نشریه علوم محیطی
سال بیستم شماره 3 (پیاپی 77، پاییز 1401)

Industrialization, urbanization, and population growth are considered as the main causes of urban air pollution that is responsible for millions of deaths per year worldwide. Besides, the impact of urban air pollution on health is considerable. Respiratory, lung diseases, and heart attacks are largely due to urban air pollution. However, there is a lack of air pollution monitoring stations (hereafter simply stations) in most cities worldwide because of their high expenses, and, thus, access to high spatial and temporal coverage of air pollutants and their distribution is limited. To address this issue, the main purpose of this study was to estimate CO concentration in Isfahan, Iran, based on air pollution monitoring stations and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from 2018 to 2019.

In the present work, we used ANFIS and Random Forest (RF) algorithms to estimate the CO concentration level. To implement the ANFIS algorithm, based on collected air pollution data from the stations and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data from MODIS imagery, the basic fuzzy rules were extracted. Further, with the integration of fuzzy rules and artificial neural network algorithm, ANFIS algorithm was implemented to model the dispersion of CO level in Isfahan city. To model the dispersion of CO using the RF algorithm, air pollution data and AOD data were used. Since the number of trees and the number of variables in each node are two basic parameters in the success of the RF algorithm, a 10-fold cross-validation method was used to identify value for these two variables.

Our findings indicated that the RF algorithm was more efficient and accurate in spatial modeling the dispersion of CO because it achieved better RMSE and MAE results than the ANFIS algorithm. The RMSE error value of the RF and ANFIS algorithms were 0.724 and 0.809 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the MAE error value of the RF and ANFIS algorithms were 0.636 and 0.792 ppm, respectively. In the case of spatial dispersion of CO pollutants, the ANFIS algorithm showed that the amount of this pollutant varies in the city. For example, the central and northern regions of Isfahan had the most pollution and the eastern and western regions of Isfahan had the least pollution based on the ANFIS algorithm. Regarding the RF algorithm, it was observed that by moving from the southeast to the northwest of Isfahan, the amount of CO pollutant increases, and the northwestern regions of Isfahan had the highest CO pollution. The examination of numerical values obtained from the ANFIS algorithm showed that the lowest amount of CO pollution in Isfahan city was equal to 1.43 ppm and the highest amount was 2.13 ppm. In contrast, obtained results from the RF algorithm showed that the lowest amount of CO pollution in the city was equal to 0.57 ppm and the highest amount was 2.27 ppm.

Overall, it can be concluded that since ANFIS and RF algorithms are appropriate and accurate methods in modeling environmental problems due to their nonlinear modeling, the ability to reduce the negative effects of outgoing data, and less sensitivity to the local minimum problem. It should be noted that a significant part of the error observed in the results of ANFIS and RF methods was related to the intrinsic properties of MODIS imagery (i.e., cloud cover and mixed pixel problem due to the coarse resolution of MODIS imagery), point measurements of air pollution data collected from the stations, and recorded data error at the stations.

In recent years, the increased water, soil, and environmental degradation, due to the excessive use of chemicals, has encouraged researchers into organic farming. Despite all the positive effects associated with the consumption of sewage sludge and municipal compost on the soil physical and chemical properties, there is still a great concern in terms of environmental and health. Depending on the source, composts often contain relatively large amounts of heavy metals, so accurate measurement of heavy metal contents in these compounds is important.

In this study, 20 compost samples from different sources, including manure, municipal waste and sewage sludge sources were selected. Five methods of digestion in three replicates were used to extract the heavy metals of the compost samples, including nitric acid, dry ashing, nitric–perchloric acid, sulfuric acid and sulfosalicylic acid methods. The elements wrer Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe.

