فصلنامه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

In this article, through anthropology of emotions, I will consider the emotional life and feeling culture of Malla-Zeynal, a poor neighborhood of Tabriz, in the broader collective contexts. Prosperous garbage economy in recent few years in this neighborhood has created new social relations in which the everyday experience of individuals, families, and local community has been influenced. This economy has divided the men of Malla-Zeynal in three different groups: owners of big storehouse of wastes, owners of carrying and transferring cars, and gatherers of garbage who work with hand-wheel.

Based on the two long-term fieldwork, three and six months follow up in last two years, I had been witnessed and listener of rage and shame of the two group of whom their livelihood have been possible through this economy. The collecting of data based mainly on participant observation and presence in the field. Through taking everyday notes from situations, persons, and dialogues, a big body of data set produced. Although the primary forms of analysis of fieldnotes was written during field research, the final and systematic analysis started by leaving the field: reading fieldnotes line by line and recognizing themes. Then, for each them, I wrote a memo. The eventual ethnographic writing is a combination of fieldnote excerpts-commentary units, all of which connected with each other by reference to main theme. These units are examples of lived scenes and situations which help us to understand how one domain of collective life, social relations around the economy of garbage, shaped particular feelings among poor people. Emotional world of this poor marginalized people is the one resource of their suffering.

The people of Malla-Zeynal suffer through four emotional ways. First, they live in a noise-making soundscape of garbage economy of their relatives and neighbors, therefore should bear the unbearable. Without any permission to protest, they, especially women, boil but eat themselves. Second, Men got mad when they witness the progress of owners of storehouses by non-moral ways. Bewildered to choice between honor or progress, men, especially young, caught in a cultural dilemma. Third, working as a gatherers of garbage, in a setting in which most people are familial with each other, inferior group of this economy experience extreme levels of shame. And fourth, the currency of garbage economy has make parents apathy about their young children whom send to work, collecting garbage.

Men and women of Malla-Zeynal control their inner and intense feelings. Otherwise, they fear to lose their control and became mad. In this way, they inter in a process of internalizing negative emotions. These emotions go through their bodies and psyches. The suffering of Malla-Zeynal people have been medicalized, which explain why they are big users of medical drugs.

Conscription is a concern that is of great importance to young people and even their families at the current situation, therefore, several studies have addressed various aspects of this subjcet. The most important question of this dissertation is whether the boys with academic exemptions at the University of Tehran in postgraduate studies have retained in the university due to conscription suspension or not? In response to this question, the understanding of the mental arrays of boys with academic exemptions in postgraduate studies at the University of Tehran regarding the issue of retention in the higher education system has been examined with emphasis on the suspension of the conscription.

Accordingly, the research was conducted using Q methodology and taking 48 statements from the c and collecting data from 119 participants, all of them were graduate students of the University of Tehran. This method is used to identify the subjectivity of the agents. Because the nature of the present study is exploratory, Q methodology will be the best option for data collection. For this purpose, after extracting the propositions, Q sorts were designed and data were collected from participants in the form of Q table. Factor analysis technique was used to analyze the data.

Analysis of participants' opinions using factor analysis technique identified the final 8 factors. Each of these eight mindsets addresses a particular understanding of the phenomenon of persistence in the higher education system in relation to the suspension of conscription, which has been examined in depth. The scales weigh a little heavier on the "suspenders". This group of agents each tries in some way to suspend the service by remaining in the higher education system. The other group of agents showed interest in the university but still agree with the first group on their aversion to military service. Among the extracted factors, the factor of "academians ready to serve" is a very different factor that indicates the relative tendency to both environments, and the factor of "interest seekers" also shows a utilitarian approach to both environments.Results and

Although the views of the participants could not be generalized to the whole community in Q methodology, the results clearly showed that conscription policies in Iran have not been effective for students and some are trying to suspend it through possible channels. Military policies in Iran put pressure on students and their families, as well as on the military and conscription system itself, and can alienate students from the university environment and reduce the efficiency of the military. It seems that the all-volunteer army that is being formed in many countries of the world can be a good option to change the military in Iran, but we must also pay attention to the different geographical, political, social and cultural characteristics of Iran in this change.

