فصلنامه سیاست جهانی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 40، تابستان 1401)

US-China relations are the most important and at the same time the most complicated relations in Asia. Given China's rapid growth and US efforts to maintain its power in the region, the two countries are in an increasing struggle to gain more power and influence in Asia, and are experiencing different levels of interaction and competition against each other. The question is, considering the importance of Asia in the macro strategies of the United States, what strategy does Washington follow against the rise of Beijing in the region? The hypothesis of the research, which has been investigated in a descriptive-analytical way, is that Washington is worried about the unpredictable consequences of competition with China, which may lead to a military conflict between the two countries; It has tried to put a range of hedging strategies (positive to negative) in accordance with this country's assessment of the impact of China's rise on American hegemony, in order to restrain China and avoid direct confrontation with this country. Findings show that the United States has used a variety of strategies in dealing with competitors intelligently in accordance with the geopolitical conditions of the region and the international public space.

Less than 150 years ago, the entire Hirmand-Hamoon catchment area was located at the territory of Iran. However, following the separation of the province and the city of Herat from Iran, the sovereignty of the province was transferred to the newly established government of Afghanistan, and the Hirmand springs and watersheds became part of the government; An event that has split the river basin in two, resulting in serious disputes between residents on both sides of the border over the past century. Despite several long periods of negotiations over the past hundred years, the conflict between the two countries over the Hirmand River remains unresolved and has created a serious rift in consolidating and increasing the level of relations between them. The main question of the present article is that, from the perspective of environmental diplomacy, what solutions can be offered to solve these problems and thus increase the level of convergence with Afghanistan? To answer this question, first a conceptual model for the implementation of environmental diplomacy and transboundary water diplomacy is presented. Finally, based on the experiences of contemporary environmental diplomacy, 5 diplomatic axes and suggestions, including the drafting of a comprehensive agreement on the "Sistan Transboundary Bioregion" and four protocols, for peaceful conflict resolution of these disagreements are proposed. In this paper, we have used the the approach of green theory of international relations and conceptual-rational modeling method.

Just as a common identity plays an important role in shaping and facilitating economic interactions between countries, so do social and identity challenges like differences economic lifestyles, ethnic, racial, ideological and linguistic differences and Feeling hostile in the target country people, It make economic cooperations between them vulnerable. Public diplomacy is one of the tools of foreign policy that has an important impact on the identity of the audience and turning them into worthy friends for host country.However, this type of diplomacy is mainly conceptualized for achieve political goals.So the main question was,"What role does public diplomacy play in economic cooperations with the target country?The hypothesis was that "considering the role of common identity in foreign economic interactions and also the role of public diplomacy in creating an identity, the using this type of diplomacy in order to reduce different ideas affecting economic cooperation with the target country can play a role have an important role in maintaining and expanding the aforementioned cooperation.”Accordingly, maintaining and developing economic cooperations by reducing different economic, cultural and political ideas Including Reduce differences in economic school, economic lifestyle in the target country, reducing the impact of ethnic and religious gaps and Linguistic differences, also reducing the impact of political identity gaps, Like the feeling of alienation of the people in target country than Executor country, on bilateral economic interactions, are among the results of this study.This research is qualitative and the research method is descriptive-analytical. also, constructivist theory is used as a theoretical framework.

Throughout the history of international relations and expert reviews, it can be concluded that the actors - of which governments are the main ones, have always played a role. The international system as a global structure is usually affected by the actions of actors in this field. The extent and manner of the impact also depends on the strength of the actors in the international arena. These effects increase during the competition of actors and affect other countries as well as international systems. Examining the Cold War era and the bipolar system evokes this importance in the mind. The United States of America and China, as two influential powers in the international arena, are very competitive in the political, economic, and... fields. Inevitably, the competition of these two world powers will affect the evolution of the international system, especially in the political and economic fields. In this research, we are trying to find the extent and how this competition affects international developments. As the researcher assumes the principle of impact, he seeks to find the amount of impact as well as the areas of impact. The present research has been carried out in a descriptive-analytical manner using library and internet resources.

