نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال سوم شماره 10 (تابستان 1401)

The historical garden needs protection due to its natural wealth, physical, historical and cultural values. The lands' historical landscapes remaining from the past are considered a symbol of the identity and civilization of its ancestors, which gives meaning to life of its nation. The Safavid gardens of Behshahr are among the Iranian gardens built at the same time as the foundation of Ashraf Al-Balad city. This series has undergone many changes throughout history, and only a small part of it remains. Protecting and revitalizing the Safavid gardens in Behshahr is an action to promote the identity and revival of the native culture of this city and country.this research aims to identify the most significant components of urban green landscape design in the studied area and their applications in the design and revitalization of the historical gardens of this city.

The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and the information is collected through library and field studies. After completing the questionnaires, all the obtained information was analyzed through the Delphi method and SWOT analysis. Additionally, the site design criteria were extracted according to the research objectives.

The most important factors affecting the revitalization of the urban green landscape are physical and functional, social, identity, environmental, landscape and visual, and historical factors. According to the findings of the research, identity factors were the most important influencing factors in the areas of Safavid gardens in Behshahr.

Based on the studies of area knowledge and evaluation of experts' opinions, it is concluded that creating an authentic and lively space that meets the needs of visitors requires the basic design and revitalization of historical gardens, which have shaped the core of this city. The results show that this action improves urban life and identity.

The water crisis is one of the most paramount challenges in Tehran province. Virtual water management and education in many countries is a measure to overcome water shortage, especially in the agricultural sector. In Iran, virtual water consumption per capita in the agricultural sector is about 20% higher than the world average. This research was conducted with the aim of designing a model of virtual water education in the agricultural sector with the approach of resistance economy and sustainable development in order to inform the users of virtual water and protect the environment, water resources, and sustainable development in the year 2021.

The method of this research was a combination. In the qualitative phase of the research, in order to identify the main and sub-components of the model, the technique of grounded theory was utilized. A semi-structured interview method was conducted to collect data in this phase. The purposeful snowball method was applied in the qualitative phase for sampling. The statistical population of the quantitative part included professors of related universities, experts, and managers of the executive organizations of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. According to the statistics and information obtained, the total number of contacts was 360. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula of 181 people. A researcher-made questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale was designed to collect data. Descriptive statistics measures (mean, standard deviation, variance, frequency, and percentage) were calculated for data analysis in the quantitative phase, and confirmatory factor analysis was employed in the inferential phase.

The results of comparing the mean value of the components obtained from the test (t-test) illustrated that there is a significant difference of 1 percent between the current and desired means in all components and the current state of virtual water management education is not desirable. The validity of the questionnaire constructs was calculated by the convergent validity method at the level of 0.49 and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by the ordinal coefficient alpha at the level of 0.81. The qualitative findings of the research revealed that 11 components and 37 sub-components were the components of the virtual water education model in the agricultural sector. Based on the standard factor loadings of qvh(γ), the content components of virtual water education (0.97), methods of virtual water education (0.96), and principles of virtual water education (0.92) are respectively, the most substantial in explained the model of virtual water education. Moreover, the confirmatory factor analysis of the components illustrated that the identified components had sufficient factor loading to predict virtual water education in the agricultural sector.

The fit indicators of the education model in the agricultural sector illustrated that the developed model has a good fit and in addition to awareness and behavior change, the model can be a road map for the trustees and agents of education activities for virtual water users in the agricultural sector. Implementing virtual water education through the prepared model can be expected to prevent the wastage of water resources in the agricultural sector and protect natural resources. Furthermore, based on the upstream documents, it is an opportunity to attain modern agriculture, resistance economy, sustainable development, and environmental protection.

Today, many cities in the world, especially the central fabric of cities, are suffering from severe erosion. Among these, urban regeneration is an important strategic choice in promoting urban development worldwide. In recent years, the integration of sustainability principles into urban regeneration has become increasingly important. Increasing attention to economic, social, environmental and physical aspects also affects urban regeneration policy. In particular, the search for new ways to regenerate cities in a sustainable way has led to the concept of sustainable urban regeneration. The purpose of this study is to assess the factors affecting sustainable urban regeneration in the dilapidated fabric of Urmia.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey and applied in terms of purpose. In data analysis, structural equation analysis using factor analysis with SPSS and AMOS software was used.

