مجله بررسی مسائل اقتصاد ایران
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 16، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Why are artists earning less than their counterparts? This question is a central debate in the literature of cultural economics. Infrastructures, which shape the relationships between market forces, play a key role in determining the level of market development, and consequently, employees’ incomes. To investigate the effect of the infrastructures on the income of calligraphers in Mashhad, this paper suggests a stylized framework for art market infrastructures in the form of six pillars: institutional environment, business environment, supply side, demand side, market structure, and market access. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method, a multidimensional index is extracted for each pillar. The results of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions indicate that besides “near to decision-making centers” and “expos”; “multiple job-holding” has a significant positive effect on artistic income, in line with the great emphasis placed on it in the literature on cultural economics. However, the deeper findings of this paper show that if the copyright laws are fully applied, the “instability of laws and regulations” in the cultural sector is reduced, and an organized “distribution system” is established, “business start-up costs” is diminished, “share of government budget” to buy art products is increased, the relative allocation of calligraphers’ working time between artistic and non-artistic activities will change in favor of specialized artistic activity. Also, the higher the psychic income of artists, the more inclined they are to pursue multiple job-holding and transfer part of the income from other occupations to their profession.

In addition to currency appreciation and facilitating the process of economic growth, tourism development affects the redistribution of wealth among the nations of the world, the importance of tourism and literature has increased as one of the forms of this industry.Given the importance of this type of tourism in the economic development of countries, identifying the effective factors in the development of literary tourism is very important.The aim of study is identify and assess the direct and indirect effects of each factor affecting the development of literary tourism. For this purpose, first, with comprehensive review of the literature and opinions of experts in this field, factors affecting the Literary tourism of Yazd identified and uses Interpretive Structural Modeling.these factors were investigated using MICMAC analysis.This research is descriptive in terms of purpose and applied in terms of results.The statistical population consists of experts active in the tourism industry. According to the h findings the “attention and cooperation of centers related to the development of literary tourism” and “creation of literary tourist attractions” are the main factors affecting the development of this type of tourism.The results of this study will help policy makers to choose the best path or developing Cultural tourism.

Pollution is one of the problems of the present century and countries are trying to reduce pollution with international treaties. According to the World Bank's assessment of the damage to Iran's environment, in the annual report on the cost of environmental degradation is about 5 to 10 percent of GDP. According to the World Bank report, Iran is one of the countries with high carbon dioxide emissions, so research on emissions is important. This study for the first time predicts carbon dioxide emissions in Iran and polluting parts, using ARIFMA-FIGARCH method in the period 1971-71. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions in Iran, industry and services will increase.In 2035, carbon dioxide emissions in the country are expected to reach 745876 thousand tons, in the industrial sector to 25.18 percent of fuel consumption and in the service sector to 25.89 percent of fuel consumption.Development programs have failed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Due to the variety of stress Occurance in financial markets and its impact on various sectors of the economy, efficient models and indicators to deal with crisis events and reduce their effects, are needed. In the present study, the effect of financial stress on the growth of economic sectors (including agriculture, industry and services) in Iran is on the agenda. For this purpose, we used the quarterly data (1370:1-1396:4) and applied the method of principal component analysis, credit weighting and EGARCH to estimate multidimensional price & quantitative indicators of financial stress "inter" and "intra" different parts of the financial system (including the banking system, stock markets and foreign exchange). Then, we investigated the effect of financial stress on sectoral growth using the Markov-switching model. The results indicate that despite the periods of severe financial stress in Iran, its impact on the growth of agriculture, industry and services sectors are negligible or in most cases insignificant. It seems that this issue is mainly rooted in the inappropriate performance of the nominal sector and its insignificant effect on the real sector of the economy during the period under study.

One of the factors affecting production and subsequent labor demand in different sectors is the change in the final demand of the sectors. Among the components of final demand, the demand of households constitutes a major part. Therefore, it can have a major effect on the production and employment of sectors. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the structure and volume of household consumption in different income groups on changes in employment in different economic sectors using the input-output model between 2011 and 2016. The results of this study showed that the change in total consumption in the first- and second-income groups has increased the total employment of the economy, but the change in total consumption in the top three income groups has reduced the total employment in the economy. On the other hand, changes in the consumption level of all income groups have increased the employment of the whole economy. Also, the change in the composition or structure of consumption in all income groups has reduced the employment of the whole economy.

During the coronavirus outbreak, Iranian government imposed social distancing and lockdown measures to reduce the number of infections. These policies caused economic activities disruption and the services are the most impacted, due to their need for human interactions. In this study, the economic growth modeling is used to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on total output, considering the effect of the sanctions. Also, the impact of coronavirus on the service sector is compared with other sectors. The study period is spring 2005 to winter 2021. The empirical results from the ARDL estimates shows the negative impact of coronavirus pandemic on gross domestic product. Furthermore, the estimation results revealed significant negative effect of COVID-19 outbreak on service sector, but the impacts on agriculture and industry sectors are not statistically meaningful.