Analytical results indicated that the nitric–perchloric acid procedure was the most efficient for recovering Cd, Pb and Cr from the organic samples. After that dry ashing method extracted the highest amount of Cd, Pb and Cr from all compost samples (on average).Since perchloric acid is potentially hazardous during digestion procedure, dry ashing was recommended as an alternative method. The recovery of Cd and Pb in the organic compounds is affected not only by the digestion method, but also by the type of compost. For example, the nitric–perchloric acid procedure recovered more Cd and Pb from municipal waste and sewage sludge than manure and Poultry fertilizers. In the case of other elements including nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc and iron, sulfosalicylic acid has the highest efficiency in extracting these elements from compost samples. Extraction of these elements was only affected by the type of extraction method and the type of organic composition had no effect on it

Different digestion methods used in this study and also different compost sources that were tested had a very significant effect at the level of (P < 0.05) on the extraction of all heavy metals. Despite the fact that the organic compounds used in this experiment had a relatively wide range in terms of various structural and chemical properties; the digestion methods used for the heavy and micronutrient elements in these compounds had a relatively specific trend in terms of the extraction potential of these elements. In general, in the case of heavy metals, cadmium, lead, and chromium, nitric acid + perchloric acid, and then dry digestion method, had the best efficiency in extracting these elements. For the other elements including nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc, and iron, sulfosalicylic acid was the most effective in extracting these elements from compost samples.

pharmaceuticals, personal care products and steroid hormones are emerging pollutants whose main production source is human societies. Municipal wastewater treatment plants have a very effective role in reducing and eliminating these pollutants, however, complete elimination of these compounds is usually not possible and some of these pollutants are treated through the treated wastewater stream (As well as residual sludge) enters the environment. Due to the use of treated wastewater in irrigation of fields and orchards, there is a possibility of transferring contaminants to soil, crops and groundwater. Since the negative effect of the presence of these contaminants is visible in very low concentrations, it is necessary to identify and determine their amount.

In this study, the transfer channel of the treatment plant in the south of Tehran (raw wastewater, treated wastewater), farm soil and crops in terms of presence and amount of emerging organic pollutants, from the category of pharmaceuticals and steroid hormones Has been studied. Four samplings of treated wastewater were performed in different places. First, qualitative analysis was performed to identify and select target pollutants (for quantitative measurement). Then, the most important quality assurance and control criteria in the field and laboratory were studied so that the data generated had the highest possible level of quality. Finally, each sample for each category of pollutants separately prepared and extracted (extracted) Solid phase and solvent extraction were ultrasonically analyzed and finally analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Sampling of raw wastewater, treated wastewater, soil and crop irrigated with treated wastewater and analysis of these samples was performed. Two pharmaceuticals, acetaminophen and sulfamethoxazole, and four steroid hormones, aquiline, estrone, estriol and ethinyl estradiol, were selected as the target contaminants and the most important and continuous ones. All six analytes were identified in a raw wastewater sample and in a treated wastewater sample. In another sample of treated wastewater, the three hormones aquiline, estrone and ethyl estradiol were not found. Contrary to what was thought, all analytes were found in soil samples, but only estrone was found in soil samples. In the plant sample (wheat) all analytes except ethynyl estradiol were seen.

All contaminants were observed in raw and treated wastewater (treatment plant effluent) and a very positive role of the treatment plant in reducing the concentration was observed. On the other hand, changes in the concentration of pollutants along the channel path were observed. Also, it was concluded that soil particles do not adsorb the target contaminants despite their tendency to be absorbed by plants. Therefore, the entry of contaminated water into arable soil will lead to crop contamination and infiltration into groundwater. The presence and amounts of contaminants in the treated wastewater treatment canal are highly dependent on time and place. Mixing and diluting and entering new sources of contamination in the canal path causes significant changes in the concentration and type of contaminants observed in the samples.

Urbanization in the world is increasing and the world's urban population is becoming denser in cities. One of the effects of urbanization is to increase the percentage of impermeable surfaces in these areas. Today, many important cities in the world, to reduce the effects of their city development on the quality and quantity of runoff, pay attention to the concept of sustainable development and use modern green management technologies, including the Best Management Practices (BMP) and Low Impact Development (LID) methods. Green roof is a multi-layer system that covers the roof and balcony of a building with vegetation and absorbs and retains part of the rain, and affects the processes of evapotranspiration, treatment, volume and intensity of runoff peak runoff. Reduces the dimensions of the downstream drainage system and improves the quality of the climate, preserves the beauty of the city and prevents wastage of building energy.

