نشریه ورزش و علوم زیست حرکتی
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، بهار و تابستان 1400)

the effect of resistance and aerobic exercise on improving the metabolic conditions of obese people has been confirmed; But the question of whether consuming energy supplements along with exercise improves the metabolic status and blood lipid profile of individuals is a new approach that has been considered. The aim of this investigation was to study the interactive effect of ten weeks of simultaneous training (resistance-aerobic) and mix supplementation (L-carnitine-caffeine-arginine) on lipid profile and leptin and adiponectin levels in obese men.

in this quasi-experimental and applied study with pretest-posttest design performed on non-athletic obese men, 28 subjects (age: 37.02±3.89yr, height: 174.7±6.57cm and BMI: 34.4±1.24kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into three groups: 1): resistance-aerobic training and mix supplementation [RAS] (n: 10), 2): resistance-aerobic training and placebo [RAP] (n: 9) and 3): supplementation/detraining [HUS] (n: 9). The mix supplement contained 200mg of caffeine, 1000mg of L-carnitine, and 1000mg of L-arginine taken 40min daily before exercise. Resistance and aerobic trainings were included 30min and 40-45min respectively with moderate intensity for ten weeks and 3d/w.

the findings showed that mix supplementation (L-carnitine-caffeine-arginine) with moderate intensity resistance- aerobic training had a significant effect on decrease of plasma leptin (p=0.0001) and increase of adiponectin (p=0.001) levels. Also, the interaction of resistance- aerobic training and mix supplementation in decreased TC, TG and LDL-C levels and increased HDL-C (p<0.05) in non-athlete obese men.

it can be concluded those ten weeks of mix supplementation (L-carnitine-caffeine-arginine) and moderate intensity resistance-aerobic exercises had a positive effect on metabolic markers and blood lipid profile in non-athletic obese men.

The aim of this study is effect of active recovery time on creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase changes in response to one session high intensity intermittent exercise in female swimmers.

In this quasi-experimental study, 10 female swimmers with an age range of 20 to 26 years were placed in two experimental groups 1 (10 people) and experimental 2 (10 people) with a crossover design. Subjects swam 25 meters at maximum speed, the active recovery period in experimental group 1 was three times the duration of swimming and in experimental group 2, it was four times the duration of swimming. The intensity of activity during active recovery is considered to be 50-60% of the heart rate of the subjects, the subjects swam 25 meters until they stopped. Blood samples were collected before the start of the training session and after the recovery phase. ANOVA test with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed that there is no significant difference between the two recovery modes (1 to 3 and 1 to 4) in terms of effects on creatine kinase (P≥0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase (p≥0.05).

No difference was observed between triple and quadruple recovery after a bout of intense intermittent swimming activity on the decreasing changes of muscle damage indicators (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase); therefore, it seems that athletes in this field can benefit from both types of recovery according to the conditions of the competition.

One of the complications of overweight and obesity is inflammation and hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with quercetin supplementation on hypertension, CRP, and IL-6 in inactive overweight women.

Forty inactive healthy overweight women (age 33.25±6.1 years, fat percentage 36.65±2.78 and body mass index 28±2.31 kg/m2) were chosen and were divided into training + supplement (n=10), Training + placebo (n=10), supplement (n=10), and control (n=10). The aerobic training program consisted of eight weeks of running on a treadmill/three times per week, with an intensity of 65-80% of maximum heart rate. The quercetin or placebo supplement was 500 mg daily. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), C- reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured before and after the interventions. The data were analyzed by non-parametric Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis Tests at the significance level of P<0.05. 

The results showed that in the comparison between groups, there is no significant difference between any of the variables of the groups (P<0.05). But in the within-group comparison, it was found that the SBP indices in all groups except the control group, DBP in the exercise+supplement and exercise + placebo groups, IL-6 in the supplement, exercise + supplement and exercise + placebo groups had a significant decrease (P<0.05).However, no significant changes were observed in the CRP values ​​of the groups (P>0.05).

It seems that aerobic exercise with and without quercetin consumption can partially reduce some risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in inactive overweight women.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of taper intensity on the expression of caspase-3 in type I and II pneumocytes in the lung of young male wistar rats.

In the study, 30 five-week-old male wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups of fifteen (control and training groups). After 6 weeks of interval training for the training group and rest for the control group, 5 rats from the training group and 5 rats from the control group were removed from the test period by tissue sampling. Then, the remaining 10 rats of the training group entered the two- and three-week taper period and 10 rats of the control group were placed in two and three-week control groups. Progressive interval training was performed in 6 sessions, 30 minutes each session at a speed of 15 to70 meters per minute. Then, a taper phase for three weeks in decreasing intensity pattern was performed. An analysis is done with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test at P<0.05.

