فصلنامه توسعه کارآفرینی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 56، تابستان 1401)

Sport Entrepreneurship is one of the types of entrepreneurship which will directly or indirectly have great economic impacts. In the recent past years, the world of sports has witnessed changes in the sport economic policies which has made the need of sport industry towards reduction of dependence on the government budget more significant. In this regard, the present research has been conducted with the aim of presenting a development model of sport entrepreneurship in the professional clubs of premier football league. The research is practical in terms of purpose and exploratory mix in terms of research nature whereby in its qualitative section, it has presented a qualitative model by using thematic analysis techniques and based on the semi-structured interviews with 20 experts. In the quantitative section, the confirmatory-factor analysis was used by reliance on a questionnaire containing 40 realized questions to examine the validity of the  proposed qualitative model. Based on the thematic analysis, 40 basic themes, 10 organizing themes and 3 Overarching theme were identified by using the capacity of virtual media and having regard to the club departments and the trend of commercialization activity. Accordingly, the result of confirmatory-factor analysis techniques confirmed the bit of the three proposed models (overarching themes). By preparing the grounds for entrepreneurship development among the premier football league clubs, the research finding may, in addition to presenting diverse solutions for entrepreneurship creation, help the director of premier football league clubs in Iran to find solutions for their economic problem.

Despite its nearly 40 years,, the research stream on the bad of entrepreneurship still faces numerous shortcomings and gaps. However, in recent years, the trend of destructive events in the real world of entrepreneurship has led to more attention than ever before. What was called the "dark side of entrepreneurship" decades ago has attracted some significant research to explore the various dimensions of this unbelievable phenomenon. However, little attention has been paid to qualitative research methods and specifically methods. Systematic qualitative methods has caused the concepts proposed in this literature to be scattered ,inefficient,, undeveloped and abstract on the viewpoint the theoretical dimension. Then, conducting research on the basis of thematic analysis provides the possibility of significance of the previous findings of researchers, providing a comprehensive picture of what the phenomenon is. Furthermore,, following this method by considering the mechanism-based composition framework would cause the research findings. In this study, for the first time, 8 thematic domains, 34 thematic groups and 189 first level codes were identified and formed around the topic of "destructive aspect of entrepreneurship". Finally, recommendations of theoretical and practical dimensions were provided to future researchers and policy makers of entrepreneurship.

Art entrepreneurs as Schumpeter called it “unique creation or novelty “, have made fundamental changes in the heart of the society through their creative industries and emergence of new ideas and are further drivers of development and advancement. However the personality traits of art entrepreneurs based on the Schumpeter's approach have not been studied so far. Therefore, the purpose of a basic research is considered a part of the quantitative-qualitative dimensions of the research.The target community is the qualitative dimension of artists in which three entrepreneurs have been purposefully selected and a narration of their lives from childhood up to present has been followed up. Content coding was used to analyze the information. In the quantitative dimension, the structural-interpretive modelling was applied to provide a pattern of the characteristics of art entrepreneurs using the expert's opinions. The finding indicates that, while the fields of entrepreneurship and art resemble each other for art entrepreneurs in addition to the characteristics of an entrepreneur including creativity  and innovation, internal control focus, success, risk-taking and forbearance with ambiguity, there are other characteristics presumed such as management knowledge, belief in scientific work, reputation, altruism, central religious values, national values, modelling, and good luck. Finally, upon reliance                                                       on the structural- interpretative modeling, further to the relationships between the characteristics, it was shown that the characteristics of good luck and altruism are key variables and the characteristics of tolerance of  ambiguity and national values  are dependent variables while other characteristics are regarded as linkage variables.