This study was conducted as a field experiment in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan. The test period was from April to August 2018. In this study, the effect of using superabsorbent (zeolite) on water uptake and retention, maximum and minimum runoff volume, drainage volume, sedimentation and runoff time of rainfall at rainfall intensities of 35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 mm/hr on a green roof with a slope of 5% has been studied in cold dry climates.

Accordingly, with increasing rainfall intensity, runoff volume also increases and runoff volume in barren soil is more than other treatments and its downward trend is soil containing 1% zeolite, soil containing 3% zeolite and cultivated soil, respectively. Also, the volume of drainage increased with increasing rainfall intensity and the highest amount of drainage volume belongs to barren soil. Sediment measured in runoff also increases with increasing rainfall intensity in treatments other than grass treatment.

Barren soil has a very high runoff volume due to the closure of its surface layers and clogged pores. Addition of zeolite to the soil significantly reduced runoff volume and retained more water than barren soil. The rate of soil erosion was high in 1% zeolite and the lowest rate of erosion was in grass. In barren soils, infiltration is low, and runoff flows rapidly, but with the addition of zeolite to the soil, runoff start time is 3 % longer.

The Zagros forests, which are one of Iran's most important forest ecosystems, contain a diversified vegetation that includes trees, shrubs, and herb-layer species. Identification and precise knowledge of their ecological role in this ecosystem can help in natural resources protection and sustainable development. In order to study the effects of physiographic factors (aspect, slope and elevation) on the woody plants species diversity and also soil carbon stock in the central Zagros, the maple tree (Acer monspessulanum Var. cinerscens ) forest in Hashtadpahlu region which located in Lorestan was selected.

Within the forest, 37 circular plots, each measuring 1000 m2, were placed in a systematic-random for this purpose. Richness and diversity indices were calculated for woody species within plots. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm to measure the quantity of carbon stock in the soil and the value of soil organic carbon and bulk density for soil samples were measured.

In this forest, 11 different woody plant species (trees and shrubs) from seven different families were investigated. The results showed that the highest diversity of shrub species was observed in northern aspect and the lower slopes (Class of %5-20), while the elevation has no significant effect on the shrub diversity. Also, the physiographic factors had no significant effect on shrub species richness and tree species diversity and richness. The most soil carbon stock was measured in the eastern aspect while the other physiographic factors had no significant effect on carbon stock. The reduced carbon supply on the northern slopes relative to the rest of the slopes could be owing to heavy grazing, low density and poor vegetative quality of wood species, reduction of tree litter and other plant species and climatic conditions in this slope. As a result, the most important factors impacting the number of species diversity indices in the Acer forest are the aspect and slope.

The richness and diversity of wood species in the Acer sp. forest are appropriate. and physiographic factors have played an important role in the values of their indices. Physiographic parameters have an impact on the carbon stock of the soil. As a result, environmental variables should be considered in the management of Zagros forests due to its extensive distribution.

Today, with the expansion of the activity of industrial units, the concentration of pollutants in the air has increased and humans are exposed to them through inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption. Among all pollutants, heavy metals have received a great deal of attention from environmentalists due to their toxic nature. High concentrations of heavy metals in the environment can increase the risk of adverse effects on human health. Activity of copper casting units and its alloys made Naji Industrial Town of Zanjan as a main source of heavy metals in the atmosphere; therefore, evaluating the concentration and health effects of heavy metals emitted from the town is of particular importance.

To evaluate the concentration and health effects of heavy metals emittion from the industrial units of Naji Industrial Town, sampling of total suspended particles in the town and its adjacent areas (10 stations) was performed in January and May 2021. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to identify heavy metals. In this analysis identified heavy metals silver, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, antimony, vanadium and zinc. The risk of cancer and non-cancerous diseases due to respiration, ingestion and skin absorption of heavy metals in total suspended particles is also evaluated for both age groups of children and adults.