The concept of neighborhood and its perception has changed in big cities, especially in Tehran. In this way, both the geographical boundaries of the past neighborhoods have changed and the meaning and concept of the neighborhood as a social center has lost its previous position. Therefore, considering these changes, this research seeks to find out how people perceive a good neighborhood today and what are the characteristics of this good neighborhood. If a neighborhood is not good or we do not live in a good neighborhood, two challenges arise: 1) neighborhood instability and 2) disregard for the neighborhood, which reinforce each other. The badness of the neighborhood shows itself with such things as lack of sense of identity to the neighborhood and lack of sense of belonging to the neighborhood, lack of participation and voluntary mobilization of human and financial resources and facilities and the like.Therefore, understanding a good or desirable neighborhood is important for city managers and urban planners to be able to help maintain and develop neighborhoods by recognizing the ideas, needs and priorities of citizens and enhance the attractiveness of urban neighborhoods for life and vitality. Also, by understanding the characteristics of a good neighborhood and its dimensions, it is possible to expansion urban development programs based on the material and mental needs of the neighborhood people.In our opinion, a good neighborhood is a place that has vitality, livability, good standards of living, and in fact it is a place where one has a sense of place and belongs. methodThe methodological approach of this article is qualitative. Data is collected using interview and observation techniques from eight neighborhoods of Tehran with the names of Kianshahr, Yaftaabad, Shemiran Neu, Karoun-e Shomali, Narmak-e Markazi, Bagh Feyz, Niavaran and Saadataabad. The participants of this study included 59 people and the collected data were analyzed through content analysis method.

The findings of this study show that the characteristics of a good neighborhood include "having good and moral people", "neighborhood health and cleanliness", "having recreational, cultural and sports facilities", "easy access to living necessities and public transportation", " Silence and low population of the neighborhood", "Existence of green space, park and good weather", "Architecture and good appearance of the neighborhood", "No interference in the lifestyle of others", "Interaction and good relations with neighbors", "Lack of social problems /anomalies and enjoyment of social security and health “, and " a suitable training and educational environment for children".People see a good neighborhood as a place that have three important dimensions: "social health", "suitable physical space and environment" and "having and enjoy the Living facilities".

A good neighborhood is very closely linked to attachment. If it is a good neighborhood, of course, attachment to the neighborhood will be positive and high. It can be said that in order to have a vital and sustainable city, as well as to have a livable neighborhood for people, paying attention to the dimensions of a good neighborhood is an important and vital, and it should be seriously considered by city planners and managers.Keywords: Good Neighborhood, Neighborhood livability, Neighborhood Vitality, Attachment to Neighborhood, Tehran.

The clothing studies present considerable cues of covert social and cultural changes in every society. Particular situation of policy making on clothing and dress after Islamic revolution has made the clothing and dress an important cultural & political phenomenon. The study of clothing changes by disclosing a path for understanding readings and interpretations of everyday actors, attracts the attentions of researchers to the resistances and companions to the policy makings and in a big picture can respond to their success or defeat in a tangible level of everyday life. Starting point and goal of this research is to describe the reading of youth in this context. brought us to the conclusion that the policies enforced on the youth clothing, against the primary reading, have been effective, because the youth interviewed believed that their clothing is not a political and historical matter and the result of long standing struggles and disputes, but they believe their clothing is personal and nonpolitical: although they consider some changes in the youth clothing fashion as the result of political and social opening and freedom. The youth prefer compromise toward their families and policymakers view points on clothing.

The research method is qualitative. The qualitative approach defines the general orientation of the research. In a qualitative analysis, exploring the social world through insights of the people who are the subjects of the study is essential. The research population consisted of the youth aging 18 to 30 years old. Theoretical sampling was used for sampling and the sample of interviewees included 25 youth who were 18 to 30 years old.

The findings showed that the cultural policies enforced during the last 2 decades on the youth clothing, against the primary reading, have been effective, because the youth interviewed believed that their clothing is not a political and historical matter and the result of long standing struggles and disputes, but they believe their clothing is personal and nonpolitical: Some of the interviewees consider some changes in the clothing and dress of the youth in result of social and political freedom and some of them prefer the toleration approach while facing the family and policy makers` viewpoints to the dress and clothing matter. 

