نشریه علوم ورزش
پیاپی 45 (بهار 1401)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of happiness in watching sports matches on mental health with the moderating role of sports fans. The present research in terms of applied purpose and research method and  implementation path was quantitative. The statistical population of the present study is the people who followed the Asian Cup (2019) matches in the UAE through mass media such as television, radio and the Internet, which were selected by random sampling. In order to estimate the sample size, SPSS Sample Power software was used, considering the maximum independent variables affecting the dependent variable involved in the research regression models and the significant level of 0.05, power above 0.80 and effect volume of 0.05, the sample size was estimated to be 370 people. In order to collect data, the questionnaire of Kim et al. (2018) was used. This questionnaire measures 12 questions, including happiness caused by watching matches (5 questions), mental health (4 questions), and sports fans (3 questions). The effect of happiness on mental health and the role of fan moderator at the level of 5% error was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and Smart PLS software version 2.3.6. The results showed that the variable of happiness affects mental health. The results also showed that sports advocacy plays a moderating role between happiness due to watching sports and mental health. Watching sports matches for the fan can be one of the factors that have a positive effect on its mind and health, which is suggested to provide a platform for the matches of popular teams to be broadcast in a better way and live.

The purpose of this study was to develop a strategic plan for sport diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method was descriptive-analytic and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of all political-sport managers and experts in the field of sports diplomacy who were selected through purposeful and accessible sampling. Data collection method included library studies, semi-structured interviews with experts and finally Delphi method in three stages. Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE) and External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) were used to identify the strategic position. The results showed that the position of sport diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is in the WO position. In this regard, it is concluded that high level officials and policy makers in the Ministry of Sport, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other relevant institutions should focus their efforts on removing weaknesses and taking advantage of existing opportunities.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of factors affecting the promotion of tax culture in Iranian athletes and professional coaches. The research was conducted by a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and in the framework of descriptive-survey research. The statistical population in the quantitative section was all athletes and coaches working in professional leagues in Iran. A total of 45 coaches and 363 athletes were selected( equal to 368) and in the qualitative section, there were 12 sports and tax experts. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which was validated by exploratory factor analysis and its validity and reliability and the factors were ranked by Friedman test. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-19 and LISREL8.8.8 software. Findings showed that individual factors, intra-organizational factors, socialization factors and extra-organizational factors have a positive, direct and significant effect on promoting the tax culture in Iranian athletes and professional coaches and intra-organizational factors were ranked first. It can be said that focusing on components such as transparency in tax laws and taxpayers' awareness and familiarity with tax laws is effective in promoting tax culture. Therefore, counting the indicators and criteria for taxation, especially for athletes and professional coaches, and passing and enforcing laws that block tax evasion, including the submission of formal documents, will help to promote a tax culture in the long run.

Strategic thinking is a process whereby top-level managers view the crises and processes of daily management of the organization and its clients. Chess, which is an intellectual sport, involves strategic thinking, and a chess player moves his or her pieces on the chessboard against his opponent by this skill. The purpose of this study was to design a model of chess management in Iranian sport organizations. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed to 348 chess managers. The content validity of the instrument was confirmed by experts and its internal consistency was also confirmed in a pilot study. To fit the model, path analysis was used at the significant level of (P = 0.05). Results showed that there was a significant relationship between goal setting, decision making and implementation, and control and chess management of the subjects (P <0.05). According to the findings, chess players always use their basic and creative strategic models to solve problems and face crises and win. The basic patterns that chess masters use to manage their chess pieces on a chess board can be a good model for managers to manage their employees in real life and lead them to victory. In this study, the chess management model is extracted, and the findings show that further research and attention to chess management can be very useful.

