نشریه تحقیقات بنیادین علوم انسانی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 27، تابستان 1401)

The production of religious science is one of the topics that has recently been considered in academic circles around the world. In this context, despite objections to the possibility of creating religious science, some Muslim thinkers are also seeking to create Islamic humanities. While the production of Islamic humanities faces challenges. Although it has been a long time since the emergence of the logical positivist view and the decline of its dominance in science, exclusivism in the empirical method is still common in the sciences. The monopoly of the empirical method in science has led to insistence on the "principle of objectivity" and the "distinction of discovery from justification". Despite the fact that the "principle of objectivity" is based on the "monopoly of the empirical method" and the "subjectivity of values", some Muslim writers have tried to reconcile this principle with the "paradigm of the Islamic humanities." Some, while pointing to the separation of the discovery from justification, which is presented in the positivist context, have allowed the influence of values only ​​in one of the two areas. In this article, the mentioned view has been studied by descriptive- analytic method and an attempt has been made to show the conflict of this view with the principles of "Islamic Humanities Paradigm".

Along with inefficiencies of mainstream sciences to find solutions for world problems, and besides the unpleasant difficulties in human lives due to such matters as poverty and economic gap, environmental pollution and climate change, the question raised is whether alternative sciences are contingent, which could preserve mainstream sciences’ potencies and avoid inefficiencies. Along this, religious incentives also seek ways to compromise sciences with divine learnings. To answer this question and benefit from alternative sciences, the contingency of heterodox sciences has to be discussed. The article Starts by an introduction to efforts made towards Islamization of science, then contingency of heterodox sciences is analyzed from the metaphysics of science point of view. The pioneer inquiry in this regard is a less-known essay of Immanuel Kant titled Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science. This article touches topics such as the relation of metaphysics to science, the contingency of metaphysics of science, the contingency of different metaphysics, and metaphysical foundations of social sciences. And later explains the contingency conditions of heterodox sciences and some advantages of metaphysical approach to these sciences.

The relationship between meaning in people and society is one of the most important concerns of philosophy and social sciences; Because today, the logic of social sciences, apart from the classical (positive) approach, shows a tendency towards macro-social theories, which in addition to representing the philosophizing of sociology, its function is to rationalize the social world or to make the relationship between people and society meaningful. Thus subjectivity, although it has a high capacity in the social sciences and has provided an important ground in the theoretical traditions, has been reduced to a dichotomy of Western philosophy by its reduction to partial and empirical reason. As a result, in the evolution of social theories, there has been no result other than the inanimate hardening of meaning and the superficial wavering of meaning in relation to people and society. On this basis, a human being who, with the help of his subjectivity, views the world as transcendent, loses meaning in the context of issues such as tradition, culture, discourse, mythology, etc. Mankind is made of these factors, and these mean not only his action but also his own. But Islamic wisdom goes beyond the existing rationality with connection to existence and explains this meaning in the relationship between people and society in the dialectic of spiritual history and empirical history and in the course of superior causes and divine mediators. In this respect, Meanings are manifested in human credit actions with the help of will and free will; On the other hand, it is realized by divine providence in the form of Human rational soul (Fetrah). Therefore, according to the three worlds of meanings; order and creation in People, rational and natural meanings are degraded in ideal meanings. It then relates to sensory perception, and this partial illusory perception leads to the meaning of People in society in the form of social credentials.

This study aims to extract and determine the characteristics of a competent mother and construct a questionnaire based on Islamic resources. For this purpose, related verses and hadiths were examined and the components and sub-components of maternal competence were extracted and after content validation, were analyzed by the method of religious-psychological inference. The statistical population of the qualitative section of the research included the Quran verses and valid narrations, and the statistical population of the quantitative of the research included mothers in Tehran and Qom provinces who were selected by the convenience sampling. After confirming the content validity of the components and sub-components, a preliminary questionnaire was prepared and after confirming the content validity of the items, it was performed on samples with a volume of 55, 79, 539 people to evaluate face validity, reliability and construct validity. Findings showed: A) The mother should have characteristics and components in the biological-psychological, cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions; B) Each of these components has sub-components. The bio-psychological sub-components are: physical health and mental health; cognitive sub-components are: cognitive readiness for being a mother and accepting the role of a mother; the emotional sub-components are: heartfelt acceptance of a child, being companionate to the child, and being patient and tolerant; behavioral sub-components are: being compassionate to the child, being actively present beside the child, tolerating the child, being accountable, raising the child properly, being honest and fulfilling promises, having a coordination with the spouse in raising a child, and having justice as a mother. C) The reliability of the questionnaire was found 95% by Cronbach's alpha method; D) The results of factor analysis showed that the questionnaire is of good construct validity; E) As the questionnaire was found to be of good validity and reliability, it was indicated that this instrument is of fundamental components to be used for assessing the characteristics of a competent mother, and it can be used to assess the characteristics of a competent mother.

The architecture of the school can be considered as a place where the students are educated. Thus, not paying attention to the Islamic theoretical foundations while emphasizing the knowledge of man, his needs, and transcendent goals of education may lead to challenges in addressing the potential capabilities of the school environment as a space for shaping human identity. Since the mission of philosophy is to address the principles and foundations of various issues and analyzes them comprehensively, the present study aimed to identify the school architectural design criteria considering Mulla Sadra's theory of substantial motion. It focused on recognizing the levels of perfection of the human soul and his becoming when achieving the position of a perfect human in the context of education. The importance of the issue of education in transcendental wisdom, and especially the theory of substantial motion, is concerned with the essence of human existence. Hence, education requires inherent changes in human beings. In the present study, the architectural design features of five contemporary elementary schools in Iran were examined to evaluate the extent to which architects pay attention to the education of students according to the criteria of the philosophy of Islamic education. The method used in this research was logical reasoning with a descriptive-analytical approach. The results showed that the architecture of educational spaces should be designed with an emphasis on the characteristics that the desired school should have in accordance with the levels of human soul perfection, the conditions and requirements of time and place, and the needs of educators. Among the indicators considered in the studied cases, we can refer to 1) architecture in harmony with the collective identity and the space away from any arrogance and ostentation; 2) comprehensiveness of design, equipment, and technologies provided in response to the practical needs of educators and not restricting the learning environment to the classroom; 3) designing spaces considering the psychological characteristics and gender of learners while taking into account the flexibility of the space; 4) providing suitable grounds for enhancing imaginal power as well as the creativity of educators; and 5) creating physical models for school buildings based on the principles of sustainable development, land use planning, climatic-regional conditions, and traditional principles of Iranian architecture. The application of these indicators can facilitate the growth and development of students based on the philosophy of Islamic education.

The championship sport that Coubertin founded, over time, overcomes its material and worldly aspects, and on the contrary, its spiritual and spiritual aspects are diminishing day by day. Due to its anthropological foundations, the new championship sport has gradually led to the anonymity and alienation of athletes and the loss of morality and heroic character, and the ultimate goal of athletes in sporting events is to achieve results at any cost. And winning the championship at any cost. This article aims to illustrate their role in shaping Islamic championship sports by referring to the most important basis of Islamic anthropology. The most important principles of Islamic anthropology that can play a role in shaping Islamic championship sports are: purposefulness of human creation, human composition of soul and body, originality and immortality of soul, existence of a common nature and divine nature in all human beings. And man's responsibility to God. The present research is of the type of theoretical and developmental researches and the information and raw materials of the analysis have been collected by documentary method and rational analysis has been done by the method of reasoning rather than statistical.