Although the interview youth consider some changes in the youth clothing fashion as the result of political and social opening and freedom, they face some quarrels and disputes over their dress, the youth prefer compromise toward their families and policymakers view points on clothing. It seems that some cultural policy makers consider the market logic to promote the local and religious clothing for the youth and the market logic implies promoting some styles and fashions by different means including social and mass media, in addition to celebrities.

Urban symbols and signs are an integral part of analyzing and reading the morphology and meaning and different layers of the city, but reading urban signs without considering the context and context in which the sign is located and the interaction of that sign with other signs outside. and have their own content; Both residents and citizens who consume the urban symbol, the history of the events experienced by the urban symbol is impossible. Analyzing the semiotics of the Milad Tower is in line with the investigation of the events and developments that have occurred in the past years and decades in the country's politics and governance and it has manifested itself in the urban context and in a symbolic format.

This research uses Roland Barthes semiotic method to reread and interpret Milad tower in order to understand and recognize these changes and developments. Roland Barthes clarifies the relationship between the primary meaning and the secondary meaning or the myth in two parts. He insists that he presents his mythical signifier in an ambiguous way; The signifier is synonymous with the same shape, it is full on one side and empty on the other. The meaning of this statement is that the military salute of a young black man is a tangible reality and more importantly, it belongs to history. The young black man had a special life before entering the military, which And it has been so, and if the myth does not grab hold of it and does not turn it into a parasite, it is completely self-sufficient and has meaning. Barthes means that the mythological signifier is full of meaning, referring to this historicity, but when the meaning is transformed into a form, it becomes empty.

If we want to look at the mythology of the Milad Tower in the form of meaning and form, and consider the mythological sign that consists of meaning and form as a closed whole, then consider the Milad Tower as a telecommunication tower that serves the development of urban communication and telecommunication infrastructures. Let's assume that it seeks to respond to the communication services of Tehrani citizens. This meaning of the tower was the primary goal and also something that existed in the goals of the tower and the intentions of its builders. But this meaning has undergone a distortion in the process of becoming a form and subsequent mythmaking, it has become a commercial, entertainment, restaurant center, and in a sense a base for consumption and luxury, which has become a form. It is this package that shapes the myth of Milad Tower and shows consumerism and luxury in this myth. This meaning and form does not hide and hide itself in any way, but it is the appearance and the inside of consumption that makes the ideological aspect of this myth. As a consumption myth, Milad Tower, in addition to the ideological dimension of consumption, requires supervision and diligence to advance the project it is responsible for. The height of this tower is like a nose that watches over the consumption behavior of the citizens. Being monitored in the form of eyes and eyes and waiting for more consumption and showing these luxuries is always demanded by the society and the tower as the whole between observes and wants all these behaviors. This is a terrible control system in the form of consumption and trying to keep up with the caravan that rules and supervises the society.

The results of this research show that consumerism and luxury are the arrays that decorate the Milad Tower myth and like the omniscient who has the power to control and inject norms from above, consumerism has ruled over the society and led the people of the society towards this value. calls and in this way it is monitored and those who do not follow this rule are called to account. Therefore, the urban identity in Tehran is formed by consumption and myth-making around the Milad Tower and becoming a part of it, which part It drives many people out of this sense of belonging.

In recent decades, marriage and family formation have become part of the values and behavior patterns of social life. Our society has also undergone far-reaching changes in this field, which include the emergence of the phenomenon of cohabitation in the metropolis of Tehran. This way of life includes these dimensions: Coexistence of two genders under one roof, indefinitely, Absence of contracts and official and legal registration. Since the phenomenon of coexistence, like other social phenomena, can accept the conflict between tradition and modernity, in this study, the phenomenon of cohabitation is also considered from this point of view. And the approaches of two reference groups of clergymen and university professors as representatives of two traditional and modern attitudes to the phenomenon of cohabitation were used and analyzed.

This research aims to study the phenomenon of cohabitation from the perspective of spiritual and sociological experts. This was done through thematic methods and in-depth interviews with seven clergy and seven sociologists. The purposive sampling method was used to select the samples. The necessary information and data for this study were collected through free and in-depth interviews. In addition, the data were coded using MAXQDA software.