The concentrations of detected heavy metals were compared with national ambient air quality standards. The concentration of chromium and iron in all stations within Naji Industrial Town is higher than the standard level. Also, the concentrations of silver, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, antimony, vanadium and zinc in all stations adjacent to the Industrial Town is higher than the standard. The results of assessing the risk of non-cancerous diseases by exposure to heavy metals in total suspended particles, both in winter and spring, showed that exposure to heavy metals in all stations does not pose a risk to public health. The highest risk of cancer in winter and spring was due to exposure to the arsenic (at station 2, inside the industrial town) and cadmium (at station 4, inside the industrial town), respectively. In spring, the risk of cancer due to exposure to arsenic and cadmium was higher in all stations except Station 2 than in winter. However, in the spring, the risk of cancer in all stations was lower than in the winter. The risk index values for the age group of children are higher than the age group of adults; therefore, children are more at risk for various types of cancer and non-cancerous diseases while exposing to heavy metals in the air.

The results of the assessment of exposure to heavy metals released from Naji Industrial Town on human health show that the risk of non-cancerous diseases does not threat the people of the study area; but the risk of cancer caused by the arsenic and cadmium is high at most of the stations surveyed.

All people (natural as well as legal persons) are responsible for environmental protection. This means that any person obliges to compensate for the damages which is called legal responsibility. In this article the inner relation between civil liability and social responsibility in context of environmental responsibility is explored. Material and methods. This research is conducted qualitatively by context analysis approach. National as well as international documents related to civil liability, corporate social responsibility and environmental responsibility of natural and legal persons and their interconnections were defined and evaluated by library studies. To explore the relation between environmental civil liability and social responsibility, their parameters were analyzed separately and their districts, objectives and principals were analyzed comparatively. To understand the relationship between environmental civil liability and social responsibility, first they were explained and analyzed separately; then, in terms of territory, goals, customary practice and pillars, an analytical comparison is made between these two responsibilities and in each section, it is stated which of the logical relations is established between them.

Earth is the only living ecosystem, and due to the interaction between the main elements of life, the destruction and pollution of each elements of the environment, human life is in great danger. Results showed that there is obvious a logical relation between civil liability and social responsibility in which there are some common features between them in term of considering social values. However, there are differences between these two responsibilities in which civil liability is merely considering present needs and values, while social responsibility considers present and future generations simultaneously.

There is a structural difference between civil liability and social responsibility in context of environmental protection in which civil liability as a branch of legal responsibility is going to improve social life, while social responsibility is seeking to upgrade human-environment relation to protect the environment. In civil liability, the main objective is to compensate damages to persons and assets, while social responsibility emphasizes to prevent environmental damage.

With the uncontrolled population growth, the safe disposal of waste is a major problem for metropolises. The issue of landfills and their location is at the end of the waste disposal life cycle. Waste burial is the most common method of disposal in urban communities of Iran and other countries of the world. Therefore, its environmental impact assessment is very important to reduce the negative environmental impact. Therefore, in this study, the environmental effects of the Urmia landfill utilizing the RIAM method were evaluated.

In this study, to assess the environmental impact, field information was collected from the landfill of Urmia city. Then, the effect of different activities in the project was evaluated utilizing the RIAM method. Also, important and influential factors have been classified by a group of environmental experts into four sections: physical-chemical, biological-ecological, cultural-social, and economic-operational. Each factor is scored based on the importance of the situation and the time value. The scoring method is such that via multiplying the criteria related to the importance of the situation, the total value of this criteria is determined. Also, for the provisional value criteria, its sub-criteria are summed. After obtaining these criteria, by multiplying these two criteria, the environmental score (ES) of the project is calculated.

Based on the study, it was observed that the highest negative score for biological-ecological components was -402 if the disposal continued in this way. Also, the lowest negative score amongst other available components for economic-operational components is equal to -109. The only positive point is related to the socio-cultural components which are part of subsistence. Also, the score for physical-chemical components and socio-cultural components were -351 and -114, respectively. The reasons for these negative scores are the lack of proper attention to the volume of waste produced by the people, the lack of leachate treatment system, the lack of vegetation in the municipal waste landfill, unprincipled, and unsanitary waste burial, transportation distance, and so on. Disposal operations with the current method, in addition to creating environmental pollution, are also very costly. Most of the cost in this method is spent on transportation, manpower and excavation, and earthmoving operations. In addition to these financial costs, unfortunately, in recent years, with the disappearance of agricultural lands around the municipal landfill, people have migrated from the surrounding villages. This causes a lot of pollution and prevents the conversion and recycling of waste.