In this article, the authors try to design a strategic decision-making model for venture capitalists in choosing start-up businesses in Iran with the emphasis on sanctions. The research method is exploratory (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in the qualitative section was 30 university professors and executive elites in the fields of management and in the quantitative section was 150 people and investment elites. In the qualitative part, using the snowball method of dreading theoretical saturation with 16 experts, in-depth interviews were conducted and in the quantitative part, to evaluate the model, a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among 90 samples by relative cluster sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face-content method and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed by heuristic and confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS and AMOS software. In Iran, during the embargo period, it has 16 dimensions as follows: causal variables (factor of continuous improvement and development of venture capital investment, investment, operation and support of smart business structure, structure and accumulation of venture capital companies and operation and support of private centers), variables Background (market and customer analysis, analysis and segmentation of stable dynamic digital market, development and maintenance of customer relationship, skills and management of the organization), intervention variables (policy setting and maintenance to overcome limitations, forecasting the formation of knowledge-based organization, manpower Efficient and development of production process), strategic variables (optimal analysis and development of products, identification of threats and challenges, innovative strategies, recognition and financing) and outcome (increase of investments, improvement of employment, comprehensive development) Innovative paths and the realization of development).

In parallel with emergence of digital media in the media industry and facilitation of content production and distribution, a great number of startups have been created in the media industry. Considering the two-way communication between entrepreneurship and media industry is identification of the existing entrepreneurial opportunities in the media industry deemed the most essential needs or components in this area. Currently, a limited number of research programs have been conducted on the linkage between media entrepreneurship and identification of relevant opportunities in Iran. The present research is regard practical in terms of the purpose and exploratory mix in respect of data collection and analysis. The objective of this investigation is to identify entrepreneurial opportunities in the media startups in Iran. Thus in this research, some deep semi structured interviews were arranged for 12 media experts and entrepreneurs with the aim of identifying the existing entrepreneurial opportunities in the field of media startups. In the qualitative section, the targeted sampling method for achieving the theoretical saturation and in the quantitative section, the systematic sampling method were used. The data were collected by means of the two methods of deep interview (in the qualitative section) and questionnaire (in the quantitative section). In the qualitative section, the existing opportunities in the media industry were identified by using the thematic analysis techniques. Additionally a pairwise comparison questionnaire was designed and distributed among the experts and entrepreneurs to establish the relationship between identified trends and opportunities intensity of their counter impact. the data gathered from the questionnaires were analyzed by the DEMATEL technique and finally 67 opportunities in 9 different segments of the media industry were identified. These opportunities, inter alia included news coverage, amusement, information service, advertisement, training/education and cultural areas.

Today, the development of women entrepreneurship is one of the most vital issues on the development agenda in many developing countries. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the best strategies for entrepreneurship development among rural women. The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. In this study, two strategic planning tools were used. The study area is Nasrabad section of the border city of Torbat-e Jam and the Rural Women Entrepreneurs Analysis Unit is familiar with the internal and external environment in relation to the research topic. Based on exploratory studies, 22 strengths and opportunities as advantages and 21 weaknesses and threats as limitations and obstacles to the development of entrepreneurship of rural women were identified and asked in the form of a researcher-made questionnaire on the Likert scale. Results show; In the SWOT matrix, according to the internal and external factors evaluation matrix score of 2.51 and 2.19, the focal strategy of entrepreneurship development among rural women is diversity (minimum-maximum). With the help of quantitative strategic planning matrix, the first priority was identified by "encouraging women to form entrepreneurial NGOs" with a score of 0.852. Due to the capability and capacity of the region, the development of entrepreneurship in rural women needs to be reviewed and appropriate policies proposed to establish rural women entrepreneurial organizations. Because the entry of rural women into organizations provides the basis for their empowerment and accelerates the development of entrepreneurship among them.