The findings show that the Clergymans consider the factors influencing the growth of cohabitation phenomenon to be: religious factors (lack of religious knowledge, not using the knowledge of clerics, unconventionality of temporary marriage, desanctification of religion and destruction of spirituality), cultural factors (imitating from the West, distortion of traditions and girls' custom and norm breaking), social factors (accepting the growth of coexistence and the influence of the media), economic factors (calculating and inappropriate employment conditions), political factors (decrease in pragmatism and not imposing punishment laws) and individual factors (elimination of sexual desires). According to sociologists, the factors influencing the growth of cohabitation phenomenon are: social factors (individualism, growth of rationality, growth of modernity, social necessity and growth of negative family function), cultural factors (anonymity, lack of education, formation of emotional fluid relationship, acceptance of girl-boy friendship) , breaking tradition and attraction of cohabitation), economic factors (consumerism, economic instability and increasing living costs), individual factors (satisfaction with cohabitation life, fear of divorce and different personality traits).

Iranian society is still stagnating in the transition from tradition to modernity. and the challenge between tradition and modernity plagues its society. The impact of modernity and the reduction of the influence of traditions are among the factors that have led to the formation of a cohesive lifestyle in society. Thus, it can be said that the confrontation between tradition and modernity has led to the formation of different attitudes and the acceptance or rejection of this lifestyle. Considering the state of society and the influence of modernity, it is necessary that the institution of the family be changed in a way that is acceptable to the new generation.

The limited interaction between society and people with visual impairments has led to the formation of attitudinal stereotypes and the social construction of blindness, which, from the point of view of blind people, is largely different from reality. This article attempts to achieve a proper understanding of the social constructions and common stereotypes about these people by addressing the issue of social pressures faced by blind people. So that the people with visual impairment can provide their abilities and skills to the society and other people. In this article, the phenomenon of blindness was analyzed from the perspective of visually impaired people and the role of social discourses and cultural assumptions in understanding and interpreting this phenomenon was examined.

For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 visually impaired people selected through purposive and theoretical sampling. The data obtained were adapted using the three-step coding method and examined using the phenomenological analysis method.

From the interviews with the blind people, 8 main axes were identified, which include a process from disability acceptance to disability reacceptance. The obtained data were adjusted using the three-step coding method and examined using the phenomenological analysis method. These axes are “normalization of disability,” “imposition of disability,” “recovery of health,” “guilt,” “imposed suffering,” “stereotypical judgments,” “social anonymity,” and “redefinition of disability.”The results show that the understanding and interpretation of the phenomenon of blindness from the point of view of most blind people is different from what is imagined by the general public, and that the social and cultural discourses about the phenomenon of blindness that are widespread in the general population create unfavorable feelings in blind people in many situations and cause them additional suffering.

blind people can resist not being recognized by society in two different ways: “acceptance of the limiting structures and the social construction of disability” and “struggle for recognition”. Accordingly, the cause of blind people’s limitations does not lie exclusively in their physical impairment, but to a large extent in the social construction, ideas, and cultural assumptions that have formed around blindness. Such a social construction of the phenomenon of blindness is one of the factors that can lead to blind people not being recognized by society and to the phenomenon of social anonymity and loss of self-confidence among them. What can free blind people from this situation is the phenomenon of confidence, which can be found first in the acceptance and accompaniment of the family and then in the insight and appropriate behavior of society. This issue creates the basis for blind people to develop self-confidence and the ability to express their individual needs without fear of rejection. If this basic component of relating to oneself (self-confidence) is not achieved, the blind person will accept the limiting structures of disability that can create a kind of learned helplessness or secondary disability.

The spread of the Covid 19 epidemic has changed the pattern of many human interactions from face-to-face to virtual. One such interaction is that between teacherand student. Face-to-face interactions included not only sharing information, data, and educating students, but also gathering students around some dedicated and ethical professors and observing their character and behavior, leading to professor role modeling, discipleship, and student socialization in the college setting.This change has created opportunities and threats to the interactions that this study attempted to address.

The method used in this research is a qualitative phenomenology method. The research instrument is a semi-structured in-depth interview and observation. The statistical population includes faculty members in Tehran from various humanities disciplines, 20 of whom were selected through purposive sampling using snowball or chain sampling.