The results of this study showed that if waste disposal operations continue in the same trend, irreparable environmental damage will be inflicted on the region's ecosystem. To prevent these damages, it is necessary to provide practical solutions and in the management, the department reviews the continuation of this method. Also, due to the landfill reaching its limit and waste disposal operations nearing an end, it is suggested that if a new place for waste disposal is selected, it should be based on studies such as geology, botany, geotechnics, etc. It also seems that the establishment of a waste recycling plant can be a great help in reducing the volume of waste.

The climate of an area over a long period is called the climate. Climate identification and classification have long been of interest to meteorologists. Researchers have classified the earth into homogeneous climatic zones using different methods and climatic variables such as rainfall and temperature. They have used the results of climate zoning to assess water scarcity and water resources on a small and large scale to anticipate practical measures to control drought in vulnerable areas. The purpose of this study is to update and analyze the Spatio-temporal analysis of Iran's climatic classification based on the Domarten index and the Mann-Kendall test. Because in studies based on climate classification maps, up-to-date maps can better help understand the study area.

For this study, data related to temperature and precipitation variables were extracted monthly from 153 synoptic stations from 1995-2019 from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. First, the data of average annual temperature and total annual precipitation were obtained from monthly data and then, using isothermal and isothermal maps, were obtained using the kriging model. The final climate zoning map was prepared using the De-Martonne index based on rainfall and temperature. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was also used to evaluate the significance or non-significance of the De-Martonne climate index and determine the trend.

The results showed that based on the Kriging model, R2 and RMSE for precipitation data were 0.58 and 167.51 mm, respectively, and for the data were 0.83 and 2.23 ° C, respectively. This indicates better performance of the model for temperature data. This is related to the high variance of precipitation data in the country. Iran's climatic zoning based on the De-Martonne index showed six main climatic types in Iran. Most of the area of Iran is an arid climate and then a semi-arid climate. The study results showed that arid climate is 76.40%, the semi-arid climate is 19.65%, and other climates make up less than 4% of the area of Iran. Also, the area of arid and semi-arid climates with an area of 96.05% of the area of Iran has increased compared to previous research, which may be due to reduced rainfall and increased temperature. Also, the results of the Mann-Kendall test showed that Khorramdareh, Miyaneh, Ramsar, Boroujerd, Piranshahr, Tabriz, and Bijar stations have a significant upward trend (wetting trend), and Dezful, Malayer, Sabzevar, Bandar Anzali, Tehran (Mehrabad), Tehran (Shemiran), Qazvin and Dushan Tappeh stations have a significant downward trend (drying trend) at the level of 5%.

This study showed that Iran has six climatic regions, including; The climate is arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid. Also, comparing the results with the results of research done by other researchers in the past showed that the area of arid and semi-arid climates in the study period has increased compared to previous periods. Also, 14% of stations with a downtrend (8 stations) have a significant downtrend, and 7% of stations with an uptrend (7 stations) have a significant uptrend at 95%.

In Iran, out of 88.5 billion water resources, about 83 billion cubic meters or 93.5% is allocated to the agricultural sector and therefore agriculture is the largest consumer of water. Increasing population, increasing cultivation area, and agricultural production have increased the consumption of these resources. Eventually, increased consumption leads to a decrease in the water table and drainage of aquifers. Statistics show that many of the plains are currently in crisis. Romeshkan plain is one of the plains which has faced a significant reduction of resources in the recent decades. The purpose of this study was to develop the strategies for the sustainable management of water resources in this plain. Romeshkan plain is a forbidden plain, but there are still many exploitations in it. Crops are planted in this plain that need a lot of water.