The purpose of the present study was to construct and validate an instrument for assessing and measuring the effective indicators on the development of social capital through sport. The purpose of this study was to use applied research method and in terms of data analysis method, descriptive and correlational type was used to collect information by field and survey. The statistical population of the study consisted of all faculty members of sport management and sociology of universities of the country, which were selected by random sampling based on the Morgan sample table. A tool for collecting research data in the qualitative section of the deep and exploratory interview and in the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 113 questions and 6 components. For analyzing the data and responding to the research hypotheses, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods were used with the help of SPSS version 23 and LISEREL 8/8. The results of the fitting indexes of the measured model showed that the questionnaire on the effective indicators on the development of social capital through sport was desirable. In general, the results of the research indicate that the indicators can satisfactorily measure the questionnaire of indicators that influence the development of social capital through sport.

The aim of this study was qualitative analysis of affecting factors on the success of the international striker (the player who scores) in football (Ali Daei) and it was done by Grounded theory. 11 football experts and Professors who are selected by combination of the Theoretical and Snowball sampling methods were randomly selected. In order to carry on in-depth, semi-structured interviews. The interviews are continued when the theoretical Saturation was obtained. The validity of the findings was done by helping knowledgeable people and using documents, the portability research results, maximum and non-repetitive data extraction. For data analyzing and expressing the theory open, axial and selective coding were used. The results showed that 140 concept codes with 7 subcategories and 2 main categories were extracted in 6 dimensions including; causal factors (5), contextual factors (3), central category (3), strategies (8), confounding conditions (5), Consequences (6). The categories compositing based on relationships among them around the affecting factors on the success of the International striker (the player who scores) in football caused to form a paradigm model. The results introduced strategies such as intrapersonal and extra- personal (external) factors which had consequences such as promoting social status, reputation, popularity and success.

The purpose of present research was to study the effect of proactive personality on job proactive behavior of physical education experts of education departments with the mediating role of sense of competence. The research method is a descriptive survey. The population of study consisted of all physical education experts of the Iranian Education Departments (1141 persons), which according to Cochran formula, 288 participants were selected as sample size by the stratified random sampling method. To gather the research data, questionnaires of Proactive Personality of Bharati et al (2018), Sense of Competence in Job of Van den Broeck et al (2010) and Job Proactive Behavior of Parker et al (2008) were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used for data analysis. The results of the study indicated that the proactive personality has a positive and significant effect on the physical education experts’ sense of competence in job. Also, the effect of proactive personality on physical education experts’ job proactive behavior was positive and significant. Another part of the research results showed that the effect of sense of competence in job on job proactive behavior is positive and significant. Finally, the results indicated that the effect of proactive personalty on job proactive behavior of physical education experts with the mediating role of sense of competence in job is positive and significant. Based on the results of the research, it could be concluded that proactive personalty can have positive job outcomes such as sense of competence in job and job proactive behavior in physical education experts.

The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of Taekwondo in Iran and the presentation model. The statistical population of the study consisted of all professors and faculty members of sport management, experts and managers of the ministry, and the affiliate of the sports championship of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, leaders and experts of the Taekwondo Federation and coaches of the Taekwondo team. In the qualitative part of the research, using the method of theoretical sampling with 25 people in the community, qualitative interviews were conducted to achieve theoretical saturation. In the small part, according to the uncertain size of the research community, using a Morgan table, 277 people were selected as sample size and random sampling was performed. The instrument for measuring the research in the qualitative section was semi-structured interview. In next stage, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. To obtain the validity of the questionnaire, the formal and content validity and construct validity were used, and for reliability, it was used Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research showed that seven factors including social and cultural factors, technology factors, economic factors, political factors, sports agents, management factors and places and equipment are effective on the development of the country's tactical skills. Therefore, it is recommended to pay special attention to all the factors identified in this study to develop sport for Iran.

The importance of the issue of the club system in football and the lack of this system in the country at the moment, warns the need for attention and accuracy in this area. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying and ranking the factors affecting the football club system in Iran. The research method was mixed method. The statistical population in the qualitative section consisted of professors of sports management, sports managers and professional football athletes who were interviewed by interviewing 25 of them to identify appropriate items that help to better understanding the factors affecting the club system. The population size in the qualitative section included 450 employees, which were collected by a questionnaire using the data of 250 people as a research sample. Samples in the qualitative part were selected based on purposeful sampling and in the quantitative part were selected in a cluster and random manner. Data analysis from the qualitative part in accordance with the research strategy was performed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding and in the quantitative part, causal explanation, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling and Friedman test were used. The results showed that the proposed research model includes 14 central categories that have been obtained by combining about 77 basic concepts. Accordingly, the comprehensive system of club management in the sport of football as a central category based on causal managerial, financial, environmental and legal conditions. These factors overlap by 0.67 and have a positive and significant effect on the football club system in Iran. Among these, managerial factors have the greatest impact on the country's football club system and financial, environmental and legal factors are in the next priorities.

