this paper is historical reading tendency to ancient Iran in the thought of intellectuals in Nasseri's era. Considering the propositions of intellectuals, regardless of their Applied strain in the context of Political issues and problems, often make interpretations with non-historical readings. This article intends investigate tendency to ancient Iran in the thought of intellectuals, By considering the the ideal of law and justice to them in the context of the Religion-based community. in this period,iran due to the Shia government of Qajar identified Land of faith. The normative system governing iran in this period, with a specific usage of concepts such as bliss, infidels and rakish, provided an ethical angle that faced Getting into civil society(legal and justice) whit problem. this article Considering the difficulty of passing through religious community to civil society poses the question of In the process of this transition, how has ancient Iran in the thought of intellectuals in Nasseri's era have emerged? The hypothesis is that the praise of ancient Iran occurs in the ideological controversy of intellectuals to change the formulation From religious community to civil society. The data of this paper are collected through the library and documentation method and then interpreted using the Skinner text reading method