مجله ادبیات عرفانی
پیاپی 28 (بهار 1401)

Ontology is one of the most important topics in Islamic mysticism, which has been considered by mystics and mystics from the very beginning of mystical writing. And each of the great mystics of the author, based on his own observation, revelation and experience, has explained the order of the system of existence and matters related to ontology. Among these mystics are Imam Muhammad al-Ghazali and Bahا'u'll .h, who were among the greatest Islamic mystics of the fifth and sixth centuries. This research has examined the most important ontological topics in the works of these two mystics. One of the important findings of this research is the difference between the two mystics in the type of expression of ideas and dealing with different issues, including ontological issues. Which seems to be due to the type of thinking of the two because al-Ghazali is influenced by theological and philosophical methods in expressing content and thoughts. Baha'-iwalad is even influenced in the presentation of theological issues as a result of the mystical experience and discovery and intuition he has achieved.

Although the narrative tradition in its specific sense probably existed in Iran, several hundred years before the Safavid rule, it is widely believed to date back to the Safavid era. The narrator was divided into different types such as: Parde-khani, Hamzeh-khani, Shamayel-khani, Sourat-khani, Ghavvali and Rozeh-khani ; But the most important and attractive type of narration can be considered as the narration of Shahnameh and epic stories. Although the roots of such narrative stories (Shahnameh and heroic stories narration) come from the traditions and narrations of ancient Persian heroism; But their main and obvious characteristic is being influenced by the beliefs, convictions and values of the narrators and the audience of such narrations. Among these beliefs are the values of Sufism, which due to the prevalence of Sufism in the Safavid and Qajar eras (narration period), and the narration of such stories by the Sufis of the Ajam and Khaksariyeh sects, they have entered in Narrative texts of Shahnameh. By examining the written narrations, one can clearly see the influence of the traditions and concepts of Sufi literature on them; Traditions and concepts such as: wearing a darvish clothings, repentance, asceticism, austerity, voluntary death, and various miracles by some epic heroes and kings.

“Islam” (Submission to be a Muslim), “Faith” and “Ehsan” (goodness) are the three main dimensions of worldly and otherworldly life. The documentary of this trinity is a hadith known as the hadith of Gabriel, which shows that Islam implies outward deeds, Faith in inward deeds, and Ehsan in observation; thus, the faithful people are Muslims and the people of ehsan are Muslims and faithful. Although some Sufis have interpreted Islam and faith and sometimes ehsan, Khwaja Yusuf Hamadani (435-535 AH) has a special view on these categories and is the first person who extensively include this trilogy in his two work; First in the book Rotbat al Hayat and then in the book Alkashf an Manazil al Saerin elallah. Alkashf (No. 438) is the most detailed work of Khwaja Yusuf that has not been published yet; Based on the manuscript of this book, we have tried to extract and study his views. In this article, we have shown what a special view Khwaja Yusuf had on this trinity, and explained the ascending course of man in these stages in a way that had not been discussed before him. From this perspective, man goes from the level of Islam to faith and then to ehsan, and finally, he reaches the stage of observation which Khwaja calls freedom and liberty.

This descriptive-analytical study is a comparative study of the methods of providing details in the textual context of Sufi mystical experiences in selected texts of the period of discovery and intuition. Each of the Sufis, as an "experiencer", under the influence of the dominance of one of the language maps, has directly or indirectly represented their mystical experiences in various states, including awakening, sleep, and the state between sleep and wakefulness. "Details or peripheral elements" as one of the sub-elements of the sentence, play a significant role in transmitting the author's thought to the audience, drawing the space of experiences and connecting the audience with the narrative flow. Most of these experiences were written at the request of a group of followers of the great Sufis. Therefore, it seems that in the process of writing these experiences, what is important in the first place is the "audience's view of the text"; In later stages, factors such as "content and stages of experiences" and "perspective of the narrative" are completely influential in the way these elements are used. The method of the authors in the way of presenting details has a direct effect on how linguistic processes are used in the narration of mystical experiences; This means that some processes have more capacity to express details. Material and mental processes, compared to relational processes, give the author more opportunity to discuss the details of events. In the textual context of mystical texts of the period of discovery and intuition,..

"Hymn" is one of the most fascinating common types in Persian literature that its use in mystical works such as Rumi's Masnavi has a revelatory meaning. In expressing mystical points, Rumi uses this kind of speech in an effective way to express his purpose in different ways in positions of speech. The aim of the present study is to study the role of prayers and its function in order to better understand the aesthetic foundations of Masnavi and to explain Mawlānā's mystical attitudes more accurately by interpreting the meanings and concepts of the story through this type of art. This research evaluates the form and content of Masnavi prayers in relation to the themes of its stories in a descriptive-analytical manner based on library studies. Findings show that prayers change the field of Masnavi's aesthetics to a great extent and its use not only develops Rumi's mental findings in novel meanings and forms, but also creates a new atmosphere in it rather, it clearly interprets the mysterious and ambiguous concepts of the story based on it and this quality has a clear effect on the reader's more accurate understanding of the messages of the story.

The idea of Manichaean and Mazdakian Affected on later ideas. Except for rituals hostility to oppression is one of the most important of some sects of Mysticism and Sufism. In this research it was studied the Zoroastrian and Manichean and Islamic literature and unfolded the origin of jar of some Sufism discoursesagainst to oppression is the Manichaean and Mazdakian ideas, this study based on the theory of discourse of Laclau and mouffe (1985). After the study of sources, we will understand the Manichaeans and Mazdakians Were a pattern for the dissidents of the Abbasids.Often the Abbasid Caliphate attributed the dissidents to the Manichaean and Mazdakian (The heretics in the Sassanid period) and they are suppressed by the Abbasids. for the simulation of Mystics to the rioters in the Sassanid period the style of suppression to them (Mystics) very simulated to the hanging of the followers of Mazdak and Mani. Thus, the nodal point of the opponents of Sassanian empire and Abbasid Caliphate was the moral corruption but the nodal point of them was the justice.