Immuno histochemical study of lung tissue from different groups showed that interval training causes the significant increase in the expression of caspase-3 in young rats (p≤0.001). While taper training could reduce caspase-3 expression levels in pneumocytes in the lung tissue. Three - week taper versus two weeks taper showed a significant decrease in the expression of caspase-3 in the type I pneumocytes (p≤0.033) and type II pneumocytes (p≤0.001).

The results of this study show that the use of a period of training load reduction can be investigated as an appropriate method to reduce apoptosis in the pulmonary alveoli after intense exercise, and this investigation can be considered to improve the Lung physiology indicators in human samplesproblems.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with mild and chronic inflammation. The purpose of this study is to ivestigate the effect of two long-term and short-term high-intensity interval training on inflammatory indicators such as TNF-α  IL-1β, SFRP5, CTRP12, and also on the number of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils in overweight adolescent boys.

In a quasi-experimental study, 30 Overweight boys (18-13 years old, mean height 154.33 cm, mean body mass index 27.05 kg/m2) were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 people including short-term (9 sessions of 30-second training with 150-second rest), long-term (4 sessions of 150-second training with 240-second rest), and control group. The training groups performed high-intensity running sprints 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (3 groups×2 measurement times) and Bonferroni test.

After eight weeks of long-term and short-term high-intensity interval training, the serum levels of TNF-α (P=0.001) and IL-1β (P=0.001) in the training groups decreased significantly compared to the control group. Also, the serum levels of SFRP5 (P=0.041) and CTRP12 (P=0.001) increased significantly in the training groups compared to the control group. However, a non-significant increase in the number of lymphocytes (P=0.064), monocytes (P=0.450) and neutrophils (P=0.190) in the exercise groups compared to the control group was observed after the implementation of long-term and short-term interval training.

According to the result of the this study, eight weeks of high-intensity interval training in the short-term and long-term reduces the levels of some pro-inflammatory factors and increases the levels of some anti-inflammatory factors, but has no effect on the function of the immune system.

endurance running associated with structural, functional and inflammatory cardiovascular changes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of half marathon on cardiovascular damage Biomarkers.(NT-proBNP),ST2 and troponin-T(hs-TnT)were assayed.

in this study, 80 non-elite trained male marathon runners (age 40±6 years, weight 76±8 kg, height 177±8 cm and BMI24±2 kg/m2) participated voluntarily. Blood samples at baseline (24-48 hours before the race), after the race (1-2hours after the match) and 48 hours after the race. The race was held on the track of Chitgar Park cycling track for a distance of 21km.  The average training of volunteers   was 7years and the average weekly training hour was 6 hours and the average competition best time was 104±6min. To analyze the data, repeated measures analysis of variance and correlation and regression tests were used. With confidence interval of P<0.05.

The results show that immediately after the race the rate of is associated with an increase of 1/3 in NT-pro BNP, 1/6 in ST2 and 16-fold in hs-TnT (P≤0.05). In the results of 48 hours after the competition, an inverse and significant relationship was observed between the hours of weekly training and the increase in ST2 (P<0.05). Also, a direct and significant relationship was shown between the end time of the race and the rate of increase in hs-TnT (P<0.001) A direct and significant relationship was shown between the end time of the race and the amount of ST2 changes (P<0.05).

it seems that Participation in endurance events through various pathways appears to cause markers of cardiovascular damage. Therefore, increasing the concentration of these markers may increase the risk of heart attack and sports sudden cardiac death in athletic without symptoms of cardiovascular disease.

Beneficial goals of CrossFit training are its shorter duration, which results in greater health gains than traditional exercise for type 2 diabetes patients.The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a Crossfit training a period on fetuin B serum level and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes.

In this semi-experimental research, 30 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to two Crossfit groups (age: 40.75 ± 3.93 years; body mass index: 29.49 ± 2.31 kg/m2; fasting blood sugar 168.67 ± 6.20 mg/dL) and control (age: 41.55 ± 3.11 years; body mass index: 30.55 ± 2.45 kg/m2; fasting blood sugar 164.46 ± 6.25 mg/dL) were divided. Crossfit exercises (training intensity in the first 4 weeks with 70-75% of the reserve heart rate and from 5-8 week with 75-80% of the reserve heart rate) every other day (three sessions per week, each training session includes 6-3 Crossfit training stations. The movements used in these stations were multi-joint and full-body movements) and were performed for eight weeks. Blood sampling was measured fasting and 48 hours before and after the training intervention. The intensity of the exercises was controlled by heart rate. Intra-group comparison was done by dependent t-test and inter-group comparison was done by analysis of covariance test with a significance level of P≤0.05 using SPSS software.

