Journal of Community Health Research
Volume:11 Issue: 3, Jul-Sep 2022

Knowledge and innovation are considered as the most crucial factors in the economic and industrial areas (especially, in this age which includes many changes). Moving towards innovations and making changes in the products and services combinations are considered as the proceedings and operations of the knowledge-based businesses. This type of businesses play an important role in the production efficiency, using knowledge in the new products and services, improving the economic and welfare levels and creating values in the society.

Young people often rely on electronic and digital media devices to accomplish many of their daily tasks, which may interfere with their daily physical activities. This study aims to find out the relationship between the use of electronic and digital devices before bedtime and sleep sufficiency among Iraqi young people.

This was an analytical, cross-sectional study that was conducted on 383 young adults aged 18-25 years attending in Al-Tahrir Primary Health Care Center for immunization through purposive sampling technique from   September 15, 2019 to January 10, 2020. The tool was a researcher- made questionnaire. The SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis, where the t-test was used to find a possible relationship between the variables. The descriptive statistics included percent, means and standard deviations, independent sample T-test was used to find a possible relationship between the variables. All statistical analysis was conducted in SPSS software version 20 with considering significant level of 5%.

Mean (SD) use of electronic or digital devices at night in terms of watching television, using play station, using computer, using cell phone for gaming, and using mobile for the Internet [2.8 (3.48), 1.20 (2.0), 2.13  (3.16), 5.37 (5.0) and 10.90 (6.08)] respectively. As a result, there was a significant difference regarding the use of the cell phone for games (P-value= 0.011) and for social media (P-value= 0.000). The mean use of cell phone per night was statistically higher (20.38 minutes) than those who reported having sufficient hours of sleep (10.38 minutes) (P- value=0.040). The study also observed that the mean number of cell phone calls (5.16) was statistically associated with inadequate sleep hours per night (P-value=0.022).

This study found that most participants reported adequate sleep hours after electronic or digital devices were turned off. This is because the increase in the mean number of calls and the minutes during calls before going to sleep was significantly associated with a lack of sleep.

The tools for assessing the appropriateness of educational materials are measuring device. Suitability offers a systematic approach to objectively assessing the appropriateness of health information material for a specific audience. The present study is designed to evaluate the readability and suitability of educational media about regarding men's secondhand smoke (SHS) in the smoker men on their the exposure of pregnant wives.

This analytical cross sectional study was done from October to December 2018 in Isfahan, Iran. Participants were in two groups. The first group of educational media audience consisted of 20 smokers with a pregnant wife. The second group was 15 people from the panel of experts. Written educational media (pamphlets) were evaluated. The readability of the material was measured by “readability assessment of materials” (RAM) and suitability was retrieved through “suitability assessment materials” (SAM).  The Gunning-Fog Index was used to assess the readability of the media and the cloze test was used to assess the educational level of the media. Descriptive indices were stated for all variables. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS18.

The readability mean score of the educational material was 16.60±1.34 for pamphlet, which was acceptable (score>10, P <0.001). Results showed the percentage points SAM score for the pamphlet was 85%. The educational material for media was “excellent” on the SAM rating. The score of the Gunning-Fog index for pamphlets was 9.6 and equivalent to the third grade of guidance was obtained. According to the evaluation by cloze test, pamphlet learning was assessed as an independent training without the need for a teacher.

The printed materials were well-matched after evaluation by the RAM and the SAM checklist, the Gunning-Fog Index and the cloze test. They were consistent with the characteristics of smoker men.

Diabetes is one of the most common diseases caused by metabolic disorders. It is the result of impaired secretion or function of insulin. The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of different decision tree algorithms in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. It was done using a database regarding diabetic patients. They were referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center.

This study was analytical   cross-sectional. 2613 patients visited Yazd City's research and treatment center. Their demographic information was received in the first stage. Then, they were tested by the nursing team, and the patient's information form was completed by the respective nurse. After that, the descriptive indicators of mean, mode, median, variance, frequency, and percentage of missing data were observed. Four diagnostic models (Chadi), classification tree and regression (C and R), (Quest) and C 5.0 were compared. Authors evaluated the performance of these four models using three statistical criteria: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Gains chart was used for more accurate comparison of models. SPSS MODELER V 18.0 software was used for data processing and modeling. The significance level was considered 5%.

In this study, among the demographic and clinical variables, BMI, duration of disease, type of drug used, age, hypertension, gender, cholesterol, and hemoglobin A1c were entered in the final model. The dependent variable of retinopathy was investigated. It was based on the obtained criteria of accuracy (71.75), sensitivity (75.60), specificity (57.14) in the CART model; accuracy (65.84), sensitivity (65.86), specificity (65.76) of the Quest model; accuracy (69.33), sensitivity (67.35), specificity (76.81) of Chaid model; and accuracy (73.27), sensitivity (79.65), specificity (49.05) of Chaid model.