The present study is an applied and descriptive research (non- Experimental). This research has investigated the strategies of sustainable management of groundwater resources in Romeshkan plain using the Fuzzy Delphi technique. The sample size was 28 faculty members, experts, , and farmers in Khorramabad and Romeshkan. The sample size was estimated using the purposeful snowball sampling method. Secondary data were also obtained from government departments to identify and describe the Romeshkan plain. Data on water resources of Romeshkan plain were required. These data show how much water resources have dwindled over the last three decades.

The results showed that despite the criticality of the Romeshkan plain, the livelihood of rural communities is mainly dependent on the agricultural sector. Also, hydrophilic crops are widely cultivated. In this plain, the structure of supply and exploitation of water resources is traditional. The agricultural lands of this plain do not have a new irrigation system. The results of this research show 5 types of strategies (economic, technological, environmental, policy-oriented, and social). The priority of the strategies has been to "develop sustainable rural employment." This will certainly require "human development of water-related actors and empowerment of rural communities." "Developing the right technologies", which was another strategy, could also help reform the traditional structure of supply and consumption of these resources.

Now the conditions of Romeshkan plain are critical. The results of this study showed that sustainable management of groundwater resources in this plain will not be achieved solely based on technological strategies. And economic, social, policy and environmental strategies must also be considered. Reform of the water consumption structure should be considered in parallel with the development of non-agricultural employment. Because the development of employment reduces the pressure on these resources.

Soil health is one of the main components to achieve the sustainable agricultural systems being adversely affected by agricultural operations such as tillage. Soil health can be quantified using the specific physical, chemical and biological parameters of the soil via specific quantitative soil quality methods. As a result, studying soil quality and fertility in different land management systems is essential to establish appropriate crop operations to achieve optimal production and sustainable cropping systems. Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) is used as a powerful and reliable tool to assess the effect of different crop management on soil quality and health. This study aims to evaluate and quantify the effect of different tillage methods on soil quality using the SMAF algorithm.

The present study was conducted as a field experiment based on a randomized complete block design during two cropping years in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018, in four replications. Experimental treatments included tillage methods (no-tillage, reduced tillage, and no- tillage), and the areas were considered replication. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was planted in the first year, followed by winter chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the second year of crop rotation in farmers' fields. Soil sampling from a soil depth of 0-30 cm was taken in two stages, before planting wheat at the beginning and after harvesting chickpea in the second year. Important soil parameters were measured, including bulk density, phosphorus, potassium, acidity, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, carbon, microbial biomass, and microbial biomass nitrogen.

The results showed that implementing the conservation tillage methods improved some of the important soil parameters and soil quality index, indicating the positive effect of minimum soil disturbance and crop residue maintenance on soil quality. Although the physical and chemical properties of soil at the end of the second year did not change significantly compared to pre-treatment conditions, soil biological properties such as microbial biomass carbon and soil organic matter were positively affected by tillage systems. The laboratory-measured data of soil properties were well reflected in the SMAF algorithm. The results showed that at the end of experiment, soil quality index in the conventional plowing system was lower compared to conservation tillage methods. No-tillage had the highest value of soil quality index (0.65) at the end of the experiment. As stated in the quantitative description of soil properties, the higher quality index in the no-tillage method is mainly due to the improvement of soil biological conditions. Soil degradation due to excessive plowing, lack of residue preservation, and improper use of chemical fertilizers not only reduces soil organic matter but also degrades the physical properties of soil.

In general, the results showed that conservation tillage methods could improve soil quality and efficiency in dryland areas, and SMAF algorithm can be a useful tool to assess and monitor the soil quality of various cropping systems in dryland areas. However, citing the data of this study requires long-term results, and in order to evaluate the efficiency of soil ecosystem to provide ecosystem services, it is necessary to compare crop systems with more sustainable systems such as forests and pastures.

Today, with the increase in world population and the subsequent development of industries and factories, the amount of effluents entering the environment, which often contain heavy metals and various other pollutants, is increasing. Heavy metals have devastating effects on plant and animal health in various ecosystems. In the process of environmental purification, plants are able to absorb heavy metals and can absorb these pollutants from soil and water and store them in their roots and shoots.