After eight weeks of Crossfit training, there was a significant decrease in serum fetoin B (P≤0.036), total cholesterol (P<0.001), low-density lipoprotein (P<0.001) and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein.
(P<0.001) was observed in the training group compared to the control group

According to the results, it can be said that the reduction of Fetuin B as a biomarker related to dyslipidemia is related to the improvement of lipid profile due to adaptation to Crossfit exercises.

Nowadays, drug addiction is one of the most important problems, and the prevalence of drug use has increased in different strata of society, and the speed of this problem appears significantly in women. Exercise can be an option for prevention and potential treatment for drug addiction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on depression and liver enzymes in women addicted to methamphetamine.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 female addicts aged 25-40 were placed in two control and training groups. Exercises with an intensity of 50-75% of VO2max were performed during six weeks and three sessions per week. These exercises included intermittent running and low-impact exercises. The Goldberg Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used to check the subjects' depression. Blood samples were collected to measure the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 24 hours before the start of training and 48 hours after the last session. To analyze out-group changes, ANCOVA test and intra-group differences and to analyze questionnaire scores, paired T-test was used at the significance level of P≤0.05.

Aerobic exercise caused a significant decrease in ALT (P=0.04) compared to the control group, and no significant decrease was observed in the AST (P=0.52) and depression (P=0.95) values ​​compared to the control group.

Drug addiction is a serious risk for liver and depression, and sports activities can affect the responses of liver enzymes and depression in all people and inhibit them to an acceptable extent.

Diabetes is the most common disease caused by metabolic disorders and one of the most important public health problems. Along with medical and nutritional treatments, exercise is one of the treatment methods for type 2 diabetes. Along with medical and nutritional treatments, exercise is one of the type 2 treatment methods. The aim of the current research was to investigate the changes of lipid profiles following combined exercises (resistance-aerobic) with ginger and cinnamon supplements in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

23 obese diabetic women were selected purposefully and were randomly divided into two groups, combined exercise and ginger consumption (n=11) and combined exercise and cinnamon consumption (n=12). In two groups, they received 1500 mg of ginger and 1500 mg of cinnamon in capsule form daily for eight weeks. Both groups performed resistance training and aerobic interval training (running) with an intensity of 75-85% of maximum heart rate for eight weeks, three sessions per a week. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to check the mean difference of the variables. The significance level was considered as α ≤ 0.05.

Eight weeks of combined exercises led to a significant decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL/HDL ratio (P<0.05). However, there was no difference in the mentioned indicators between the two training groups with the consumption of ginger and cinnamon (P>0.05).

Both types of combined exercise and cinnamon consumption and combined exercise and ginger consumption improve the lipid profile in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, which is a favorable event considering its initial increase in these patients.

Some studies have studied the effect of insomnia on the performance of athletes. However, no research was found to investigate the effect of caffeine supplementation after 24-hour sleep deprivation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of caffeine consumption following 24 hours of sleep deprivation on the muscular and physiological performance of handball players.

In this double-blind and semi-experimental study, 40 male handball players (average age: 17.66±3.36 years, height: 179.47±7.29 cm, weight: 82.27±14.04 kg), were randomly divided into four groups (10 people in each group): caffeine supplement + sleep deprivation, placebo + sleep deprivation, insomnia group and complete sleep group. The supplement group took caffeine capsules (5 mg per kilogram of body weight) and the placebo group (starch powder) one hour before the test. One-way ANOVA statistical test was used to compare the significance level (P≤0.05) between groups.

24 hours of sleep deprivation had no significant effect on abdominal muscle endurance and flexibility (P≤0.05). However, sleep deprivation caused a significant decrease in the strength, power and muscular endurance of the subjects' shoulder girdle (P≥0.05). Also, consuming caffeine after 24 hours of sleep deprivation improved muscle strength and power in the supplement group compared to the placebo group (P≥0.05). However, there was no difference between the muscle endurance of the caffeine group and the placebo group (P≤0.05).

According to the results, it can be stated that the physical and physiological performance is disturbed due to the combination of mental pressure caused by insomnia and stress caused by sports activity. Therefore, it is suggested to use caffeine supplement to compensate for insomnia and improve performance.