Based on the criteria of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and comparison of Gain Chart for four algorithms, Chaid algorithm showed better performance. Therefore, for further research, the authors suggest this algorithm

Chronic and prolonged illnesses and disorders, such as addiction, lead to a crisis in the lives of people with disabilities and can lead to a decrease in their quality of life. Therefore, in this study, we decided to compare the quality of life of individuals with substance use disorders who participate in Narcotics Anonymous, therapeutic Community session with Methadone-treated groups.

This cohort study was conducted on detoxified patients attending Narcotics anonymous, therapeutic community sessions and Methadone-treated place. Quality of life of subjects measured at baseline and 1.5 months after the start of treatment. Data were analyzed by SPSS19 software using ANOVA, paired t-test, Chi-square analysis.

The mean score of quality of life between three groups was not significantly different at the beginning of the study, but the mean score of quality of life among individuals with substance use disorders participating in the sessions of Narcotics anonymous and therapeutic community group increased significantly (P <0.001) 1.5 months after the start of treatment.

The results of this study indicate that the presence of detoxified persons in sessions of Narcotics anonymous and therapeutic community was effective in improving their quality of life. However, this effect is greater in Narcotics Anonymous. Therefore it was suggested that individuals with substance use disorders participate in these meetings.

Training has a distinct role in the achievement of an organizational goal..  The present study  aimed  to identify the training needs of the doctors and nurses in the hospital and to prioritize these training needs.

The study was   a cross sectional study which was conducted in Sri Guru Ram Das charitable Hospital Vallah, Amritsar, Punjab,India, among doctors and nurses from october to December 2019. A total of 100 doctors and nurses through Convenient Sampling were interviewed after taking informed consent. The World Health Organization–adopted Hennessy Hicks Training Needs Analysis Questionnaire, a self-reported close-ended structured questionnaire with a core set of  30 items was used. The data was analyzed using SPSS 20 version. Descriptive statistics mean and  (SD) were calculated for quantitative data and frequency ( percentages) for qualitative data. independent sample  t-test was applied to compare importance and performance scores among doctors and nurses. p value less than 0.05 and 0.01 were considered significant and highly significant respectively.

There is maximum training need in research activities (average difference score of 1.5) followed by the supervisory /managerial tasks (1.2) and clinical tasks (1.1). For research activities mean (SD) difference of average score for importance and performance was 2.0 (  1.10)  among doctors and 1.6 among nurses  (0.72) while for administrative tasks it was 1.5 ( 1.10) and 0.6 (0.96) for doctors and nurses respectively. For supervisosry tasks it was 1.4 (  0.94) among doctors and 0.9(SD 0.78) among nurses.( p value for research activities,  administrative tasks and supervisory task was .03, .000 and .003 respectively)

Among all the categories of activities, maximum training need was found for research activities followed by the supervisory /managerial tasks and clinical tasks

 Social acceptance is defined as the support by social network for patients via family, friends and colleagues that often reason the better management and prognosis. If the social acceptance is significantly low in patients with chronic diseases like tuberculosis, an appropriate plan can raise the level of knowledge and the culture of the community to enhance the level of patient and community's acceptance. The authors aim to evaluate social acceptance and related factors in these patients in Rafsanjan.

 This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. It was conducted on 29 pulmonary TB (tuberculosis) patients who had referred to Rafsanjan city health center in Iran in 2014. They were selected by census method. The Marlou-Crown questionnaire was completed by patients, and the scores were calculated based on the questionnaire key using SPSS 16. T-test, Fisher and chi-square tests were used for evaluation, and the significance level was P-value <0.05.

 Results showed that the frequency social acceptance among patients was moderate to high (62%) and moderate to low (38%). Fifteen (52%) patients were male and 14 (48%) were female whose age range was 8 to 90.  Among the variables of age, sex, education, place of residence, nationality and family history of patients, the relationship between age، nationality, positive family history of TB and social acceptance was significant (P-value <0.05).

 This study concludes that older patients, those with a family history of TB, and migrant patients have higher social acceptance (P-value <0.05).

The rollout of COVID-19 vaccine in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by infodemic. This study ascertained the influence of infodemic on individuals’ willingness to be vaccinated for increased vaccine coverage in Delta State.