The analysis showed that cyber interactions are a double-edged sword that is both opportunistic and threatening. On the one hand, by increasing the volume, speed, and variety of data transfer, this space creates new opportunities and possibilities, such as the flexibility of space and time and the ease of interaction, collaboration, and scholarly participation and lowering the cost of interactions, eliminating scholarly hierarchy and increasing equity, expanding audiences, increasing the possibility of networking, increasing new interactive opportunities and scholarly knowledge within and outside the country in the area of teacher-student relationships, and on the other hand with challenges and threats such as. Difficulties in accessing electronic science resources, lack of skills and intellectual readiness of individuals in the face of cyberspace, multiplication of the digital gap and educational inequity, reduction of mutual trust, safety, and freedom of expression, limitation of recognition of special and gifted students, reduction of feedback, dynamics, and rhetoric of interaction, reduction in informal and emotional interactions, reduction in collective enthusiasm and motivation for participation, reduction in control and monitoring, reflection and focus in the classroom, reduction in the quality, depth, continuity, and motivation of interactions and academic collaboration, and reduction in socialization in the area of these relationships were associated.

according to the research results, in the near future, if the model of cyber interactions becomes the only educational model in the country, apart from the possible benefits it will have due to the problems mentioned above, we will see a decrease in the quality of education in universities. Therefore, virtual interactions must be managed to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the virtual space and minimize the challenges associated with its use. The researcher suggests using a combination of virtual and face-to-face interactions to manage faculty-learner interactions during the Covid-19 outbreak.

Iranian society in the Qajar era (1789-1925) was a kind of authoritarian society. Women in this society were subjected to severe gender oppression. They were deprived of many basic rights (e.g., the right to education, the right to choose, and the freedom of marriage). After the victory of the constitutional revolution (1906), political despotism in Iran was weakened. The victory of the constitutional revolution also strengthened civil society. One of the signs of the strengthening of civil society in Iran was the spread of new social movements such as the women's movement. In fact, the women's movement in Iran emerged after the victory of the constitutional revolution. The movement established newspapers to raise women's awareness. In this way, it succeeded in promoting the idea of gender justice in society. The movement also tried to work in an organized way by establishing women's associations. The women's movement in the constitutional era pursued various demands. They sought to combat the patriarchal discourse in society. The main concern of women's struggles in the constitutional era was the pursuit of equal rights with men and gender equality in various fields. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the main demands of Iranian women in the constitutional era (1906-1925). In this article, we also answer the question: what did women's demands achieve in the constitutional era?

In this study, the activities of Iranian women in the constitutional era were examined using a combination of historical primary sources and historical secondary sources from the constitutional era. By primary sources, in this article, we mean sources and documents recorded by people who lived during the constitutional period. Books, newspapers, documents, and surviving memoirs of people who lived during the constitutional era fall into this category. Secondary sources also include various books and analytical sources written based on primary sources from the constitutional era. This study has attempted to use primary sources as much as possible in its investigation. However, in some cases it has also used historical secondary sources to supplement the information.

The results of this study show that women faced a type of systematic gender discrimination during the constitutional era. This gender discrimination extended to all spheres, from the home to society. Girls were not allowed to go to school; because going to school was only the right of boys. They were not allowed to oppose their husbands' polygamy or their daughters being married off as children because the home was dominated by men. Social traditions also supported men. On the other hand, women had no right to participate in political elections because the right to vote was only for men. Political participation was only the right of men and women had no right to political participation. Therefore, in the constitutional era, the women's movement began a historical struggle for social change in three different areas: 1. "Struggle for women's right to education"; 2. "Struggle to change family laws"; and 3. "Struggle for the right to vote and political participation."

In the constitutional era, the women's movement achieved its first demand (i.e., women's right to education). From that point on, girls were able to go to school. The women were not able to achieve their next two demands. But they also worked hard on these two demands. By spreading the idea of gender equality in various newspapers, the women were able to create the social framework for the realization of these demands in the following years. Thanks to the women's efforts, the first law on family and marriage was finally passed in Iran a few years after the Constitutional Revolution and at the beginning of the first Pahlavi's reign (1928). However, women struggled even longer for the right to vote and participate in politics. Finally, women's suffrage was adopted in 1963. These cases show that the women's movement in Iran has been able to achieve different goals in each historical period. With each goal achieved, they focus their efforts on new goals. For this reason, this movement continues.