In this regard, in order to investigate the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals by plants, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications using vetiver plant. Plants treated with industrial effluent and control plants were irrigated with municipal water. Also, pots containing soil without plants were considered to measure the amount of elements in the soil during the six-month experiment period, they were regularly irrigated with other pots with industrial effluent. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation with effluent on the yield of vetiver plant, after a six-month period of experiment, heavy element analysis and anatomical and physiological studies were performed on plants treated with industrial effluent and control plants. Transfer and accumulation factors, which are two important factors in measuring plant ability for phytoremediation, were also examined.

The results of this study showed that among the most heavy metals in industrial effluents, which included zinc and chromium, most of the mentioned elements were stored in the roots of vetiver and less were collected in the aerial parts. Also, the results of physiological traits experiments showed that the factors of soluble sugars and proline in the treated plants increased compared to the control and the concentration of malondialdehyde in the treated plants decreased compared to the control. The results of root studies in control and treated plants showed that root diameter, central cylinder diameter and number of vascular clusters in treated plants increased compared to control.

Overall, the results of this study showed that in the process of absorption of heavy metals, changes were made in some anatomical and physiological traits of treated plants. Examination of transfer and bioaccumulation factors also showed that vetiver has the ability to absorb zinc and chromium through plant stabilization.

The introduction of invasive fish species into aquatic ecosystems causes various adverse ecological and socio-economic impacts. The first step in analyzing the effects of these species is to identify the risk. Then, different tools have been developed to identify potential invasive species and evaluate potential degree of their invasiveness to support decision-makers in analyzing the invasive risk of these species. This study aimed to assess the invasive potential of the non-native species redbelly tilapia (Coptodon zillii, Gervais 1848) in the Shadegan wetland basin (the Karun and Jarahi catchments) using some of these tools.

The level of risk for C. zillii in the Trinational risk assessment protocol was determined based on the results of the two components "Probability of Establishment" and "Consequences of Establishment". In the German-Austrian Blacklist Information System (GABLIS), the invasive potential of the species was evaluated according to the distribution in the study area. The non-native species was screened by the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK) model according to the threshold of the assessment area; and the rank of species invasion was calculated based on the probability of species establishment, expansion and environmental effects, using the Harmonia+ method. Also, the climate matching between introduced and native range of the species was carrying out with the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.

The results of trinational risk assessment indicated that the species posed high potential rank of placing at each step of, introduction, establishment and expansion potential and the possibility of economic and environmental impacts in the study area. The results of the GABLIS protocol showed that the non-native species C. zillii has been widely distributed in the risk assessment area and it placed in blacklist and the subset management list (b3). In the AS-ISK risk assessment, the risk score of the species was 44, that was higher than the tool threshold (22.5) for the study area. This score indicates that this species has a high invasive risk in the wetland. The overall risk score in the Harmonia+ method, which is a function of invasiveness and species impacts, was assessed as high for the redbelly tilapia; based on the results, the risk of establishment and dispersal of this species in the study area is high, and its environmental impacts are significant. Also, there was a high climate match between risk assessment area and the native range of the species in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.

The trinational risk assessment methods, GABLIS, AS-ISK and Harmonia+ models were able to show the invasiveness of the non-native C. zillii in Shadegan wetland basin as literature and field evidence demonstrate that the species has exerted strong and adverse impacts on native fishes and local people livelihood in risk assessment area. Given the results of risk assessment methods and the risks posed by this species, it is highly recommended that large-scale control and management measures should be seriously implemented.

The transaction cost (TC) -rooted in institutional economics-related to the concept of efficiency. One of the tasks of planners is promoting the efficiency of planning process. Thus identification of effective factors of producing TC -including searching information, negotiation, creating and application of monitoring mechanisms- is important. Because through this, planners can rely on institutional design of governance structures to reduce TC. In this regard, from 1990 efforts has begun in urban planning in the word. Many key actors including citizens are engaged with detailed plans in Iran’s planning system. The aim of present article is reducing the transaction costs of Isfahan’s detailed plan for different actors through introducing the effective factors on creating TC in the plan, determining the key factors among them, and developing possible scenarios with high consistency for governance structure of the plan in order to pave the way for redesigning this process.