In this cross-sectional study, 2500 respondents across the twenty five Local Government Areas in Delta State, with age of at least 15 years were selected using stratified random sampling to provide an appropriate demographic representation. A researcher – made questionnaire including demographic characteristics and questions related to participants' knowledge and attitude regarding COVID-19 vaccine was used. Descriptive Statistics of Frequency (Percentage) was used for data analysis using Microsoft Excel software version 2016.

Demography of respondents showed that secondary education was highest (43%), while 50% of the respondents were urban dwellers.  80.44% of the respondents admitted to the existence of the virus, while 45.84% admitted to its existence in Delta State. 27.68% of the respondents were willing to take the COVID-19 vaccine; while 58.08% declined. 63% of respondents had access to social media; and majority of them (52%) admitted to not verifying health information seen on social media with medical experts. Majority of the respondents willing to take the vaccine were aged 45 to 60 years (42.37%); reside in urban areas, have tertiary education, access to social media; and often verified health information with medical experts. Infodemic about the COVID-19 vaccine and lack of trust in the government were identified as the major debilitating factors to the public acceptance of the vaccine.

Improving  COVID-19 vaccine coverage in Delta State requires a holistic approach of combating misinformation about the vaccine,, regulation of health information shared on the social media space, and criminalizing the act of infodemic.

One of the main pillars of the study is the correct choice of study design. This study aimed to give an overview of different type of study designs in medical research.

In this tutorial study, all applied research designs in terms of quantitative and qualitative study were reviewed. Accordingly, terms related to "Research Designs" were searched in the online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus.

Based on the findings of the present study, the types of studies are generally divided into two groups: quantitative studies and qualitative studies. Quantitative studies are divided into two categories: primary and secondary studies. Preliminary studies include observational and non-observational studies. Observational studies are divided into two categories: descriptive and analytical studies. Descriptive studies include case reports, cross-sectional studies, cross-sectional correlational studies and ecological studies, and analytical studies include retrospective and group studies. Non-observational studies also include laboratory studies, clinical trials, field trials, and community trials.

With a good understanding of the types of studies, it is easy to decide which type of study is appropriate for the research. Choosing proper study design can reduce the costs of the executive process, increase the accuracy, quality of research and give more reliable results.

Iran is one of the most important hot spots for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the world. To date, no studies have been done on both epidemiological aspects along with the length of the treatment course of CL. This study aimed to determine the relative frequency of CL in patients with suspected skin lesions and the duration of healing after treatment with different regimens.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with CL referred to the skin diseases and leishmaniasis research center (SDLRC) in Isfahan during the years 2018 to 2019. Among 389 patients with suspected skin lesions, 150 cases were included with proven CL. Information such as age, sex, education, location, size of the lesion, duration of treatment, and the rate of recovery were recorded. SPSS software version 20 was used for data analysis, the chi-square, Fisher´s Exact, and one Way ANOVA tests were used with a significant level of p < 0.05.

Among 350 admitted cases, 150 cases were CL. positive (42.85%). The rate of complete recovery was higher in cases with an average age of 33.55 ±18.9 years, but these differences were not statistically significant (P =0.077). There was 34 cases more than the other groups in this range of age. ( The rate of complete recovery in patients with a history of migration to endemic areas was higher than in patients without a history of migration (P = 0.81)). The rate of complete recovery in patients whose means treatment duration was 59.03 ± 41.43 days was higher than other recovery periods (P = 0.23).

The rate of complete recovery was higher in adult cases than the other groups. In this study, it was proved that the rate of recovery of patients had the significant relationship with the average duration of treatment.

Providing health services to middle-aged people is of special importance due to the large population, productivity, and the impact of health behaviors of this age group on various aspects of family health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the provision of middle-aged health services.

This was a qualitative   study performed in 2017 in   comprehensive health centers of Yazd city. Central part of Iran. Sixty two individuals (specialists, general practitioners and experts) providing health services in comprehensive health centers were selected through targeted sampling . Interviews were done with a semi-structured individualized method. Questions were asked in the following domains: weaknesses and strengths and recommendations about the method of providing services and its content.

According to the results, 15 weak points and 5 strong points in the method of providing services, and 8 strong points and 7 weak points about the content of health service packages and 17 recommended mechanisms about the improvement of the providing services and 11 recommended mechanisms about improvement of the content of packages were extracted. The main weak points in providing services were such as not observing referring system, lack of insurance coverage for some services, problems in Integrated Health Record System. The weak points of the packages of health services for middle-aged people were as lack of predicting the service packages for levels 2 and 3, repetition of the questions in evaluation, and low attention to social health and traditional medicine.

Concentrating on the improvement of the service providing and the contents of the packages of new health services by utilizing presented recommendations according to professional viewpoints of health service providers helps improve health level in this age group and increase the efficiency in the middle-aged people.