This study is about the conflict between children's interests or needs in using smartphones and parents' concerns in this regard. The reason for parents' concerns is the insufficient knowledge about the relationship between children and media and parents' confusion about their role in shaping this relationship due to the lack or absence of relevant scientific studies and the emphasis on the lack of benefits of the media-child relationship in the research literature. The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of 9- to 11-year-old children's interaction with smartphones during this period as mediated by their parents' parenting style.

This study uses a qualitative inquiry with a phenomenological approach. Children's perceptions are obtained through semi-structured interviews. Samples are selected through the "snowball" method. Participants will be divided into two groups of 24: (a) children aged 9, 10, and 11, including 2 girls aged 9 and two boys of the same age, two 10-year-old girls and two 10-year-old boys, and the other four are two girls and two boys aged 11. (b) Parents who are the children's own parents so that the parent-child relationship can be closely examined. Due to the limitations of the pandemic, the interview will be conducted online. The theory-based approach of content analysis according to Brown and Clark's method is used to analyze the data.

Based on Bruno Latour's actor-network theory, anything that has the power to change something is an actor, and there is no difference between humans, other living beings, and objects in the world. Actors interact with each other by connecting and negotiating, and this changes actors (Latour, 1996). Since the nature of these actors emerges from the relationship between them, our results in the children's smartphone network are: 1. Children's smartphone interaction activities are divided into five thematic categories: (a) education, (b) games and entertainment, (c) culture, (d) social media interaction (e) autonomous interactions. 2. Parenting style is divided into four thematic categories: (a) guidance and support, (b) monitoring the child's actions, (c) strengthening the child's active independence, (d) limiting the child's active behavior. 3. Smartphone actions are divided into five thematic categories: (a) changing the nature of education, (b) changing the essence of the child-parent relationship, (c) changing the essence of entertainment, (d) interacting with the child, (e) changing the essence of the child's activity.

The results show that in the interaction between childand smartphone, it is neither the child nor the media, but the network that is crucial. A strict parenting style is not effective and the child needs a flexible parenting style. The variable nature of the sequential connections of the components in the network gives the child variable identities. Children's interaction with the smartphone is unpredictable due to the fluid nature of the smartphone, and in this instability, children need the opportunity to act autonomously in this interaction.

Literacy plays an important role in making people active citizens of society. The ability to read and write means that a person can keep abreast of current events, communicate effectively, and understand the problems of the world. In the past, literacy was limited to skills such as reading and writing, but in the modern world there is also political, financial, technical, technological, urban, and historical literacy necessary for successful living in urban societies in today’s world. They are very important. For people to be able to navigate the present, to see the present and the future in the context of the past, they need to be equipped with two kinds of tools: an understanding of the field of history and a usable framework of the past. Historical literacy as a framework that can be used by the past helps in historical re-education and leads to the development of people’s historical memory by creating a fair balance in the process of historical literacy between society’s expectations of their education and people’s information, skills and awareness as the ultimate goal. Literacy has moved away from its previous limited meaning as a skill to combat ignorance and found new examples, so there is a connection between social action and literacy as a skill for empowerment. (One of the types of literacy that has not received enough attention is historical literacy. With the passage of time and the progress of life, literacy no longer means the ability to read a word, but the ability to understand the world. Historical literacy not only involves learning historical events, but also attaches importance to strengthening the ability to argue historical interpretive narratives to be able to develop the scientific literacy of members of society.

In this article, using a quasi-experimental method with a one-group pretest and posttest design, the issue of historical literacy of students in a class about the important historical issues of Iran, including the fall of the Safavid dynasty, the Treaty of Turkmenchai, and the construction of the national South-North railroad, was investigated and analyzed. The studied population of this research is the students of the course on Iranian social history of undergraduate studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Tehran.

The results of the research show that the students’ familiarity with different historical sources and the students’ historical literacy are different in relation to the mentioned important events. One of the results is the difference in students’ views about the Turkmenchai Treaty. In the pretest, most of them thought this treaty was a shameful treaty, but in the posttest, they found a more benevolent attitude towards this treaty.

The study of students’ responses showed that by using panel research to promote students’ historical literacy at the end of the semester, students’ performance in historical empathy and historically fair judgment improved.