Increasing growth of human knowledge and the effects of its expansion on the various dimensions of economy has increased the welfare of societies. It has affected the function of many economic policy instruments by influencing mechanisms. In this paper, the impacts of financial development on the effectiveness of monetary policy have been observed with special attention to anti-inflationary monetary policies in Iran. For this purpose, we examined the effects of monetary policies using the two instruments of monetary base and interest rates with the aim of controlling inflation, separately. Moreover, in the autoregressive distributed lags models for the period 1368:1 to 1395:4, the effectiveness of each policy has been extracted over time by the rolling regression models. The results again re-estimated in another autoregressive distributed lags model based on the financial development indicator. The coefficients showed from the computed regression demonstrates the decreasing effect of the financial development indicator on the effectiveness of the monetary policies, in the sense that with the development of the financial systems and increasing the methods of access to capital, the impacts of monetary policies of monetary base change and interest rates change on the inflation will be decreased.

In this study, based on structural and environmental factors, we have investigated the dynamics of firms entering and exiting the market and turbulence in Iranian industries. To achieve this goal, data from the field of industrial activity of two-digit codes based on the International Classification of Goods and Services (ISIC) during the period 2009 - 2019 has been used. In addition to structural and environmental variables, the impact of macroeconomic variables such as real exchange rate, inflation rate, inflation rate uncertainty and real exchange rate uncertainty have been studied as control variables in the model. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model was used to measure the uncertainty variables. After examining the significance of the data and their co-integration using the kao test, the proposed model was estimated as fixed effects by the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method. The results of the study indicate that during the period under review, structural and environmental factors have a significant impact on the dynamics of firms entering and leaving the market.

One of the variables for measuring the competitiveness of countries in comparison with each other is the global competitiveness index. One of the factors affecting the global competitiveness index is human capital. Therefore, this study examines the effect of human capital spillover on the global competitiveness of Iran and major trading partners using the spatial econometrics model (spatial Durbin model) in the period 2010-2019. The results of model estimation have shown that human capital has a direct and indirect (spillovers) positive and significant effect on the global competitiveness index of countries. This shows that human capital not only have the positive effect on competitiveness of countries but also the competitiveness of trading partner countries through trade spillovers. Other research results have shown that research and development expenditure and total factor productivity also have a positive and significant direct effect on the competitiveness of countries. Therefore, strengthening human capital and also increasing research and development expenditures in order to strengthen competitiveness should be considered by policy makers.

With the emergence of economic fluctuations and problems such as floods, earthquakes, coronas and economic sanctions, the importance of the role of the Social Security Organization and the Unemployment Insurance Fund to cover the needy has become more apparent. But the question is, to what extent can these two be effective in controlling unemployment, income distribution, welfare and social security of society, and in contrast, how much are they affected by macroeconomic variables? For this purpose and considering the theoretical relationship between these institutions and economic growth, the relationship between insurance expenditures of these institutions and economic growth in the period 1991 to 2019 ‌ in the form of a vector auto-regression (VAR) model was studied. The findings of this study confirm the existence of a long-term relationship between the expenditures of the two institutions and economic growth, so that the response of social security insurance expenditures to changes in GDP, although fluctuating and directional, but after three periods, toward fluctuations. Mira moves. In contrast, the growth response to social security spending shocks is very limited and inherited. The reaction of Unemployment Insurance Fund expenditures to changes and shocks in GDP is also more visible and with damp fluctuations.

In this study, in order to investigate the different forms of capital flow between developing and developed countries in the steady state, a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, under asymmetric information, is developed. For simulating countries, the parameters of previous studies are used. The results showed that there is high correlation between the two groups of countries so that a shock in one country changes the production and consumption in the other one. In addition, international risk sharing and consumption smoothing is the most important factor shaping the international capital flows. Although, due to the high marginal production of capital, capital inflows into the developing country are in the form of stocks and direct investments. Because of the international risk-sharing and consumption smoothing, capital outflows are in the form of bonds and foreign reserves. In addition, when there is asymmetric information between the economic agents of the two countries about the productivity shocks of each country, capital inflows and outflows in the steady-state will be decreased.

The purpose of this paper is to Counting and analyzing the performance and effectiveness of bilateral or multilateral customs and trade agreements that can be considered in reviewing the laws and policies governing the conclusion of such agreements with the aim of expanding trade relations with other countries. This article examines customs and trade agreements using research methods (normative and descriptive-analytical).The findings indicate that despite the conclusion of more than 158 bilateral or multilateral customs and trade agreements, failure to monitor the performance and effectiveness of the above agreements, lack of attention to technical and expert aspects of this issue such as Trade Potential Index, Trade Complementarity Index, relative export advantage, etc., has led to their formalization and loss of function. The consequences of this will lead to the loss of the power of initiative to reduce the effects of sanctions in the current sensitive situation.