The results showed that the environmental index with direct impact with 0.712 and indirect with 0.285, physical index with direct impact of 0.695 and indirect with 0.283, economic index with direct impact of 0.616 and indirect with 0.195 And social index with direct effect of 0.537 and indirect effect with 0.128 have been effective in sustainable urban regeneration of the worn texture of the central part of Urmia.

As a result, environmental, physical, social and economic indicators that were examined in this study. They should be significantly prioritized in future urban reconstruction projects in the city of Urmia to lead to sustainability.

This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the increase of urban resilience in the 22nd district of Tehran and developing practical cultural and social strategies. Considering the high potential of the 22nd district of Tehran in attracting tourists, especially ecotourism, as well as the environmental, social and economic conditions of the area, this area has been selected as a case study example, where the factors affecting the resilience of the urban environment against the presence of tourists are studied.

The research method was a questionnaire design for tourists. This questionnaire included infrastructural, structural and physical, environmental, economic, social, cultural and managerial dimensions. In the next step, the CVM questionnaire on tourists' willingness to pay in order to preserve and develop the urban environment of Tehran's 22nd district was investigated. The dependent and independent variables of the research were evaluated with the help of the logit model and the results were calculated as positive or negative effects of the variables on the environmental resilience of the 22nd district of Tehran. Finally, with the help of the TOWS matrix, the strategies needed to solve the main problem in the research were extracted with the help of identifying strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

In the results of the logit model, it was determined that the variables of receiving input, duty orientation and the reason for travel have a negative effect and the variables of income level, age, education level and the variable of consequentialism have a positive effect on the amount of people's willingness to pay for the preservation and development of the environment in the 22nd district of Tehran, which finally It leads to an increase in resilience.

According to the results of the research, it seems that a detailed and codified program to control the effective factors of environmental resilience in metropolises can be effective in improving the quality of the urban environment.

Recognizing the flood hazard zones and its spatial analysis is an effective step in preventing financial and human losses from this natural disaster, and as a result, it contributes to the sustainability of the environment. In the current research, the flood risk assessment in the Aharchai catchment area located in East Azarbaijan province is presented.

In this regard, geographic information system and spatial analysis are used, and in order to create flexibility in the integration of existing information, fuzzy logic is used for flood risk zoning. SCS method was also used to estimate runoff height and peak discharge.

Flood risk zoning using fuzzy logic shows that about 10% of Ahrchai catchment area is in high and very high-risk classes. Based on this, the floodplains and flat surfaces of the foothills for reasons such as low relative height, low slope, proximity to the main waterways, intersection of branches and high drainage density, high values ​​of valley depth and low values ​​of land surface convexity are more vulnerable to floods. The findings show the high spatial variation of runoff height and peak discharge at the level of Ahrchai sub-basins.

With the help of the proposed method, the determining factors in the occurrence of floods and also the potential areas of runoff were determined. In general, the southern sub-basins of Ahrchai catchment have the potential to produce runoff and low peak flows. On the contrary, a significant part of the northern sub-basins of the study basin has high runoff and peak flow production potential. The northern half of the Ahrchai basin corresponds to the southern slopes of the Qara Dagh mountain range, whose geological structure is mainly composed of igneous rocks with low permeability. In this way, the sub-basins in the northern half of the basin have a high potential for producing runoff due to receiving more rainfall and low permeability of the soil.

Sustainable economic and social development can only be perceived in a healthy environment. In line with the national efforts to align the development initiatives with environmental considerations, it is necessary to take into account the potential impacts of development initiatives at all levels to prevent such impacts from happening.

This study has been carried out through the desk review of available information. The basic premise of the study falls within the realm of precautionary environmental law.

 The study suggests that the currently used environmental assessment model that focuses on project level Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) does not suffice to address the environmental impacts of upstream policies, plans and programmes.

Several decades into the use of EIA as a legally bound mechanism to determine and address the potential environmental repercussions of development projects, there is a need for the system to mainstream the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of upstream development decisions. To that effect, the paper proposes a wholesome model that promotes the integrated application of EIA and SEA.