The vast expanse of virtual space and the growing prosperity of businesses operating in this space, on the one hand, and the development and tendency of societies towards new ways of supplying goods in order to avoid wasting time, energy and costs, on the other hand, lead to a significant increase in the use of electronic facilities to meet needs and requirements. people and recently the spread of corona disease and covid 19 virus has also become the cause. Due to the increase of virtual businesses, there has been an increase in trade union violations of businesses operating in this space, and as a result, the demands of people and officials have also increased, especially in this critical period. The fight against trade union violations in the cyber space is an issue that has received the attention of the legislator in recent years due to the development of the e-commerce space. The method of collecting information in this research is the library method, which is provided in the form of text reading and scanning of original and first-hand data such as scientific books and scientific-research articles. The results of the research show that although the legislator has taken a special look at such activities in the law amending the trade union system law. But due to the vastness of this space in all dimensions, we are facing many shortcomings that we need to amend the regulations in this field.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and explain the simultaneous challenge of British diplomacy with other world powers and the social movement of the Jungle in Iran. This study focuses on the discourse and political conflicts between Britain and other powers in Iran in the first two decades of the twentieth century. In those circumstances, the world of politics witnessed the role-playing of Britain, Russia, the Soviet Union, Germany, and the Ottomans, as well as the struggles of social movements with them. Conflicts are articulated in a chain of differences and equivalence and accreditation or discrediting. Meanwhile, the Jungle Movement, led by Mirza Kuchak Jangali, with a new political discourse, sought to dominate the republican system in Iran by creating hegemony and regional domination. In this regard, the main question of the research is how the British diplomacy in the simultaneous conflict with Germany and the Ottomans challenged the political discourse of the Jungle movement and blocked it? The research findings show that the Jungle movement articulated its discourse by marginalizing the rival discourse, highlighting the elements and meanings of its discourse, denationalizing, contrasting with two discourses: monarchy and Marxism-Leninism; But in the time of naturalization, they encountered a contradiction in the discourse and politics of England, as a result of which their supremacy was broken and overthrown. The theoretical framework of this research is the discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe and is written with a qualitative method and the nature of the research method is analytical-descriptive.

Since the withdrawal of Britain from the Persian Gulf in the 1970s, the United States in the Cold War atmosphere as One of the world's two superpowers has played a significant role in the formation of security arrangements in the Middle East and especially in the Persian Gulf. In order to dominate the region and prevent actions against their interests, they had to impose a special security order on the region in order to implement their military strategy. Therefore, the special importance of the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf due to important reserves such as oil and Gas is of strategic importance and Iran, with the longest coastline, is considered one of the main players in this field. Considering the high importance of the Persian Gulf, factors such as the presence of extra-regional powers such as the United States threaten the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Trans-regional powers seek to meet their needs, which are economic in nature, but mostly show a security interpretation of it. This article tries to answer the question of what has been the central role of the United States of America in the Persian Gulf region and its impact on Iran's national security since 2003.

Extensive efforts have been made in the direction of nuclear diplomacy between Iran and the 5+1, which ultimately led to the JCPOA agreement. In this article, while examining the post-JCPOA era, using the theory of deterrence, the analysis of Iran's policies towards the United States of America will be discussed and a suitable solution will be presented. Also, in the article leading to the different strategies of the parties, the consequence of each strategy is expressed quantitatively for its correct and easy understanding. In this article, the main question is; From the perspective of deterrence theory, the foreign policy strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the post-JCPOA era can be analyzed and evaluated based on what approach and components? The main hypothesis; Iran's foreign policy in the post-JCPOA era is based on America's offensive strategy in the framework of a realistic deterrent defensive approach based on Iran's relationship with neighboring countries and strengthening the axis of resistance and rational calculation in order to reduce costs and increase benefits. The main objective; The review and analysis of the foreign policy strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the post JCPOA era towards the United States of America is from the perspective of deterrence theory. In this research, a library method was used to collect sources and a descriptive analytical method was used to analyze the materials.

Cyber space is an integral part of children's life by providing high levels of information, communication and entertainment. The right of children to access the cyberspace in order to enjoy their fundamental rights such as the right to education, the right to freedom of expression and information, the right to entertainment and the right to participate in social gatherings, undoubtedly requires a safe and favorable environment. The cyberspace, despite its numerous benefits, has led to many harms to children due to widespread and complex crimes and lack of awareness and lack of legal framework, which has endangered the psychological and moral security of children as the human capital of societies. According to the findings of this research, violence against children has been widespread in the cyber space all over the world, and according to international documents and reports, it is necessary that governments, based on their commitments, provide solutions to protect children in order to deal with and Prevent these injuries and crimes. Among other things, by means of international cooperation and joining global conventions and solutions, following the implementation of children's rights, legislation to protect children, using filtering software, and expanding and strengthening citizens' media literacy, the cyberspace has been greatly improved. It became a safe place for children to use.

In Iran, with the coming to power of the government, reforms to normalize relations were pursued under the title of de-escalation policy. In the framework of the de-escalation policy, direct negotiations with Europe and the countries of the region, especially the Arab countries, and indirect negotiations with the United States were pursued. While paying attention to the wisdom and "expediency of the Islamic Republic", Khatami considered the policy of "de-escalation", "confidence building", "dialogue of civilizations" and "improving the expansion of Iran's political and economic relations with Europe, the United States and countries in the region and the Middle East." The work of liberal thinkers in the four important areas of war and peace, trade, international law, and the balance of power fully illustrates the school's influence on foreign policy and international relations. An overview of the performance of the reformist government showed that during this period, a new perspective on the atmosphere of the ruling country, which was the general approach and thinking of the government, was the development of foreign policy. The results of this study showed that policies in the field of foreign policy were adopted during the reform government, made the country highly passive and subsequently weakened its regional and global position, and its feedback, although ideal and in the form of slogans, but from Amlab's point of view has not had much effect for the country.