This study was designed and conducted to investigate the identification and prioritization of economic strategies of small and medium sports businesses using AHP-TOPSIS integration method. The method of the present study was a survey that was conducted in the field. In order to identify the economic strategies of small and medium sports businesses, the theoretical saturation method and identifying the experts with the snowball method were used. In order to analyze the research data, AHP and TOPSIS methods were used using SUPER DECISION software and TOPSIS software. According to the research results, it was found that the strategy of merging with other companies, the strategy of vertical integration upwards and the strategy of heterogeneous diversity are the most important strategies for identifying small and medium-sized sports businesses. Therefore, businesses in sports need to integrate with other companies and businesses in order to create a stronger structure by developing and improving their capabilities.

Satisfaction in all situations is a competitive advantage for organizations. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between work ethics and power resources of manager with job satisfaction of the staff of the general administration of sports and youth of Alborz province. According to Krejcie and Morgan's sample size table, 127 employees of the general administration of sports and youth of Alborz province completed standard questionnaires of work ethics (Petty, 1990), Managers power resources (Wann et al., 2000) and job satisfaction (Linz, 2003) on a classified random and voluntary basis. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation for determining simple relationships and multivariate regression to predict the relationships of variables using SPSS software. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of work ethics and job satisfaction, power and job satisfaction, power and work ethics. The results also showed that work ethics was a good predictor for job satisfaction and power resources could not be a good predictor for job satisfaction. Overall, it can be stated that since human resources are the core capital of any organization and for achieving the desired results, both the manager and staff are crucial, therefore the selection of appropriate ways of exercising power and work ethics by managers that can lead to job satisfaction will increases the likelihood of organizations’ succeed and achieving their goals.

The present study was designed and implemented to investigate the factors affecting the development of business schools in Sport. The present research was mixed research carried out in qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population of the study includes entrepreneurship and business experts, administrators and experts in the field of education as well as university professors related to the field of entrepreneurship and education. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire and interview. In the quantitative analysis section, Structural Equation Method with Python approach is used. The qualitative research results showed that 35 characteristics were extracted through interviews, which included seven categories of needs. These needs are strategic requirements, technical infrastructure, managerial platforms, scientific and practical content, facilitation, motivational features and government support. The results of the research showed that among the identified factors for developing business schools, the motivational features were determined with the impact of 0.917 of the most important needs. Also, the results of this study showed that government support with an impact of 904/0 as well as scientific and practical content with an impact of 893/0 are among other factors affecting the development of business schools in Sport.

Research finding show that in the context of social interactions and actions, trust plays an important role in the development of human talents and abilities and their relationship with others. The purpose of this study was to explain the components of increasing the general trust of sports elites. Exploratory mixed research method and data in the field by studying the background and semi-structured interviews with 15 sports experts in the country were collected. After reaching the initial state of content design and validity questionnaire by experts in the field of social sciences and sports was confirmed. The reliability of the whole instrument was obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.814). The construct validity of the questionnaire was accepted through confirmatory factor analysis and then it was provided to 242 sports elites of the country using the available sampling method. LISREL software is used to analyze the research findings and present the research model. Finally, it was found that the factors affecting the formation of public trust in sports elites include trust-based behavior with 18.881, cooperative tendencies with 17.889, frankness and honesty with 13.356 and confidence with 13.455%, explaining 63.591 percent of the total variance. Therefore, considering the biodiversity in Iran, measuring public trust and the factors affecting it among all social groups, especially sports elites, it is necessary to identify strategies to strengthen trust and plan accordingly.