The main objective of this research is to present a model for analyzing various scenarios aimed at improving the status of startups by applying the hypotheses of one of the most practical courses of thought in this sphere namely the Lean Approach to Startups.The present research is regarded as applied in respect of the goal and with a descriptive nature based on the case study. Further, the research is a mixed type and based on the sequential exploratory strategy whereby in its qualitative section, the local group and in its quantitative section, the concept of customer attraction and reaction have been modelled by using the factor-based modelling approach and implementing the software of Netlogo 6.0.I for this purpose. In this regard, upon application of the various parts of this software, the model parameters were calibrated with real data and the outputs thereto were produced. Accordingly, by using the data analysis software, the produced outputs from Netlogo 6.0. I were aggregated and presented in the form of various indicator graphs. The research findings also prove that for the startups, being studied, the market operation of the customers who have recently consumed a product can increase the number of payers to over 30 percent relative to the attraction of new customers and about 40 percent relative to the market  operation of old customers. More importantly, the market operation of the customers having the highest relationships in their network will result in a 30-rise percent in the total number of customers. The main achievements of this research compared to the similar studies will be inclusion of the interaction structure among customers (their social network) in the modelling process, attention to homogeneity among customers as well as the credit rating of the model so produced.

In the last decades, market orientation has become a topic of interest and attention of researchers. This interest is considered by both experts and managers of emerging companies, because market orientation is considered as a factor in establishing the concept of marketing. Many studies have been conducted on the impact of the role of market orientation and its dimensions on improving the SMEs’ performance, however, the present study, which is basic in terms of purpose and Descriptive in terms of data collection, has studied and analyzed the results of these studies to obtain a universal result by meta-analysis. Therefore, by systematically reviewing the sites of related journals, scientific databases and Google that published articles in English were reviewed and studied as a research community. Finally, 53 qualify studies were identified based on the criteria set for inclusion in the meta-analysis, and the data obtained were analyzed using CMA2 software. The results indicated that the total effect size equal 0.354 which indicates a positive relationship between market orientation and SMEs’ performance. For there more, the analysis of market orientation dimensions indicated that customer orientation with an effect size of 0.385 and competitor orientation with an effect size of 0.292 have the highest and lowest effect sizes with the SMEs’ performance, respectively.

The role of entrepreneurial tendency as the main driving force of economic growth at the global level has been very significant in recent years. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of designing the formation pattern of international entrepreneurial tendency focused on a case study entitled, "the selected Iranian businesses". This study is an exploratory investigation in terms of its nature and practical in terms of purpose. The research method is based on qualitative data collection using the ISM techniques. The data were collected from 11 experts in the relevant field by employing a semi-structured interview tools and the ISM-based questionnaire in a targeted way. The statistical population of the study includes the oretical experts (entrepreneurship professors) and experimental experts (Iranian business entrepreneurs). For data analysis, qualitative content analysis method and structural interpretive modeling method were used. Based on the coding, 7 main categories and 37 sub-categories were obtained. The results revealed that the variable of infrastructure for creating international entrepreneurship is an independent exogenous variable on which no variable in the model has any effect. This variable is the most influential factor in the model that directly impacts the entrepreneurial leadership and establishment of entrepreneurial culture. Accordingly, the establishment of entrepreneurial and organizational culture has an impact on the international entrepreneurial strategy. Consequently, it would be possible to achieve international entrepreneurship development policies and also communication and human competence through the international entrepreneurial strategy. Finally, the international entrepreneurial orientation would be attainable.

In this research, we first explore the key challenge that reduces the motivation of social entrepreneurs in Iran. We then investigate how self-leadership strategies can help social entrepreneurs to tackle this challenge when they become demotivated. In addition, we examine other factors that can motivate social entrepreneurs to continue the challenging path of social entrepreneurship. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, a qualitative multiple case study has been employed and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 5 social entrepreneurs to answer the first research question and 14 interviews were carried out with social entrepreneurs to answer the second and third research questions. By employing thematic analysis, interviews were coded. Our findings revealed that a key challenge that social entrepreneurs face is a lack of understanding of the importance of their activities. We also found that they can overcome this challenge by employing self-leadership strategies, benefiting from external support, and relying on their unique approach to solving social problems. Reviewing social goals and focusing on the positive emotions of individuals were identified as self-leadership strategies. using