پژوهشنامه اقتصاد و کسب و کار
پیاپی 25 (تابستان 1401)

In the state of uncertainty, planning, decision-making and policy-making progress in all economic sectors of the financial markets are disrupted. As the possibility of prediction will decrease and it will be difficult for economic operators to realize future visions.The source of uncertainty can be monetary, financial or political policies. According to this, the uncertainty impact of monetary policies on the optimal level of cash retention of listed companies will be investigated. In order to improve the results, the moderating role of financial restrictions is included in the model. Since all the companies do not have the same access to financial resources to provide their liquidity, which will lead the results to a more accurate explanation of reality.The research method is practical. For this purpose, the information of 127 companies in 11 fiscal years from 1389 to 1399 has been examined.The results of the study are the result of uncertainty in monetary policy subject to economic regimes, and based on this, 5 regimes were observed to estimate the cash hold model. The results showed the fact that with increasing the level of uncertainty, the amount of cash hold increased and in the case of financial constraints to the five models, the amount of cash hold also increased.

Today, it is impossible to improve the economic situation and achieve economic development without considering the business environment and improving its conditions. Therefore, the first and basic step is to pay attention to this important indicator in development. The business climate index is the most important economic index in the growth and formation of the private sector and increasing the economic growth of society. Among these, the role and position of government agencies and institutions, including the executive, legislative and regulatory spheres, is undeniable The Real Estate Registry is known as one of the most effective organizations in the field of business. This organization is in charge of registering and, of course, stabilizing property, and by identifying businesses, registering companies, and intellectual property, and the like, it has an undeniable role in the field of business environment. Is. The present article tries to look at the relationship between improving the business environment and economic development and while listing the most important tasks of the organization in the field of business environment, to point out the most important harms and challenges in this area and using resources The library and the Internet will eventually offer suggestions for improving the business environment.

The method of this research is based on the practical purpose and the nature of descriptive-survey data collection. The statistical population of this research includes the employees of Bank Mellat branches of District 4 in Tehran, whose number is 420. Using Morgan's table, a sample size equal to 201 people was selected for the study and the questionnaires were distributed among them by systematic random sampling method. To determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, the content validity method and the CVR index were used and it was found that the questionnaire has the required validity. Also, the obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed that the reliability of the research measurement tool can be relied upon. Then, the collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling method and AMOS software. The results of the data test showed that open innovation has a significant impact on empowering employees. Also, the dimensions of open innovation, which include the production and creation of open innovation, the dissemination and expansion of open innovation, and the use of open innovation through the mediating effect of knowledge sharing, have a significant impact on empowering employees. Only the dimension of maintaining and maintaining open innovation through the mediating effect of knowledge sharing does not have a significant effect on employee empowerment.

Governments play a colorful role in the capital market as a major observer and policymaker in determining the factors affecting stock returns. The higher the level of government involvement in the economy, is twofold, because these countries have irregular financial markets and changes in government policies can cause macroeconomic variables and the financial markets of these countries to face many problems. In recent years, the biggest impact, whether official or unofficial, on the capital market has been due to economic policies and related uncertainties. In this regard, in this study, the impact of economic policy uncertainty on the Iranian stock market during the period 1370 to 1399 has been investigated. For this purpose, data from Iran Statistics Center, Program and Budget Organization and Central Bank were used and data analysis was done using VAR vector autoregression model and EVIEWS software. There has been a significant uncertainty of economic policies on the Iranian stock market due to unexpected and unforeseen changes and political shocks during the period under review.

The life of a company depends on its growth and success, Therefore, the sales department of any company can be considered as one of the most vital parts of the companyBecause the best product or service has no value if it is not sold and the customer is not willing to pay for it.Sales is directly related to the capabilities of sales staffApart from the facilities, equipment and technologies, the level of expertise, skill and motivation of the sales staff is one of the most important effective criteria in realizing sales.Sales staff are considered part of the company's human resources, and human resources are one of the most important assets of any business as human capital.Internal marketing, which looks at the employees of the organization as internal customers, states that the internal customers should be considered as well as the external customers.And at the same time, their needs, desires and interests were given importance and while strengthening the motivation of the employees, it also increased their organizational commitment.In this article, we want to take into account the importance of sales in the survival and growth of the company and the role of sales employees in realizing sales goals and the importance of internal marketing in creating motivation and work spirit and organizational commitment of employees in the self-organization model.

The purpose of this research is the role of entrepreneurial leadership on the development of innovative activities. The research method is based on the collected data of a quantitative type and in terms of the nature of description and survey. The statistical population of the research includes 300 employees of medical centers in Tehran, who were selected using simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula, numbering 168 as the sample size. The data collection tool in this research was standard questionnaires. Data analysis was done using PLS software. The validity and reliability of the research showed that the research tool has a good fit. The obtained results indicate that entrepreneurial leadership has a positive and significant role on the development of innovative activities. It was also concluded that the dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership such as framing, absorbing ambiguity, clarifying the path, creating commitment and setting limits to maintain commitment also have a positive and significant role in the development of innovative activities of medical center employees.