The research is a case study. Its data collection and data analysis methods are qualitative and quantitative, thus can be called a mixed method research. Effective factors on TC were determined through thematic analysis of interviews conducted with key actors of detailed plan by using Atlas ti. The questionnaire of cross impact matrix were filled by experts and their data was analysis using structural analysis and MicMac method in order to determine five key factors/descriptors among all. For each key factor, various variants considered. Based on the experts’ opinion about the impact of these variants on each other as the input of ScenarioWizard possible scenarios with high consistency were developed for governance structure of detailed plan.

As preparing detailed plan encompasses both searching and information costs and also bargaining and decision costs to reach an acceptable agreement with other parties about land development rights, whole the costs of preparing a detailed plan are TC. The costs of monitoring the plan such as costs related to article 100 of municipality law, are also TC. Effecting factors in creating TC in the process of Isfahan detailed plan are categorized in three broad themes of institutional environment, quality of governance, and capital. These three categories include 23 effective factors among which 5 factors of rules and regulations, bureaucracy, trust between actors, level of participation and access to information are recognized as key factors/descriptors. Considering different variants devoted to these factors, three scenarios with high consistency were developed for governance structure of detailed plan. One of these scenario is toward less concentration and the others is seeking more concentration in planning system.

Comparing the effective factors of TC resulted from this research with that of theoretical background shows although there are differences in categorizing and naming the factors but their nature is the same. The key effective factors were identified through expert panel, among the total effective factors, are mostly related to implementation, monitoring and revision phases of detailed plan, in contrary to producing phase. Scenariowriting process for governance structure of detailed plan to reduce its TC in and conducting institutional design in a systematic and understandable way in this research, in compare with similar researches merely analyzing TC, fill the present gap in the body of knowledge. In three developed scenarios the variants of each five variables/descriptors are in one direction, forming a completely concentrated or deconcentrated scenario. Such a situation emphasizes this realty that the governance of urban land use is possible through patterns or systems formed of consistent elements and follows a unified logic. These patterns are either toward more concentration or deconcentration in planning system which has a historic background in present era in different cities.

As a result of human development and population growth, there is a corresponding need for essential resources of human. Industrial and agricultural activities have greatly polluted most agricultural lands. Petroleum compounds and heavy metals, both are the common pollutants of soils that have been irrigated by untreated wastewater, which pose a potential threat to the environment. Soil pollution of the agricultural lands will lead to a decline in cultivation, and finally decrease food production. Agricultural lands in the southern part of Tehran are being irrigated with untreated wastewater for more than 30 years to produce a variety of vegetables, legumes, cereals.

In this study the concentration of heavy metals and petroleum compounds were determined in 83 sampling points at two depths (0 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm). The study area was divided into two separate zones, in which 44 points were located in zone 2 and 39 points were located in zone 1. Petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, were measured at top and subsoil by using MOOPAM method, ICP-AES method, respectively. ArcGIS and R software were applied to create distribution maps of the pollutants and some statistical analyses.

The results showed that the soil of agricultural land in the area is highly polluted, as the concentration of Cr, Pb, Co and Ni has exceeded the standard level e,g. 0.22 mg/kg for Cd and 620 mg/kg for Pb. The concentration of petroleum compounds in wastewater irrigated lands in both top and subsoil were higher than that of ground water irrigated lands. High level of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were observed in ground water irrigated lands compare with wastewater irrigated lands. Cr and Pb were almost 89 and 8 times higher than the standard limit of agricultural lands of Iran, respectively. The spatial distribution map of petroleum compounds showed that only the southeast of the area fall into heavily contaminated class. The distribution map of heavy metals also revealed that most parts of the studied area fall into the heavily contaminated class. Soil organic matter has more concentration in topsoil.

Overall, the south of the studied area has been more affected by wastewater irrigation, agrochemicals and ground water pollution in terms of heavy metals and petroleum compounds. Our study revealed various anthropogenic pollution sources, more effectively by wastewater irrigation and application of agrochemicals. Therefore, a management plan should be applied to the agricultural lands of this region to control and reduce the level of contamination.